An analysis of Zhang Sanfeng's birth and death years
Zhang Sanfeng's date of birth is recorded in Ming and Qing literature, which is really pitiful. As for the date of birth, we can only look for clues from Zhang Sanfeng's poem Water Gathering. Yun Shui Ji was not recorded by catalogers in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Collection of Clouds and Waters we are seeing now is the Complete Works of Zhang Sanfeng compiled in the last years of Kangxi and the reprint of Li in Jiaqing and Daoguang years. It was hard to find, so we did some research.
First of all, look at the source of Shui Yun Ji. Lu Xixing said, "Zhang Sanfeng, ... son, Sun Mingluan,. Luan entered the early Ming Dynasty and moved to Huaiyang. Sun (Luan) and Taoist Jade are foreign friends, and their home has won the victory of the forest garden. The old fairy tasted his home and heard anecdotes about his years, so he wrote several poems, chapters and a letter of Dan tactic, and ordered him to hide it. Every ancient painting is a rumor, which makes people daydream. "
If Zhang Sanfeng gave his works to ancient painters, it would be against historical facts. Zhang Sanfeng has soared, how can it reach its home again? Lu Xixing was born in the fifteenth year of Zhengde (1520) and died in the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606). Lu and Taoist are friends and are about the same age. In this way, the ancient painter was not born in the era of Chenghua and Hongzhi at the earliest, and he never met his ancestor Zhang Sanfeng. If Zhang Sanfeng awarded it to his grandson or great-grandson, it was still in line with the situation at that time. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Sanfeng did live in Wang Jingyun's home in Huainan, and it is also possible to visit his junior by the way.
Wang Xiling has a preface to the collection of clouds and water: "The author of Mr. Sanfeng in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Yongle, Hu Guang and others entered the ceremony, and there are few books in the world." During the Jiajing period, he asked for a prescription, but he still published a catalpa line from the Grand Ceremony and dedicated it to Buddhism. Xi Ling got this book in Yangzhou Bookstore in the 59th year of Kangxi (1794) and has kept it ever since. In other words, he spent quite a lot of time reading the only remaining Yongle Dadian and looking for Zhang Sanfeng's poems. As a result, he found nothing, perhaps the relationship between the fragments. As neighbor Li Zhizhong said, the Yongle Grand Ceremony now "only accounts for a little more than 3% of the total". It cannot be said that there are no poems by Zhang Sanfeng in the Grand Ceremony. This is incorrect and arbitrary. One thing about Yun Shui Ji, whether it is a family biography or a grand ceremony, is basically the same, that is, the collection of ancient paintings is also the same.
On the question of Zhang Sanfeng's date of birth, the answer is to find the date. The most important thing is the book You You Pavilion written by Beiyue, which reached the age of thirty-one years (1294). "Long song, Long song. Forty-eight years old is empty, and life expectancy can be geometric! 65-438+0 has been preserved in the mountains for 16 years, and the communication between Yan and Zhao has become an evanescent wave. Why don't you take a harp and sword, make a whole funeral and go east to Penglai to sing a song? " Judging from the situation of poetry, I haven't met anyone yet, and I am disappointed to kill the years and lament. There are also two songs, Shangqu and Heng Yue, which are Looking at the Long Mountains and White Clouds in the West and Building a Fairy Ridge. The so-called Hengshan Mountain in Zhang Sanfeng is Quyang County, Hebei Province, not Hengshan Mountain in Hunyuan Prefecture, Shanxi Province, but Hengshan Mountain in Hunyuan Prefecture, which was moved from Hengyue Mountain in Quyang in the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660).
This song is forty-eight years old. From the opposite side, I know that Zhang Sanfeng was born in Gui You in the second year of Yuan Dingzong (1247). This is the seventh year of Li Zong in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty has been dead for twelve years.
