The Origin and Development of Sanda
In primitive society, people gradually learned to use punching, kicking, tripping and grabbing to get the means of subsistence? Catch the beast? . (Including: chickens, ducks, cows, sheep, etc. ) Especially after the germination of private ownership, wars between tribes made people constantly struggle with each other. The storage sculptures (fights) in the Western Han Dynasty vividly show the scene of unarmed combat. Archaeological fossils show that there were many wild animals at that time, especially saber-toothed tigers, which were very fierce. On the primitive rock paintings in Cangyuan, Yunnan, there is a depiction of a man fighting with wild animals. In the picture, two people are fighting with wild animals with open arms, and the other person holds a short stick in each hand, as if to help. Mao Ji said:? Tiger, fight empty-handed. ? In such a natural environment, in order to survive and get food, human beings must rely on their own unarmed skills to fight against nature in addition to making and using simple tools. Sometimes people have to fight for the means of production, and the struggle between people lays the foundation for the emergence of martial arts unarmed combat. According to historical records, long before primitive tribes and large-scale wars, primitive ancestors fought for the position and territory of the leader. In the era of clan commune, wars often occurred between tribes because of material desires. And the use of force has become one of the most important means for them to plunder wealth. In these wars, in addition to fighting with equipment, unarmed combat is inevitable. Mastering certain combat skills and experience became an effective means for people to protect themselves and destroy the enemy at that time. In such an environment, the germination of martial arts unarmed combat came into being.
In the slave society, that is, during the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, unarmed combat, as an independent form of martial arts, was that? By hand? Formed and became an activity appreciated by slave owners at that time. According to Yin Benji: The emperor's material strength was superior, and he caught wild animals. ? Can you see this? Fighting beast? It is not a production skill, but a fighting skill that serves the hunting activities of slave owners and nobles. Book of rites? "The King System" records? Who talks about strength with skills, is suitable for all directions, wins thighs and arms, and absolutely shoots? Show that it has been useful? On technical strength? ,? Femoral humerus? To determine the winning skills. "Shi Ming:? Fighting each other will be called extensive struggle. However, I raised my hand and asked, and finally I jumped on it. ? Gu Liang Biography records that there were two masters in the Zhou Dynasty, namely Qin He (the father of Confucius)? Strength versus strength? . This shows that martial arts unarmed combat has developed to a certain level in the Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a kind of close-form competition? Spring and autumn angle test? We should select foot soldiers every year. According to the seven laws of Guanzi, the spring and autumn angle test, the world hero, the world hero? Strive for victory. "Zuo zhuan"? Sixteen years in the public:? Shushan Runbo voted, and the car was impressed. ? Xunzi Guo Fu said? It's the bird that catches and pats everywhere. ? "Mandarin" records that Zhao Jianzi said that Niu Tan was fierce, so he was invited to compete with his minister Shao Fangzhou, and Shao Fangzhou lost to Niu Tan. The above information reflects that unarmed combat already existed as a special fighting skill at that time.
In addition to technology, tactics have also developed to a certain extent. In Xunzi? It is recorded in the book "Soldiers and sons rule together":? If your arms defend the leader and protect your chest and abdomen, if you cheat and attack again, your arms can't be saved. ? It can be seen that hand-to-hand combat has been used in tactics such as winning the shock and deft feint. Zhuangzi? The world says:? And with ingenious combat power; It begins with yang, often ends in yin, and the big one is more ingenious. ? It can be seen that tactics have been used in actual combat. During the Qin and Han dynasties, hostility was divided into? Corner arrival? And then what? By hand? ,? Corner arrival? Give priority to falling. By hand? It's mainly hitting and falling. Although the large piece of hand-made calligraphy included in the Records of Han Shu Literature and Art has been lost, is it found in the incomplete bamboo slips? Staggered storage? Is the way two people fight with their bare hands after separation, which was first used in fighting? Let go? This word. This shows that angle fighting and hand-to-hand fighting have been separated from each other, and enriched the content of martial arts unarmed fighting.
