The formation of smog has both a "source" and an "accomplice", which is a meteorological condition that is not conducive to the spread of pollutants. Once pollutants accumulate for a long time under static meteorological conditions, it is easy to form haze weather. The formation of smoke has three elements:
The first is the physical basic source of particulate matter. China has the largest loess plateau in the world, and its soil texture is the easiest to produce granular dust particles.
Second, poor exercise leads to dust. For example, the mud in the garden in the middle of the road and the soil on the roadside stones will flow to the road after raining or splashing water, which will produce a lot of dust after one hour of drying. Even if these particles fall back to the ground, they will be thrown over the city again because of the continuous passing of cars.
Thirdly, the basic source of dust and the process of movement difference gather in a certain spatial range, and particles finally gather with water molecules to form haze. At present, in more than 350 cities in the Loess Plateau of China, the three elements of smog structure are quite rich.
The main source of smoke
First: it's automobile exhaust. Large vehicles that use diesel are "recidivists" who emit PM 10, including buses, shuttle buses of various units and large transport trucks. Sources of toxic particulate matter in cities: firstly, automobile exhaust. Cars that use diesel are "habitual criminals" who emit particles. Small cars that use gasoline emit gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, which are easily converted into secondary particulate pollutants in foggy days, aggravating smog.
Vehicle exhaust is the main component of smog particles. According to the latest data, motor vehicle exhaust accounts for 22.2%, coal combustion accounts for 16.7%, dust accounts for 16.3%, and industry accounts for 15.7%. However, with the development of automobile technology and the improvement of oil quality, environmental managers have found that motor vehicle exhaust does not play a decisive role in the formation of haze weather. However, as some cities with large car ownership, managers still need to control vehicle emission standards to avoid the formation of haze weather.
Second: the waste gas produced by burning coal for heating in winter in the north.
Third: the waste gas emitted by industrial production. For example, metallurgy, kilns and boilers, electromechanical manufacturing, automobile repair and paint and building materials production produce a lot of waste gas from kiln combustion.
Fourth: Dust generated by construction sites and road traffic.
Fifth, the particle size of growable particles, bacteria and viruses is equivalent to PM0.1-PM2.5. When the humidity and temperature in the air are appropriate, microorganisms will attach to particles, especially oil fume particles, which will adsorb oil droplets and transform them into more microorganisms, which will increase the growth of biotoxic substances in smog.
6. Dust "smog" will also be produced in home decoration. Indoor dust is pervasive, which is not only harmful to the health of staff and users, but also increases the cleaning burden. When the dust is serious, it also brings many hidden dangers to the decoration project.
In addition to meteorological conditions, the increase of atmospheric particulate matter (including coarse particulate matter PM 10 and fine particulate matter PM2.5) caused by industrial production, vehicle exhaust emissions and coal burning in winter is an important factor of smog. At present, the level of pollutant discharge in many cities is at a critical point, which is very sensitive to meteorological conditions. When the diffusion conditions are good, the air quality can reach the standard, and once adverse weather conditions are encountered, the air quality and visibility will drop immediately.
Climatic factors that form smog
"There is a difference between fog and haze. Fog refers to the weather phenomenon that the visibility is lower than 1 km due to the condensation of suspended water vapor in the atmosphere; The formation of smog is mainly the result of a large number of suspended particles in the air and meteorological conditions. There are three reasons:
First, the phenomenon of static wind in the horizontal direction has increased.
The higher the buildings are built in the city, the obstruction and friction of airflow passing through the urban area will be obviously weakened. The increase of static wind phenomenon is not conducive to the diffusion and dilution of suspended particles in the atmosphere, and it is easy to accumulate around urban areas and suburbs.
Second, the vertical direction is reversed.
The inversion layer is like a pot cover over a city. This inversion phenomenon that the upper air temperature is higher than the lower air temperature limits the vertical movement of the lower air, making it difficult for suspended particles in the air to drift to the upper air and be blocked at the lower air and near the ground.
Third, the increase of suspended particulate matter and organic pollutants in the air. With the growth of urban population and industrial development, the number of motor vehicles has surged, resulting in a large increase in pollutant emissions and suspended solids.
Hazards of smog
1. Fog or haze is a disastrous weather, which has an important impact on roads, railways, aviation, shipping, power supply systems and crop growth. Fog and haze will cause air quality decline, affect the ecological environment and bring great harm to human health.
2. In smoggy weather, bacteria and viruses often exist in the air, which can easily lead to the spread of infectious diseases and the occurrence of various diseases.
3. Urban air pollutants are not easy to diffuse, which aggravates the toxicity of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and other substances and harms human health.
4. In case of fog and haze in winter, poisonous fog such as smoke (fog) or black smoke may form when air pollution is serious, which seriously threatens people's life and health.