There is also a poem in Yun Shui Ballad. In the twenty-six years from Dayuan to Zheng Zheng (1366), I wandered around Jintai for seven days, and then returned to Fuyang Tieshan. The poem "Imperial Garden" began in Ming Dynasty and lasted for 28 years, that is, the first year of Hongwu (1368). As the saying goes, "Life is infinite, I went back to Taiqing, and then I went down to Jing Yao with Suzaku. Stripping the bed for seven days, the soul will return, and the world will see the sun and the moon. "
Zhang's poems were written at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and have the best circumstantial evidence. It is a relic monument of Zhang Sanfeng in Jintaiguan, Baoji. On this monument, there is a poem saying: "As soon as it rose nearly a hundred years ago, Lingyuan Fairy Cave was dusty." (see above). This monument is the sixth year of Tianshun (1462), which happened to be Zheng Zheng in the twenty-sixth year of Yuan Dynasty, and it was exactly ninety-eight, so there is a saying in the poem that "a flower rises from the sky to nearly a hundred springs". This shows that some poems in Water Gathering are completely reliable. Therefore, I think Zhang Sanfeng's Ghost in the Last Days is more acceptable and more in line with historical facts.
As for the wandering souls recorded in the literature, except for the end of the Yuan Dynasty, most of them were said in the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393). At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Yang Yi wrote Gao Po Yi Bian, Wang Qi wrote A General Examination of Continued Documents, and Jia Hanfu compiled Shaanxi Tongzhi and other documents, but few people wrote this.
It is said that Yang Pu compiled Zen metaphysics, followed by the biography of Ming Shi Lu and Xian in Zhang Sanfeng, and that Fan Zongzhen built a monument in Baoji Jintai Temple, Chen Ji and Ming Shi, which were magnificent, but they all just followed Yang Pu's theory.
In some documents, Zhang Sanfeng is regarded as a figure in the golden age, among which the famous ones are Notes on Yutang and Collection of Famous Mountains. But few people advocate this. The Jin Dynasty perished in the first month of the sixth year (1234). The Jin Dynasty was the third year of Tianxing, and the Southern Song Dynasty was the first year of Li Zongduanping. At this time, Zhang Sanfeng was not born. This statement is self-defeating and simply cannot be established.
Some poems about clouds and water are really epic poems, which can be completely ignored. For example, "Holding Liu Zhonghui's" xianggong "from a distance": "From the eleventh year of Yuan Dynasty (1274), it is also the tenth day of the winter month. Learn the rest, today's ancient minister. But forget the lust and remember to take off the dust. Who knows me in the world? I have recommended people to the court many times. After eight dishes a day, sake will serve the gods. " Rectifier has poems such as "Bo Ling Zhong Gong" and "Answering Liu Xianggong", as well as Lian Pingzhang's poem "Lian Pingzhang takes the book recommendation as a sense of protection".
Zhang Sanfeng's poems are also completely consistent with the official history, "Yuan History? "Liu Chuan": "The ancestor was in his hiding place, and the Zen master Hai Yun called to the clouds, and Wen Zhongyi read books. In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1264), Academician Hanlin performed Wang E: Yan Bing was loyal to the official residence for a long time, accumulated many years of experience, and participated in plotting to make a generous plan for the country. ..... Zhong Bing is still wearing loose clothes, and he is deeply disturbed. He should dress appropriately and be respected. The emperor visited and played, and now he worships Dr. Guanglu, so it's easy for a Taibao to participate in the Chinese book. ..... Eleven years (1274), Taigong was the supreme capital, and others were Nanping Mountain. In autumn and August, Zhong Bing died of illness at the age of 59. The emperor was shocked and mourned! ..... Out of the money coffin in Neifu, Zhao Bingwen, assistant minister of does, was sent to protect his funeral, and most of them were buried. Liu wrote "Collection of Hidden Springs" with an appendix at the end, and Wang Pan wrote "Tombstone Ming of Liu Taibao", in which there is a cloud: "Send Zhao Bingwen, assistant minister of the Ritual Department, to protect his watch, and most of them were buried in winter and October, and they were buried twenty miles southwest of the city, in the original land of Fuxiang."
The year of Liu's death is exactly the same as Zhang Sanfeng's poems, but Zhang Sanfeng's poems refer to the time of burial, not the month. Liu was born in the eleventh year (12 16). Zhang Sanfeng wrote Shiwan when he was in office, and the other two poems were also sung when he was in office as a county magistrate. Only "Lian Zhang praised this and recommended it to Taibao". Judging from the content of the poem, Zhang Sanfeng was younger than Liu at this time, while Zhang Sanfeng was 28 years old when he wrote the poem. Liu, a native of Xingtai, changed his clothes into clothes.