1975, a wooden grate unearthed from the Qin tomb in Fenghuang Mountain, Jiangling, Hubei Province, with colorful lacquer paintings depicting hand-to-hand combat in this period. There are three men in the picture, all shirtless, wearing shorts, a belt around their waist and full of shoes. Two people on the right are doing it? By hand? In the game, one person on the left, with his hand stretched forward, is the referee of the game. There is also a curtain streamer above the stage, indicating that this game is played on the stage. The whole game screen is warm and tense. Are you in? By hand? Both sides, one side hits the other side's head, and the other side dodges and pounces on the other side's head and punches back. At this time, the corner arrival is mainly the wrestling between two enemies, which is what Yan Shigu said. Arrive, when also. ? This is a contest of strength and skill. Corner-to-corner activities can not only keep fit, but also make viewers feel refreshed and memorable through this fierce competition.
At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Liu Bang once stopped wasting horns, but failed to ban them completely. When he arrived at Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he strongly advocated it. For example, The Story of Hanwu contains: There is a corner play in Weiyangting, which was created by the six countries. The Qin dynasty merged with the world and expanded at the same time. Although Han Xing stopped, it still kept going. The Supreme (Five Emperors) adopted again, and the joy of the four barbarians was mixed with fantasy and ghosts. Those who reached the corner created a wrestling conflict. ? Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty especially liked this play, which was found in Hanshu? Five emperors beat Bayu, Dulu, Zhonghai, Biji, Manyan, Yulong and Guanjiao. Statement. Not only in the imperial court, but also among the people. Hanshu? This chapter contains:? In the spring of the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), he made a corner play and watched it within 300 miles. In the summer of the sixth year of Yuanfeng, the public view of the capital arrived at Lin Pingle Hall. ? Visible folk love for femininity. On the bronze medal of a Han tomb collected by Shaanxi Provincial Museum of History, there is also a painting with horns. Barefoot, they crossed each other's legs with one hand and held each other's waist with the other, embracing each other and falling down, which was very vivid.
Western Han Dynasty? Corner arrival? Fingers? Play? After Han? Corner arrival? Is this word convenient to use? Wrestling? The word is mixed, and this process appears again? By hand? . About what? By hand? It is also often reflected in Han dynasty portrait bricks. Such as the Han painting bricks unearthed in Xindu, Sichuan? Take a picture by hand? The middle vividly shows the gesture of hand-to-hand combat. In the northern mural of the Eastern Han Tomb at No.2 Dahuting, Mi County, Henan Province, there are two strong men with beards, naked, wearing shorts, long hair and kicking boots. They are fighting with each other.
Generally speaking, what is Qin and Han Dynasties? Got the corner? During the development of Qin dynasty, throwing methods were highlighted from the angle of arrival; Korea takes hand-to-hand combat as its technology, and its basic feature is unarmed combat, which always throws, falls, is injured or dies. There is a certain difference between the two.
Sui and Tang dynasties were a period of wrestling and hand fighting. During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, hand-to-hand combat was highly valued, and the competition almost formed a system. Social prosperity has laid a certain foundation for the development of hand-to-hand combat. With the Wushu system, it will further promote the refined and standardized development of Wushu. Sui Shu recorded the lively scenes of the game at that time. For six years, experts from all over the world gathered in Duanmen Street to present their gifts? World miracle skills? , a comparison is a few days, even? At the end of the month? . Song and Yuan Dynasties were a period of popular wrestling and unarmed combat. Fighting in the Song Dynasty, as an important means of strengthening the body and moving hands and feet, was widely circulated among the people. Shi Hong, Zhao Longhu and Chen Junhui said: Two boxers tore at each other, and four people watched. One elbow, two fists, three turns and four turns knocked down Ji Fen. Everyone shouted, and a man was lying on the ground bleeding. ? It can be seen that Songshi's hand has been beaten? Fists, elbows and feet? Use both. And the rules of the game appeared: no? Grab a short man and press his pants? , ok? Press the straight fist, make the horizontal fist, cut the foot? . The above data show that hand-to-hand combat in the Song Dynasty has been standardized to a certain extent.
By the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court had banned people from practicing martial arts with weapons 10 times. Although unarmed combat was limited, they practiced it. Is it also about yuan dynasty history? By hand? Record.