5. Due to the increase of pollutants in the atmosphere caused by human activities, the frequency and intensity of fog and haze in some areas such as industrial areas and urban centers in China are increasing.
Smoke prevention method
The first trick: rub "welcome incense"
Hazy weather in autumn and winter is easy to cause colds. Rubbing Xiang Ying point has a certain effect on eliminating and preventing cold symptoms. If you can keep rubbing Xiang Ying point every day, it can also be used as a method to prevent colds in foggy days. The specific location of Xiang Ying point is about one centimeter away from the wrinkles on both sides of our nose.
The specific method of rubbing Xiang Ying point is: press Xiang Ying point on both sides of the nose with the index finger of both hands, and rub it clockwise and counterclockwise for 36 times respectively, so that there will be a feeling of soreness radiating to the forehead. According to Chinese medicine, Xiang Ying point is the place where the body feels the wind and where the wind stops. Regular massage can dispel the wind on the head and face, dispel the cold above, and thus enhance the ability to resist germs. Rubbing Xiang Ying point frequently can promote blood circulation around the nose, make qi and blood smooth, prevent foreign pathogens from invading the body, and resist the invasion of germs.
The second measure: diet moistens the lungs.
The formation of smog is mainly the result of a large number of suspended particles in the air and meteorological conditions. From the perspective of health care, dietotherapy is an auxiliary preventive measure worth popularizing.
From the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine, lily, pear and other foods have the function of "moistening the lungs", and the meaning of "lung" in traditional Chinese medicine is still different from that in western medicine. The lung referred to in TCM is not just an organ. For example, TCM believes that "the lung governs the movement of water", which means that lung qi has the function of promoting and regulating the transportation and excretion of water and liquid in human body. The word "run" here is generally understood as "run". Traditional Chinese medicine believes that lung essence and viscera, moistening lung is helpful to lung health care. Therefore, it is very helpful to eat more lung-moistening foods such as lily, pear, yam, white radish and water chestnut in foggy days.
The third measure: exercise at home.
Because of the heavy air pollution, readers are not suitable for going out to exercise in smog and haze weather. It is a good way to exercise China traditional health qigong at home. For example, the word "four" in the six-character square is more suitable for practice this season, because it has the effects of moistening and nourishing the lungs and tonifying the lung qi, and has a good improvement effect on various chronic respiratory diseases.
Attention should be paid to the characteristics of the mouth shape of the word "I". The lips are miniature, there is a gap between the upper and lower teeth, and the tip of the tongue is pressed against the gap to pronounce. With the progress of pronunciation, it is necessary to cooperate with the movements of limbs, such as lifting hands from the front of the lower abdomen, turning palms up gradually until the breasts are flat, turning your arms outward into palms, pointing your fingertips at your throat, and then pushing your palms around your chest with open arms, like a bird zhang yi. Turn your hands, at the same time, start to read the word "moo", exhale completely, and naturally hang your arms to your sides with inspiration. Repeat six times to adjust your breathing. Abdominal breathing is used throughout, breathing first and then inhaling. When exhaling, read the words and lift the anus at the same time, and the center of gravity naturally moves back to the heel. Be careful not to feel suffocated. When inhaling, the lips are lightly closed, the tongue is on the palate, the whole body is relaxed, the lower abdomen is naturally raised, and the air is naturally inhaled. Exhaustion of qi leads to emptiness in the chest and abdomen. The action frequency should be consistent with your breathing frequency, gentle, stretching and natural, and don't use force.
The fourth measure: medicinal tea fumigates the eyes.
Many readers and friends will feel this way. Once there is smog, as long as you stay outdoors for a little longer, you will have symptoms of dry throat, sore eyes and redness, which is one of the manifestations of smog's damage to your eyes. There are many common Chinese medicines that can improve eyesight and moisten eyes. For example, chrysanthemum can clear liver and improve eyesight, medlar can tonify kidney and improve eyesight, cassia seed can improve eyesight and relieve constipation, and green tea can clear heat. Adding green tea to these traditional Chinese medicines is beneficial to eye protection in foggy days.
The specific method of fumigating eyes with medicinal tea is basically the same as that of conventional tea making. After selecting the medicinal materials and tea leaves to be brewed as needed, put them in boiling water and put them in front of you while they are hot. Eyes are about three fingers away from the mouth of the cup. The hot air of herbal tea fumigates the eyes for about 5 minutes to see if the eyes can bear discomfort. Medicinal tea fumigates the eyes with hot air, which not only has the function of physical wet and hot compress, but also helps to dredge the meridians of the eyes, reconcile the qi and blood of the eyes, promote the local blood circulation of the eyes, quickly improve the metabolism and secretion function of the eyes, relieve discomfort symptoms and prevent eye diseases.