White collar? What is the definition? White-collar workers first had this definition in foreign countries, and then they gradually came into being in China. "White-collar workers" appeared in the population of China only 20 years ago. Refers to the elite engaged in mental work in jobs and high-end office buildings. White-collar workers usually refer to people who work in offices and engage in secretarial or other clerical work in office buildings.
White collar, white collar, is a definition of lifestyle from the west, which is often used to represent professionals with more income. This word may have been used at first from 1928, when it meant non-manual workers, such as civil servants, teaching staff and so on. This is a race in sharp contrast to the blue-collar class. White-collar workers are less engaged in manual labor, and the professional class in the company is often administrative or formal staff, who have professional working ability, such as doctors or lawyers. In some sociological studies, managers are sometimes classified as one of the white-collar workers.
The metaphor of white-collar workers comes from white-collar workers in traditional work clothes and is used to distinguish them from blue-collar workers. White-collar workers are easy to get dirty, but it is not easy for white-collar workers to get dirty for them. There is also a meaning that "you must dress neatly at work, not casually". However, in recent years, white-collar workers' dresses have gradually diversified, and many companies have greatly relaxed their work dress requirements, which are no longer limited to the rigid treaties of women's suits and men's suits. Most companies have opened the dress code for casual clothes or jeans, and some newly established companies even have no dress code at all. As a result, the appearance of white-collar workers has changed a lot, and the number of people who wear formal white-collar shirts and suit pants to work every day has become a minority.
If it is differentiated by salary, the monthly salary of most white-collar workers is fixed, while that of blue-collar workers is calculated by time. In addition, the concept that white-collar workers used to enjoy higher salaries than blue-collar workers is gradually changing today. The salary structure of many white-collar workers has been redesigned by the new company policy and has become a structure with high bonus and low basic salary. If you don't achieve certain work results, your salary may not be higher than that of blue-collar workers.
In the past, in the society of agriculture and early handicraft age, there were quite few white-collar groups. But after entering the industrialized society, it gradually increased. Especially after the era of science and technology, a lot of paperwork has been produced, and the number of factory operators and manual production operators has decreased, so the white-collar ethnic group has gradually become the main ethnic group in modern society.
In modern society, there are more and more companies composed entirely of white-collar workers. Today, many technology and service companies do not need to manufacture or produce actual products, which also leads to the phenomenon of white-collar workers. In other words, in such a company, the hierarchical structure of the organization is often quite complicated, so it is not necessarily possible to symbolize clothes. The more obvious difference may be determined by the quality of work, assigned responsibilities and privileges, and wages.
From this perspective, the changes in the working environment of white-collar workers in the past are also different. In the past, managers above the manager level often enjoyed spacious offices and noble artistic furnishings, while employees in business departments (that is, big representatives of white-collar workers) only had narrow windowless rooms and simple office furniture. Today, the situation is different, and the office space has become more equal. The difference between managers and employees may only be whether the seats are by the window or whether there is a secret meeting space. Employees who get spacious offices are not necessarily the top decision makers of the company, but may be important middle managers or employees entrusted with very important tasks.
Finally, in some companies, white-collar workers sometimes have to do some blue-collar jobs, and vice versa. Some people wear blue-collar clothes during the day, but they play the role of white-collar workers at weekends; This can be seen from the example of trade unions. For example, a blue-collar worker appointed as a trade union representative must have a meeting on weekends to discuss working hours and benefits with the supervisor and handle a lot of paperwork. At this time, he became a white-collar worker.
The living standard and social status of white-collar workers are difficult to compare with those of the rich, but they are superior to the "blue-collar" who make a living by manual labor. Although they are subordinate to the "big boss", manipulated and insecure, they live in the control department of social operation and exercise management functions, which is an irreplaceable intermediary force to connect and coordinate the relationship between superiors and subordinates ... In short, white-collar workers are well-off people in China. However, with the word-of-mouth among the people, the word gradually became popular and became a frightening word. Below, I summarized the characteristics of several white-collar workers for your reference.
Feature 1: suit
Most foreign companies have strict dress code. There are strict rules from the overall style, to what clothes to wear with what ties, and the color of shirts. And the suit is absolutely flat and seamless, and the leather shoes should be shiny and can be learned. Most of the hair is combed with mousse, which can be counted.
Feature 2: Computer bag
With the development of science and technology, most white-collar workers have given up their briefcases and replaced them with more convenient laptops. In bars and cafes, you can often see people working with laptops. I don't know if they are really that busy. ...
Feature 3: Coffee
The more white-collar workers get paid, the denser the coffee distribution on their desks. For a company, if there is no coffee and strong tea, it means low efficiency and slow development. Some people even say, "coffee is something that insists on showing a little elegance even if it is very tired." There is fierce competition among various brands and types of coffee in supermarkets. Nestle even teamed up with Zhu Xian to let a group of people play online games in front of the coffee counter in the supermarket all night.
