1, blood-borne transmission: accepting blood or blood products contaminated by hepatitis B virus. In developed countries, blood after blood donation should be tested for hepatitis virus, so the possibility of contracting hepatitis through blood donation in these areas is almost zero.
2. Mother-to-child transmission: transmission from the birth canal during the delivery of pregnant women (perinatal transmission). With the vigorous promotion of neonatal hepatitis B vaccine and the implementation of other mother-to-child blocking measures, mother-to-child transmission has been greatly controlled. At present, about 90% HBV-DNA positive mothers have successfully blocked the vertical transmission from mother to child through intervention.
3. Early childhood infection: In early childhood, children are exposed to recessive infection through close contact with infected family members.
4, iatrogenic transmission: injection, blood transfusion, etc. If the medical equipment contaminated by hepatitis B virus is not disinfected or improperly handled, it can cause spread. Dentists and other medical operations, cosmetic surgery (tattoos, piercings).
5. Sexual contact and transmission: sexual intercourse, same-sex contact and failure to take protective measures.
6. There are also a certain proportion of skin and mucous membrane injuries, such as tattoos, ear holes and endoscopy.