The Ming Dynasty is an important period for China ancient Wushu to connect the preceding with the following. At this time, fighting is usually called. Beat for nothing? Or? Fight? . This competition is called the brave. Set up a champion before the competition, and the master will arrange for the master to prepare for the war. Before the game, both sides must make a life and death document, otherwise they are not allowed to compete on stage. In the early Qing Dynasty, with the development of peasant movements and secret associations, many martial arts practitioners appeared. Clubs? At the same time, some sects and theories have emerged, and many martial arts routines have been innovated, and the practice methods are also varied. People have begun to pay attention to the role of Wushu in fitness, self-defense, self-defense and self-cultivation. At this time, the practice of women's Sanshou is also popular. Cai Qing recorded in (Random Record of Insect Songs):? Chun' an has two brothers and invited the Boxer to learn. His sister was watching from upstairs, and his brother was knocked down by the boxer. So my sister got into a fight with the boxer. After the fight, my sister flew up and kicked the boxer in the key?
In the early years of the Republic of China, influenced by western culture, Wushu has tended to modern sports. Huo Yuanjia, a master of Hebei Wushu, was founded in Shanghai? Jason Wu Gymnastics School? After that, read? Jingwuhui? . Maliang, Hebei Province initiated and popularized the new martial arts in China, and the Central Martial Arts Museum was established one after another, which was organized by the Central Martial Arts Museum of the National Government 1928+00? The first martial arts exam? . This unarmed competition has no class, no genre and no protective gear; Don't attack the eye, throat and gear, win two out of three games, and adopt the double-loss elimination system. Began a new era of modern martial arts fighting (Sanshou), namely Sanda competition. The second national Wushu examination held in 1933 had regulations and requirements for nursing. The competition is divided into groups according to gender and graded according to weight. There is no time limit. Knock down your opponent in three games, win one game and win two games.
After the founding of New China, Wushu, as the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, was listed as a promotion project. Subsequently, in research and development, Wushu routines were promoted as the focus of competition performance for the first time. But Sanda is still widely circulated among the people.
In order to test the offensive and defensive fighting skills of Wushu in the competition,1March, 979, the pilot training of Wushu confrontation events was first conducted in Zhejiang Sports Commission, Beijing Institute of Physical Education and Wuhan Institute of Physical Education. In May of the same year, at the national Wushu observation and exchange meeting held in Nanjing, the Shanghai-Vietnam detachment performed a public performance; In June 5438+10 in the same year, it was performed in the 4th National Games. 1980 in may, more and more provinces and cities performed at the national Wushu observation and exchange meeting held in Taiyuan, Shanxi. In June+10 of the same year, the State Sports Commission mobilized relevant personnel and began to formulate the rules of Sanda competition (draft). 198 1 At the national Wushu observation and exchange meeting held in Shenyang, Beijing Institute of Physical Education and Wuhan Institute of Physical Education held a public exhibition match. 1982, the state sports commission mobilized relevant personnel to formulate the rules of Sanshou competition (first draft), and held the national ten-unit Wushu Sanda invitational tournament in Beijing according to the rules. Since then, Wushu Sanda has a basis? Positive and steady? In the spirit of "Sanda", a national Wushu exhibition competition is held every year. Constantly sum up experience, and set up a platform in 1987 to determine the competition form with the national characteristics of the ring. 1988, the International Wushu Festival sponsored by China Wushu Research Institute and Chinese Wushu Association held the International Wushu Invitational Tournament for the first time. Nearly 60 athletes from 15 countries and regions participated in the competition, which marked that Wushu Sanda entered the stage of modern sports competition. At the same time? Sanda? With what? Let go? The phenomenon of "mixed" has been repeatedly discussed and failed to reach an agreement. This phenomenon still exists today.
