(A) Qingdao model
1. Integrate resources and innovate constantly. In order to effectively reduce the burden of providing for the aged to citizens' families, government and society, Qingdao, based on the reality, re-integrates resources, and innovatively establishes a community mutual support model for providing for the aged on the basis of traditional models such as home care and community care, which has achieved remarkable results.
In this mode of providing for the aged established in Qingdao, mutual-aid pension points are set up in various communities, and the government is responsible for purchasing entertainment facilities and subsidizing utilities for mutual-aid pension points, and strengthening guidance and support, organizing activities, providing venues for elderly families with relatively affluent economic conditions, or providing idle places or sponsorship by enterprises and institutions in the community, effectively integrating government, society and family resources. At the same time, based on the basic principle of "voluntary combination, mutual support and mutual help to build harmony" and the concept of "creating a healthy and happy living environment for the elderly in the community", the pension center advocates the younger and healthier elderly to provide health care for the frail elderly, so that the activities of the elderly will develop from the previous entertainment type to the unity and mutual assistance type, and mutual care, mutual care and mutual concern will be formed among the elderly.
2. The construction of harmonious communities has achieved remarkable results. Under the guidance of the government, mutual care centers often organize useful activities such as poker competitions and participate in regional cultural activities such as neighborhood festivals and reading festivals, which effectively improve the enthusiasm and initiative of the elderly to participate in community construction. At the same time, the mutual-help pension points also give full play to the old people's own organizational and coordination abilities, organize competitive cultural and sports activities, let the old people experience the fun of catching up with learning again, promote the realization of self-worth, and enrich their spiritual life in their later years.
3, mutual support for the elderly, a long way to go. Community mutual support for the aged is the exploration and innovation of modern social pension model. However, due to the constraints of subjective and objective factors such as economic conditions and concept renewal, there is still a big gap between the current promotion of community mutual support for the elderly and the demand of the elderly for community mutual support for the elderly. How to adapt it to the needs of economic and social development and realize the overall goal of harmonious social development must strengthen leadership, increase investment and improve the network.
According to the physical and mental characteristics and special needs of the elderly, sifang district City, Qingdao, focusing on community pension, explored and innovated a new model of community mutual support for the elderly through the support and guidance of the government in terms of policies, funds and environment, which not only met the high-level material and cultural needs of the elderly, but also promoted the construction of spiritual civilization in sifang district, and reflected the government's high awareness of public service. It can be said that the model of community mutual support for the aged is a brand-new attempt of community pension, which is very worthy of recognition.
(B) Jiangsu Haian model
There are 1 10000 employees and 29000 retirees in Hai 'an County. The ratio of employees to retirees is 4: 1. Generally speaking, four employees undertake 1 old employees. With the aging of the population, this ratio will drop to 2: 1 in another 30 years. April every year is the day when retired employees from Hai 'an go to the community for pension certification, and the situation of retirees is unobstructed. We find that most elderly people generally pay little attention to what is happening around the community, rarely participate in community activities, and rarely use community resources.
By recording the service time and service content, Hai 'an Community in Jiangsu Province arranges the elderly aged 50-60 to the elderly who can't take care of themselves, and provides the elderly with services such as household cleaning, paying water and electricity bills, psychological protection, chatting with the elderly and relieving boredom like hourly workers. There is no economic relationship between the server and the client, but only the saving and taking away of working hours, which not only solves the difficulty that some elderly people can't afford a nanny, but also solves the worries of some low-paid young people taking care of the elderly at home, which embodies the spirit of social planning for the elderly.
(C) Beijing Fengtai model
Xiwodi Community in Fengtai District, Beijing is an old community, built in 1950s, with a permanent population of 1006. The elderly over 60 years old account for 3 1.2% of the total population of the community, and empty-nest households account for 46% of the total number of households, and the degree of aging is relatively serious. The living facilities around the western depression community are not perfect, there are few service outlets, and the elderly have many difficulties in life. The Home Mutual Aid Association, established in 2008, has been welcomed by community residents. The Home Mutual Aid Association has a membership system, and there are two members, namely dividends and green enjoyment. Those who take the red book are volunteers, and those who take the green book are recipients. Considering that the elderly in the community don't want to disturb others and feel inferior, the community decided to let the residents in need of services pay the annual membership fee of 10 yuan for the mutual aid association to purchase necessary service supplies. The contribution of volunteers will also be used as "love savings", providing five years of volunteer service and enjoying lifelong service in the future.