Feature 4: Subway
The office locations of large companies are generally selected in prime locations and high-end office buildings with convenient transportation. Faced with the heavy traffic in major cities, most office white-collar workers who regard time as their life have chosen the subway. So more people read English newspapers and magazines in the subway and make phone calls in languages they don't understand.
In Guangzhou, white-collar workers earn 4750 yuan a month; In Shanghai, 5350 yuan is a white-collar worker; In Chengdu, 1900 yuan is a white-collar worker; In Lhasa, 900 yuan is a white-collar worker ... These days, relevant research institutions have published a white-collar wage standard for major cities in China, including price level, living cost, transportation cost, urban modernization and many other factors. Migrant workers are added on the basis of 1800 yuan. * * * is divided into seven grades, with RMB as the standard and RMB as the unit:
First gear: Hong Kong 18500, Macau 8900;
Second gear: Shanghai 5350, Shenzhen 5280, Wenzhou 5020, Beijing 5000;
Third gear: Hangzhou 4980, Guangzhou 4750, Suzhou 4300, Xiamen 4 100, Qingdao 4000;
Fourth gear: Nanjing 3780, Fuzhou 3380, Wuxi 3200, Tianjin 3 150, Jinan 3 120, Dalian 3000;
Fifth gear: Zhengzhou 2880, Kunming 2800, Wuhan 2680, Haikou 2600, Changsha 2480, Sanya 2360, Chongqing 2250, Shenyang 2 100, Urumqi 2 100, Xi 'an 2080;
The sixth gear: Chengdu 1900, Harbin 1700, Hohhot 1700, Guizhou 1600, Changchun 1500, Lanzhou 1500 and Yinchuan/kloc.
Seventh gear: Lhasa 900.
Do you think the salary standard of white-collar workers is standard?
A standard is too low.
● White-collar workers with a monthly salary of 5,000 yuan in Beijing will buy a house with a building area of 100 square meter, and it will take about 20-30 years without eating or drinking.
China is most tired of these so-called white-collar workers! I work in Quanzhou with a monthly salary of 2500. I rent a house in 500 yuan, use a mobile phone in 200 yuan, eat in 600 yuan, and the transportation fee is about 150 yuan. Usually I spend about 65,438+000 yuan on friends' parties every month. I buy some newspapers and magazines and spend about 30 yuan every month. I can't save 100 yuan every year except for expenses such as shampoo, haircut and clothes. The house price in Quanzhou is about 7000 per square meter, and it is about 4000 in the suburbs.
B is more reasonable
I work in Guangzhou. On closer inspection, this salary standard is still white-collar-at least compared with many workers with poor welfare benefits, this salary is already three times that of them. Although I can't afford a big house or a car, I can make do with it. Anyway, it's better than earning more in my hometown, and there are more opportunities, right?
● White collar workers. Look at farmers and cleaners. How much can they earn?
Is this a white-collar worker?
● Gold collar, white collar and blue collar are defined according to the nature of work and have nothing to do with income. Golden collar is the leadership and management class, white collar is a mental worker, blue collar is a skilled worker, and gray collar is a manual worker.
● Is the salary of white-collar workers necessarily high? It's just that I don't have to do manual labor, and it seems that I still can't earn the wages of construction workers. They all earn more than 4000 yuan a month. What they pay is physical strength, and what we can pay is brain power and pressure.
It doesn't matter whether we are white-collar workers or not. What is important is that there are more and more "middle classes" in this society, so that these "middle classes" have less anxiety and anxiety. ...
Two characteristics of new white-collar workers: young and highly educated.
Relevant media reports show that: for new white-collar workers, besides occupation, age and education are two crucial characteristics. A group of young people who were born in the 1970s and 1980s and were heated up by the press are becoming the main body of new white-collar workers. With the continuous development of social economy, the knowledge content in the economy is getting higher and higher, and there is a close relationship between education level and personal income. As the most important resource or factor of production, knowledge is becoming an important symbol to divide the status and role of different social groups.
The occupation of new white-collar workers: high-tech content
By analyzing the popular jobs of young people at present and comparing the prestige of different jobs and the characteristics of young people, it is not difficult to find that the jobs of new white-collar workers generally have the characteristics of high knowledge and technology, complex professional skills and high income.
The professional scope of new white-collar workers mainly focuses on the following aspects:
1, knowledge innovation, technology industry. Including basic research, applied technology development, management, institutional and organizational innovation activities.
2. Education and training industry. Nowadays, the world has entered the era of lifelong learning, which will make cultural education and training one of the biggest industries in 2 1 century.
3. Knowledge manufacturing and media industry. Including book publishing, newspapers, advertising, literature, art, folk art, film and television, drama, music, radio and television, communication, information machinery (printers, computers, modern communication technology, automatic control systems, signal devices) and so on.