"Clouds and Waters" has a poem "When the Old Man": "A wise head makes a close mouth, and a mysterious door makes no secret. What is an alchemist? Nature is nothing more than a dispute. Yao and Shun enjoy a long life, and inaction is also auspicious. Several times, I was seduced by stones, but I got a distant year. I love Master Lian, and I am loyal to my heart. Writing letters to attack paganism makes the liver as strong as a stone. My parents are immortal. In order to hide fishing boats from the valley, it is close to the emperor, not to mention mercury and lead. When you succeed, you dare to retire, and the hero is there. The emperor has one of his own, in Bai Yunbian. Anyone who is a minister should be on guard. I love Master Lian, honest and virtuous. When people have Lian Meng's eyes. " Another song, "Send the Double Arch to Jiangling", "I have an old relative whose head is white. I have the virtue of modesty and openness. I am not greedy for money. Going to Jiangling, the people are blessed. "
"Yuan history? The Biography of Lian Xixian "Lian Xixian, with a good word, is also the son of Brueger ... He lives in Zhongshan. ..... sai-jo was the emperor, and he entered the army in the 19th year of Xixian. Look at his Rong Zhi's comments, which are very generous. Xi Xian is good at history and can't put it down. On the one hand, when I was reading Mencius, I heard that I was very motivated. When sai-jo asked him, he said that the purpose of benevolence and kindness was right, so sai-jo praised him and said that he was honest with Mencius. ..... The alchemist asked you to refine Da Dan. The emperor said: naturally. At that time, the emperor respected the Buddhist teacher and ordered the appointment of Xi Xian as a priest, saying, "I was appointed by Confucius. The emperor said: Confucius also has commandments? That's right: loyal ministers, dutiful sons and Confucius' words and deeds are nothing more than that. ..... Twelve years, I swam to Ali to The Hague and Jiangling, and the terrain on the map looked like a children's court. He implored the etiquette to open Dazhaimen Town, and the emperor urgently called for it to be returned, so as to make the province of Jingnan. ..... Xixian was ill for a long time. In the spring of 15th year (1278), Dong Wen, a recent minister, said that Jiangling was hot and humid because Xixian was ill! That is, call Xi Xian back. ..... 17 years 1 1 month 19 days (1280). ..... died at the age of fifty. "
Zhang Sanfeng's poems are completely consistent with Lian Xixian's historical facts. The poem "Making an Old Man in a Cheap Pavilion" may be that in the eleventh year of Zhiyuan, Lian Xixian was declared a provincial official in Beijing. Soon after, he went to Liaodong, where he was appointed as a book province. Later, it was recalled to Jiangling, which was in May of the 12th year of Zhiyuan. Lian Xixian's southbound journey passed by Zhongshan House, Dinglu Town (now Dingxian County). So there are Zhang Sanfeng's farewell poems. It is reflected in the poem that Zhang Sanfeng was appointed as the county magistrate of Anxi at this time, so there is a saying "I am not greedy for wealth". Zhongshan House, Boling County, Zhongshan House in Northern Song Dynasty. Yuan is Zhongshan Mansion in Calm Road, and the third county is Anxi County, and Xinle County and Wuji County are other counties. Zhang Sanfeng is the magistrate of Boling County, but he is actually the county magistrate of Anxi County. Zhang Sanfeng said that Lian Mencius, The alchemist, and The Commandment were all in line with Lian Xixian's Biography. Moreover, when Lian Xixian was a child, he "waited on his mother in the mountains". When he was in Jiangling House, he visited relatives and friends through Zhongshan, which was also a natural trend. It also shows that Zhang Sanfeng's poems are true records and reliable historical materials.
Lian Xixian was born in the third year (123 1) and died in the seventeenth year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), so Lian Xixian was sixteen years older than Zhang Sanfeng. When did Zhang Sanfeng resign from the county magistrate? Or confirmed by his poems. "Climbing the ladder" says: "Abandon your official position and travel to the sea and the moon, trying to find the secret of Dan. I can't stay in the countryside after quitting my grave. Don't be a middle-aged woman, it's white to go out. Get up and leave the fire house. " There is also the poem "Thirty-two-year-old Journey to the North", so there is a chant of "Wusha changed into a robe, and the Ming Dynasty took the sword with the piano". Thirty-two years old is fifteen years. At this time, Lian Xixian lived in Dadu. Did Zhang Sanfeng visit an old friend? With this trip to the north, in short, the official gave up, ran away from home at night, wandered around for life and death, and began to ask for advice and visit the Tao.