Second, the main problems existing in the exploration stage of mutual support for the aged
At present, the model of mutual support for the aged has been piloted in many provinces and cities, and remarkable results have been achieved in many areas. However, residents in various communities have both opposition and approval to this model, and they have also encountered some problems in the process of continuous implementation.
(A) the personal freedom of the elderly is restricted
At present, we find that many elderly people pay little attention to what happens in the community, and their usual life is mostly limited to doing housework and looking after grandchildren at home. Therefore, some elderly people think that this new community "mutual assistance" mode of providing for the aged will affect their personal freedom and make them have no time to take care of family affairs. Therefore, this mode of providing for the aged needs to be changed to voluntary and implemented on the basis of not restricting the personal freedom of the elderly.
(B) "Bank of China" system design defects
Jianghan District Bank was officially launched on August 28th, 2009. Fang Sanqin, director of the District Office for Ageing, said that at that time, the elderly were voluntarily registered and recommended by community cadres, and according to the number of elderly people in greatest need of help in the community, community elderly volunteers were recruited in a certain proportion to provide services for the elderly in need. When volunteers and their spouses need help, they can apply to the community old association, and the old association will arrange for nursing staff to come to the house for service.
This model has not developed smoothly in the past three years. Some services only rely on handwritten records, and once the records are lost, they cannot be retrieved. Moreover, volunteers have both "rescue" and "take", and so far no one has received "love service". Just because the development of a "bank" encounters a bottleneck does not mean that it is a failure. However, its organizational system is not yet mature, and citizens' concept of providing for the aged has not changed. Capital and technology are also insufficient. Civil affairs, education, industry, young women and other departments should all participate in cooperation, and invite enterprises and professional pension institutions to participate in management when necessary, so that this system can be greatly improved.
(C) lack of stability of mutual support for the aged
Hohhot's first self-help nursing home allowed the first batch of empty nesters to live a collective life. A nursing home with centralized pension, free accommodation, independent management and mutual assistance has been formed, which has truly solved the most basic and urgent living difficulties of the old people. At present, mutual nursing homes rely entirely on donations from caring people in society, but how long this pot of rice can last is still unknown.
What is worrying is that the current model of mutual support for the aged is not stable. If there is no food in the nursing home one day, the old people have to go home first. You can't start a business unless you come back with money and food This means that if the power of love is slightly relaxed, the old people will have to return to their old life. Although today's public welfare undertakings are booming, it is really a question mark how far mutual support for the elderly can go with the support of caring people.
(d) Lack of institutional arrangements for the transition from spontaneous to conscious.
At present, the "mutual support for the elderly" in urban communities is still in the exploration stage, and it is in the spontaneous exploration stage of the elderly group. How to change from the spontaneity of the elderly to the conscious exploration and popularization, the design of urban management system in China is still in the blank or lack of system design. For example, the financial support system, facilities investment system, unified content and standardized system design of mutual pension have not yet become an organic part of the government management system, at least at the county level.
Third, Japan's experience of mutual support for the aged.
(A) Japan's "neighborhood mutual aid network" experience
In the modern urban community formed after the social transformation in Japan, the decrease of commonness and the increase of heterogeneity among residents make it impossible to realize a balanced sense of identity within the community. It is increasingly urgent to cultivate citizens' subjective consciousness, pay more attention to individual needs, develop personalized organizational life at the community level and build public community life. * * * To build a harmonious and beautiful community life, in addition to the assistance of traditional regional organizations such as neighborhood committees, we also need the active participation and cooperation of residents themselves, such as the spontaneous formation of neighborhood mutual aid networks. After absorbing volunteer members, these groups further organize and rationally allocate human resources, thus forming a new interpersonal network and promoting the optimization of community organizational structure.
(2) Mutual assistance activities are institutionalized, standardized and joyful.
Neighborhood mutual aid network mainly realizes mutual assistance or help among the elderly through various activities organized by the association. Judging from the activities that have been carried out, there are mainly parties, dinners, barrier-free travel, fitness and so on. Moreover, when the activities were carried out, the organizers incorporated some caring topics such as medical care, life prevention and practical assistance. In this way, the old people not only reduced their loneliness, but also increased their life skills such as self-protection.