Through the experimental summary and research of 1979- 1988 for ten years, the referee rules of Sanda competition training are becoming more and more perfect. 1989, the state sports commission decided that Wushu Sanda was the official national competition, and in the same year 10, the first national Wushu Sanda competition was held in Yichun city, Jiangxi province. 1990 The Rules of Wushu Sanshou Competition was officially published. In the same year, 14 first-class Wushu athletes and the first batch of national Wushu Sanda referees were approved. At the same time, the application of electronic scorer in the competition marks that Sanda has entered the era of standardized Wushu Sanda competition from performance and created a new course for the development of Sanda. 199 1 the national Wushu Sanda competition is divided into the national Wushu Sanda championship (team competition) held in the first half of the year and the national Wushu Sanda championship (individual competition) held in the second half of the year. 1993, Sanda was listed as an official event for the first time in the 7th National Games, 1 team gold medal; 1997 In the 8th National Games, the number of Sanda gold medals increased to 3. Sanda professional teams and training teams have been set up in all provinces, cities and industry sports associations, and Wushu Sanda specialty has been set up in six sports colleges directly under the State Sports Commission. Students who practice Sanda in Wushu gymnasiums and sports schools all over the country emerge in an endless stream, and Sanda has a broad and profound foundation among the masses. 1998, Sanda was listed as the event of 12 Asian Games held in Bangkok, Thailand. In 2000, with the approval of the State Sports General Administration, the National Wushu Sports Management Center organized the China Wushu Sanda King Competition, and all individual sports associations and provincial and municipal professional sports teams signed up for it. Sanda king has rich prizes, and the publicity and organization of the competition have a modern level. The organizers made bold innovations in the protective gear and rules of the competition, and changed the protective gear of Sanda competition into point protection. In other words, the original chest protector, leg protector and head protector are cancelled, and athletes only wear crotch protector, tooth protector and gloves during the competition. And on the basis of the original Sanda platform, a rope was set up, which reduced the venue and changed the competition time to five rounds, greatly increasing the antagonism and excitement of the competition. The success of Sanda King Competition marks the professionalization of Wushu Sanda.
In 2003, the first World Cup Wushu Sanda Competition organized by the International Wushu Federation was held in Shanghai, China. The competition is divided into 1 1 grades, and more than a dozen countries and regions select outstanding athletes to participate. Our country selected 8 athletes to participate in the competition and won 6 gold medals. The success of the World Cup Sanda Competition marks that China Wushu Sanda has entered the international sports arena in an all-round way, and China Wushu has been given a new mission. Wushu originated in China and belongs to the world, which is higher than sports. ?
Main characteristics of Sanda
sports
Sanda has experienced many difficulties, contradictions and obstacles from preliminary research to pilot development, from experience summary to national promotion until it becomes a modern sports competition. Among them, the most important problem is that Sanshou competition is completely different from people's imagination of martial arts unarmed combat. Some people even think that Sanshou is not a martial art, but just? Punch and fist? . Because the popular martial arts fighting is generally considered as self-defense, which leads to making enemies; Or, as described in movies, TV series and martial arts novels, it is so fascinating that people can't understand it. This is a misunderstanding caused by the apotheosis and exaggerated illusion of many martial arts forms. In modern civilized society, Sanshou cannot survive in narrow struggles. We should integrate the essence of Wushu into a simple exercise form, which can not only defend ourselves but also strengthen our body. Only in this way can we have extensive vitality and truly go to society and the world. Therefore, the Wushu Academy of the former State Sports Commission, through experiments and argumentation, believes that Sanshou technology is based on strengthening physical fitness, communication skills, self-defense and improving technical level, and selects actions from traditional Wushu unarmed combat, that is, combining martial arts with sports, so that Sanshou becomes a sport.
Due to the correct decision-making and proper methods, Sanda can be carried out and popularized smoothly. Judging from the current form of Sanshou, Sanshou is basically the same as other sports, belonging to sports, but it highlights the particularity of Wushu, and at the same time it is obviously different from Wushu, which causes injuries and disabilities, and does not include the tactics of killing people. The rules of Sanshou strictly stipulate that it is forbidden to attack the opponent's back, neck and crotch, and it is also forbidden to use anti-joint movements and elbow and knee techniques, but all kinds of martial arts techniques can be used.
opposability
The inherent characteristics of Sanshou determine that it is manifested in the form of confrontation, so the basic form of Sanshou is confrontation. This kind of confrontation is that after the two sides have mastered the basic movements and techniques of Sanshou, after a period of training, there is no fixed format, and within the scope stipulated by the rules, they are more skilled, braver and wiser, and act from top to bottom.
nationality
Wushu Sanshou is an excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, which gradually evolved and developed under the specific social and historical conditions in China, with distinctive national characteristics.