There is another thing that has little to do with the year of birth and death, but it is indispensable in Zhang's life. Because the literati in Ming Dynasty attached great importance to this, we can't ignore it. That is Zhang Sanfeng's postscript "Penglai Xianyou Map", which is also a precious historical material for studying Zhang Sanfeng. This map was dedicated to Qiu Fu, Duke of Qi, in the second year of Yongle (1404), and also recorded as the tenth year of Yongle. It is necessary to clarify this historical fact.
The earliest record of this matter is "Chan Xuan Xian Jiao Bian?" There is a cloud in the biography of Leng Qian: "Leng Qian, the word, is named Long Yangzi, and Wu Lingren is also. In the early and middle Yuan Dynasty, he sailed with Liu from Samoa Sea. He is knowledgeable and proficient in learning, especially in hundreds of recipes. In the Yuan Dynasty, loyalty was the prime minister, modesty was the reason for abandoning school, and he went to Yun Chuan to make friends with Zhao Mengfu, and managed to go to Siming together. So, in the Song Dynasty, I went to the Stone House to see the paintings, which were very effective and won my interest, because I was famous for my good paintings. ..... At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, he was an official in North Korea and a doctor in Taichang. It is the poor who travel against the trend. Be modest and give it to them. One day, the wall of the museum was painted as a public gate, and the people in the language museum said, I'll go in with you. ..... Qian led the hand to push the door, the door opened and the pavilion opened. That's a big Tang family, which is occupied by Jinbao Department Store. Modesty orders you to take whatever you want. ..... I'm lucky to catch up with the museum, but I'm modest so far. On May 5th, 6th year of Yuan Dynasty (1340), I tried to write "Fairy Game Map" in order to keep the Three Treasures from escaping from the old and the Three Treasures from the old, that is, the so-called Zhang Cilu. In the second year of Yongle (1404), Sanfeng inscribed this picture as Qiu Gong, Taiwei of Qi State. The picture shows strange mountains and strange rocks, tree rooms, all kinds of grandeur, and the house is a fairy game. Lotus is in full bloom in the swamp, and the fairy is picking it. Zhang topic modestly ended things again. But cloud: During the reform of China, you drew a fake crane, and the hidden wall has passed away. I visited Jun on ten continents and three islands, fearing that future generations would not know, and the strange fairy's pen was mixed with mundane things, so I knew about it and hid it. "
Unofficial history, written by Zhu Yunming (1460- 1526), is completely consistent with the versions of Zen and metaphysics, but in the end, I hope there will be "immortal traces of this dynasty, and Zhang is the most different name, and Qian and Jin are called gold foils." The Seven Readings of Huan Lang and the Records of Chajizuo's Criminal Evidence were recorded in the second year of Yongle, while the Collection of Official History was recorded in the third year of Yongle. However, Lang Ai expressed doubts about this picture, but his arguments were not sufficient, so it was difficult to overthrow Ji Ye's theory.
"Two-year-old Huai Zhu" and "A Long History of Zhenze" all say that this picture is yes, and it belongs to the tenth year of Yongle, so does the complete works of Zhang Sanfeng.
The question is: Is it the second year of Yongle that Zhang Sanfeng presented the fairy game map to Qiu Fu? Or Yongle ten years? Look at a record of the Ming Dynasty: "In the seventh year of Yongdong (1409), Qi Huangong Qiu Fu was appointed as a general. ..... In August, Jiayin was the Japanese company commander Qiu Fu. ..... died in defeat at the age of seventy-six. " After Qiu Fu's death, Zhuijie moved to Lingnan. It was recorded by Xue's Record of the Charter, Ye's Art Examination, Zhu Guozhen's History of the Imperial Dynasty, and Tan Qian's Lack of Country. In the second year of Yongle, Qiu Fu was an important figure among the heroes in Jingnan. The "Fairy Game Map" inscribed by Zhang Sanfeng and the gift time were two years in Yongle, which was very consistent with the actual situation at that time. If it is the tenth year of Yongle, Qiu Fu will have been dead for more than two years by then. Can it be said that it will be given to the families of distant troops? It is out of the question. It is also wrong to say that the Yongle Decade cannot be established at all. We believe that the second year of Yongle is correct.