(C) Japan's mutual support for the elderly lifestyle inspiration
The establishment of this neighborhood mutual aid network benefits from the following factors: First, it comes from the consciousness and subjectivity of the citizens and residents. Second, it comes from the concepts of partnership and equality and democracy. Third, the life wisdom and flexible way of doing things from housewives. Fourth, the leadership ability and "professional" attitude of the core figures.
Fourthly, the system design and management ideas of promoting mutual support for the aged model in urban communities.
(1) Popularize the ethics of mutual assistance among the elderly.
1, popularize the moral norms of helping the elderly. One of the biggest misunderstandings in the ethical concept of the elderly is "beggar-thy-neighbor". Some elderly friends always collect unpleasant life setbacks in their minds. Under the mode of community mutual support for the aged, we should popularize the moral norms of helping others, encourage them to be compassionate and helpful, especially other elderly people who need help, and let them understand that helping others is not only the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation, but also enhance the self-confidence of the elderly to complete a certain job independently and improve their sense of self-efficacy, thus promoting their physical and mental health. Only in this way can this mutual support and old-age care model go on better.
2. Support charitable education of various religious organizations. We should educate the elderly to have faith, because people with faith, whether they believe in Buddhism, the Lord, God or others, believe in truth, goodness and beauty! Because of faith, we can give up wealth, spend energy and simply help others without asking for anything in return. It is necessary to educate the elderly to have faith and teach them to be kind to others in mutual assistance, so as to change the social atmosphere and make kindness last forever.
3. Establish a mutual aid model for the elderly. The power of example is infinite, and so are the examples around us. Mutual aid organizations regularly select elderly people who are healthy and progressive, have the demeanor of the elderly, have harmonious families and have high prestige among the masses as role models. The model of mutual support for the aged is worth learning. The community can regularly select the annual or quarterly "stars of the elderly" to mobilize the enthusiasm of the elderly to help each other. Excellent and typical practices are also worth learning together.
(B) the establishment of urban community mutual pension institutions.
1, completely voluntary entry and exit system design. The mode of "mutual support for the elderly" in urban communities should be based on democracy and freedom, and take care of the lives of the elderly without affecting and depriving them of their own rights. The system of completely voluntary entry and exit means that the elderly in the community can voluntarily join the team of mutual support for the elderly and enjoy community mutual assistance services. You can also not participate in this mode, whether to join depends entirely on the wishes of the elderly.
2. Design of democratic election system for leaders of mutual aid societies. It is indispensable to be a leader in the mutual support group for the aged. According to the democratic principle, this leader needs to be elected by the community support group. They also need to have a professional attitude, and even continue to study for this cause and obtain professional qualifications. Even so, they will put themselves in the intermediary position of "channel" when dealing with important problems, and seek the fastest and most suitable solution with the help of experts and specialized agencies. In this way, the elected elderly leaders will have prestige and persuasion, and they will have more advantages in coordinating various affairs.
3. Fund management is completely open and transparent. The fund management and source of community mutual pension model should be completely open and transparent, so that community residents can understand the source and use of each mutual pension fund. The sources of funds are mainly divided into four parts: financial subsidies or welfare funds, charitable funds, community residents' donations, and county social donations. To put these four sources of funds into the community network platform, we should make full and effective use of funds and carefully plan the living and entertainment subsidies for the elderly. At the same time, for the health of the elderly, we use funds to do regular physical examinations for the elderly and buy commonly used medical equipment and medicines for the elderly.
4, clear the key objects and key contents of mutual assistance. To establish a group support model, we must first make clear the key support objects. The types of elderly people who need help in the community are: empty nesters, elderly people who have lost the ability to take care of themselves, middle-aged and elderly people who have the ability to take care of themselves, disabled elderly people and elderly people who live alone. Different kinds of old people need different help. Community mutual aid organizations provide life care services such as medical treatment, rehabilitation, nursing, washing, shopping, food delivery and psychological counseling for the elderly who have lost their ability to take care of themselves; For the elderly in empty-nest families, they need more life services, such as domestic service and medical service, because they have no children to take care of them. At the same time, they can be encouraged to participate in social public activities, better reflect their own importance, enhance their inner sense of existence, and make them physically and mentally happy. Middle-aged and elderly people with self-care ability can set up rehabilitation nursing centers for them and carry out rehabilitation nursing activities together in the community during the day, which can eliminate loneliness and be beneficial to health; Disabled elderly people and elderly people living alone need to combine government assistance, set up emergency telephone numbers for them, and organize other elderly people to carry out one-on-one rescue activities to ensure their safety.