China's Sanshou is different from boxing, Taekwondo, Thai boxing, and judo. It can only be used, mixed and tackled. Because Sanshou is a wrestling competition, it is different from free fighting with ropes in western countries, and it is also different from karate, sumo, taekwondo, fighting techniques in Japan and boxing endurance in France. Wushu Sanshou requirements? Far kick, close combat, close fall? Its national form is not solidified, nor can it be understood as? Past tense? 、? Historical form? Or? Traditional form? . The national form has distinct characteristics of the times, so the form is not single, but changeable and constantly evolving.
Matters needing attention in Sanda
1. How about leg press? Leg press is an indispensable first link in the training course. Beginners must pass this level first, and even famous athletes must go to leg press every day. Leg press can't be too hasty. Beginners should never try to be fast for the sake of cleverness and elegance. Leg press is a very safe training program and should not be injured. My friends, if leg press caused the ligament strain, the main reason is that he didn't step by step, regardless of the pain, and forced his strength. In order to prevent injury, I emphasize that leg press's method should be correct. If the method is not correct, it may lead to leg deformation and affect the improvement of technical movements in the future. If there is a special coach, you can practice according to the coach's arrangement. In the process of leg press, we should not be eager for success, but should be from light to heavy, and we should not push too hard. If you push too hard at once, it is easy to strain the ligament and you can't carry out normal training. In addition, in the process of kicking, you should not push too hard, but kick up slowly according to the degree of leg press.
2. In technical action training, we should pay attention to strengthening weak links and relaxing muscles. In Sanda training, the waist is the most vulnerable part, but it is also a key fulcrum. No matter which technique is driven by the waist, special attention should be paid to the practice of waist strength in warm-up activities and exercises. After the warm-up activity is completed, do one or two groups of light weights first, so that all parts can adapt to avoid injury, and then strengthen the practice. At the end of strength exercises, in order to relax muscles from becoming stiff, we should add some auxiliary exercises, such as sprinting, quick air raid or sandbag exercises, so that the strength of exercises can be exerted in the quick content and achieve the expected results. After the training, two people should do muscle massage with each other to relax 10 minutes.
3. In actual combat technical training, we should pay attention to reaction exercise and psychological exercise. Strengthen reaction practice before the first actual combat, and then carry out actual combat practice. When choosing an opponent, you should choose an opponent who is equal to your own strength, which is conducive to cultivating your self-confidence. If the opponent we choose is too strong, then the opponent will be hit hard in the first actual combat and will have fear of actual combat, which will greatly improve and give play to its actual combat technology in the future.
Sanda technical foul
1, passively hug each other.
2, passive escape to avoid each other's attacks.
3. Grab the rope by hand to attack the other party or improperly use the rope or post.
4. Pause under unfavorable circumstances.
5. There is impolite behavior, language or other disobedience to the referee during the competition.
6. Deliberately delay the game time.
7. Don't wear protective gear, spit protective gear on the court, and deliberately loosen the protective gear.
8. Coaches and assistants have committed serious violations.
There are three main penalties for foul: advice, warning and disqualification. Generally, technical foul is recommended, and the opponent gets 1 point. 2. Personal foul, which has not caused serious consequences, will generally be given a warning, and the opponent will score 2 points. When an athlete intentionally hurts others or makes the opponent unable to compete despite an unintentional foul, he will be disqualified on the spot and suspended as appropriate. This kind of punishment is generally cautious, and the referee can't execute it independently, so it can only be decided by the referee. Some athletes with poor martial arts sometimes cheat and get hurt. In fact, sometimes I just accidentally touched it and didn't get hurt at all. I just pretended to be in pain. As long as the referee finds this situation, they will not only cheat, but also be fined. The audience may wish to pay attention when watching the game, and they are sure to find this situation.
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