Or someone asked: Emperor Yongle sent envoys to visit Zhang Sanfeng, and Qiu Fu went back and forth with Zhang Sanfeng. Why didn't he play Emperor Yongle himself? Qiu Fu believes that this will not be a crime of deceiving the monarch, but it is far from it. After Yongle ascended the throne, on the one hand, it was difficult to make great contributions to peace, on the other hand, it was difficult to kill Wen Jian's old minister. During this period, the throne was not very stable, so he had no time to take care of Wen Jian's future. After the imperial power was consolidated, Hu was not sent to see Zhang Sanfeng until December of the seventh year of Yongle (1409), and he was sent to China year after year. This historical period has been clarified, and the age of the inscription on the "Fairy Game Map" has also been solved. This "Penglai Fairy Tour" was painted by Leng Qian for Zhang Sanfeng on May 5, 2006.
The year of Zhang Sanfeng's death is also a long-standing problem. But there are still some sporadic records in the literature. Du Muyun said, "Orthodoxy still exists." (See above) Yang: "It will be fine in the end, or it will be hidden or present." In the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing in Dayi County Records (1555), Zuo Qiao of Yi people wrote The View of He Ming: "If you live here, you will get yellow and white, but Mr. Zhang Sanfeng will disappear here." Looking at the monument of Baoji Jintai, Fan Zongzhen said: "Tianshunzhong, Yue Xian welcomed the strange fragrance for seven days, so I rushed." Lang (copying the tablet): "In the third year of Tianshun (1459), I came to visit the emperor again and found his image. I have to stand on my temples with a bun hanging from my back, my face is purple, my stomach is big, and I am wearing a hat. " Shunzhi's "Xiangfu County Records" said: "Tianshun went out of Heming Mountain in Chengdu in the second year and sealed it as a real person." Yongzheng seven years (1729), Henan tongzhi tongxian annals. The "Shengjing Tongzhi" said: "Its feather was in Zhangzhou Zhang command post, and then it was repeatedly used elsewhere." In the "Chenzhou Tongzhi" during Jiaqing period, it was said: "Zhang Sanfeng once built a house here and climbed high, pointing to the calligraphy stone as a countryman." There is also Lu Shenyun: "In the final analysis, it is either hidden or present." He Qiao Yuan and Wang Qi also hold this view. In the orthodox Chenzhou Zongzhi, Zhang Sanfeng married Mao Guidong and went to Jishan.
As can be seen from the above, it is credible to rush to Tianshun period. As for "I often see other places in the future", it is really unreliable. If the lower limit reaches eight years in Tianshun (1464) and is pushed back to Gui You for two years (1247), then Zhang Sanfeng can live to be 2 18 years old, which is really incredible. Whether people can live this long can only be answered by health care experts and medical experts. We just argue according to the literature. Zhuangzi said, "Leave it alone."
In addition, the anonymous biography of Zhang Sanfeng Stone is also mentioned. There is a saying in Biography that "Fang Hu wins the meeting" and "Sanmeng Shaoxing Xin Mao was born on August 15th". There is no Xinmao in Shaoxing, Song Gaozong, and the main road of Kaosong is the seventh year of Xinmao (1 17 1), which is the eleventh year of Jin Shizong Dading. Biography is a book, the history is hard to believe, and it is not verified. Fang Yicong, Fang Hu, Taoist priest of Longhushan, painter of Yuan Dynasty. Some collections in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties mentioned this man's paintings. Wu Boli, who was invited to visit Zhang Sanfeng, is Fang Hu's disciple.
On the issue of Zhang Sanfeng's death year, it is still based on Zhu Qizhen's "Bronze Statue of Sanfeng in Royal Zhang Gang", because the letters were written by the living, which shows that Zhang Sanfeng was still alive at that time. Combined with his death year and literature records, we think that Zhang Sanfeng's death year is in the last year of Tianshun, which is more in line with the actual situation.
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