(d) Training in mutual help skills for the elderly.
1, invite medical, psychological and other related professionals for volunteer training. Due to the lack of medical emergency knowledge and nursing knowledge of many elderly people, the mode of mutual support for the aged cannot be carried out normally. In this regard, the community can invite professional medical workers and professional mental health people to provide voluntary counseling for the elderly groups in the community.
2. The settled enterprises communicate with the training base free of charge. Inviting enterprises and institutions in the community to provide idle places for training for the elderly groups who help each other can not only enrich the lives of the elderly, but also improve the visibility of enterprises, promote the economic development of the community and effectively integrate community resources. At the same time, it is necessary to implement training places for mutual assistance among the elderly.
3, encourage and support the knowledge-based elderly to participate in mutual assistance skills training. The community can set up a talent center for the elderly, so that skilled elderly people can register voluntarily, realize the teaching and learning of the elderly, and encourage the knowledge-based elderly to train and learn for other elderly people. In this way, the elderly can not only learn something, but also realize their own value and make up for the mental vacancy after retirement. Encourage everyone to help each other, learn from each other, consult each other, and exchange learning experiences regularly.
(five) improve the community mutual pension service facilities.
1, health lecture for the elderly. In order to let the elderly in the community know the common sense of healthy living, develop good healthy living habits and improve the quality of life, mutual pension organizations can hold regular lectures on health care knowledge for the elderly, so that the elderly can learn relevant health care knowledge in real life, give scientific guidance to the elderly from the aspects of diet, exercise and mentality adjustment, increase their understanding of diseases, change their concepts and change their past awareness of disease prevention and health care. Teach the elderly to promote their health through scientific methods, balanced diet and moderate exercise.
2. Psychological counseling services for the elderly. Many elderly people living alone and empty nesters in the community have psychological problems to varying degrees, but few people can take the initiative to consult psychological counselors. Therefore, mutual aid organizations should provide special psychological counseling services for the elderly. The causes of psychological problems of the elderly are very complicated, which are generally formed by the long-term effects of multiple factors such as environment and personality. After many elderly people have psychological problems, they will have some abnormal behaviors, such as insomnia, loss of appetite, anxiety and irritability. Behind these phenomena, mental illness is actually at work. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the elderly from suffering from mental illness. For the elderly with mobility difficulties, the community should play the role of mutual aid organizations, provide regular door-to-door services through mutual assistance, and tailor a personalized service menu according to each elderly person's situation to make them feel caring.
3. Self-protection assistance and early warning education for the elderly. In order to improve the self-protection and safety precaution ability of the elderly and ensure their stable and harmonious life, community mutual aid organizations can hold "lectures on self-protection knowledge of the elderly" regularly, and invite community police to explain the safety precaution knowledge to the elderly in the form of case discussion in combination with the current fraud cases against the elderly. Remind everyone to be vigilant and strengthen safety precautions. You must go to regular hospitals and shopping malls to see a doctor and buy things. Don't be cheated because of petty advantages, earnestly safeguard your legitimate rights and interests, and organize everyone to watch the "safety precautions" propaganda film.
4, the elderly cultural and sports activity center. Mutual aid organizations should hold more colorful cultural and sports activities in the community, such as: elderly choirs, aerobics, opera clubs and other activities. Adhere to activities as the carrier, carry out community cultural and sports activities, delight the elderly physically and mentally, and enrich their spiritual life. Actively tap community cultural resources, start with the cultural activities that the elderly like, and use resources such as community activity squares to organize various and colorful cultural activities such as cultural performances and parent-child interactive games, so that community culture can penetrate into every corner of the street. At the same time, the library, chess room, computer room, fitness room and other activities in the community are open to the elderly free of charge, which realizes the enjoyment of community resources, allows the elderly to be influenced by modern civilization in a healthy and upward atmosphere, and effectively promotes the healthy development of community spiritual civilization.