4. Professional services and consulting industry. Including finance, law, engineering, construction, property, medical care, accounting, auditing and file keeping, trade negotiation, special planning and suggestions.
5. Sports, entertainment and tourism. With the development of economy and society, people pay more and more attention to and have more and more conditions to participate in sports, entertainment and tourism activities. This industry will have a lot of room for development. At the same time, some traditional industries are also undergoing structural adjustment and technological upgrading, which will also attract a large number of educated young people to join them.
The value orientation of new white-collar workers: being pragmatic and paying attention to self-feeling.
The value orientation of new white-collar workers is pragmatic, and paying attention to self-feeling and self-realization is the core part of the value orientation of new white-collar workers. Pragmatic value orientation runs through the life of new white-collar workers. In life attitude, the new white-collar workers are pragmatic and practical, advocating self-struggle. For example, in the survey of young people in the IT industry, it is found that most people agree with "hard work" and think that this is the primary factor of success, not other human factors. The value orientation of paying attention to self-feeling and self-realization is the most concentrated in the career choice of new white-collar workers. When choosing a career, they not only pay attention to salary, but also don't regard it as a decisive factor. Take young people in the IT industry as an example. Although 63.7% people quit, they mainly rely on themselves (self-recommendation, talent market and headhunting company, etc.). ) and less social relations such as parents, relatives and friends. For the motivation of job hunting, most people put "whether they can give full play to their personality and ability" and "want to have an independent world" in the first place. This pragmatic and self-fulfilling value orientation is also reflected in all aspects of new white-collar life: consumption, spiritual needs, interpersonal communication, marriage and love, etc.
The living state of new white-collar workers: tension+pressure
If we must use two words to describe the professional life of new white-collar workers, there is nothing more accurate than "tension" and "pressure".
Because of higher income, new white-collar workers can be said to live comfortably. For example, many people own private cars and their own houses. But this is just the subtitle of their living conditions. The theme is naturally the state of their professional life.
The professional life of new white-collar workers is by no means as beautiful and relaxed as the high-grade office buildings, high-grade office equipment and glamorous appearance that people see. When it comes to work, almost everyone is desperate. Overtime is common. They are energetic and hardworking. They may be exhausted when they get home at night, but they will never be tired as long as they are in the office. The new white-collar workers have a strong sense of urgency and pressure. They are worried that they will be fired by their boss, that their business has not improved, that others will surpass them, and that they are at a disadvantage in the competition. The survey shows that the new white-collar workers have a strong sense of charging because of their long-term overdraft of energy and knowledge. Almost 90% of the respondents in several key occupations we conducted a questionnaire survey agree with the concept of lifelong learning, and most of them are receiving various trainings and studies. This is a young era, and it is an era in which fashion culture prevails. 30-year-old people began to sigh "already old"; And wise elders also regard "learning from young people" as an enlightened fashion move. They have been ahead of their peers in life, knowledge and career struggle, but they are even more afraid to give up. They are people who can't back down.
With the improvement of living standards, the number of white-collar workers in Chinese mainland is increasing, and the consumption characteristics are becoming more and more obvious. The top ten consumption characteristics of white-collar workers in mainland cities are:
First, white-collar workers love to buy fashion magazines to correct their tastes.
Second, white-collar workers like to show their taste with brand-name or carefully scoured personalized clothes. There are usually several suits in their wardrobes for different important occasions, but whether it is dignified Armani or Burberry with a little yuppie flavor, they are definitely top brands; As for clothes that are a little more casual, I rely on a pair of eyes to go to the store to find them.
Third, white-collar workers are also keeping pace with the trend in diet, from northeast cuisine, Shanghai cuisine, Maojia cuisine, Sichuan cuisine to Yunnan cuisine; From braised mutton, spicy crayfish to spicy crab, all the way to eat is unambiguous. But one thing, restaurants still have a little priority, and the best store names have a little allusion and profound meaning.
White-collar workers like to go to nightclubs at sunset. The faint sadness of "how to beat him late and catch the wind" makes the emotional appeal of working girls just right.
White-collar workers like to sit in cafes and surf the Internet in lazy afternoons. English newspapers, fashionable rimless glasses, a cup of cappuccino and a laptop have become the most white-collar scenery.
6. White-collar workers like to receive foreign perfume and cosmetics as gifts, but they like to use furniture from China. Nine times out of ten, this is influenced by the foreigners they contact most often.
Seven, white-collar workers love noble residential areas with clubs, but the traffic must be convenient, preferably next to the subway, because after shouldering the burden of mortgage repayment, you can't include buying a car in your consumption plan for at least a few years.
Eight, white-collar workers love to take time off to do some sports, of course, not the kind of running and playing football. They lost interest in the collectivist movement. They would rather sweat in the health club alone and play tennis, bowling and other double games at most.
Nine, white-collar workers love to go to a fixed place to take care of their hair and face. Having their own hairdresser and beautician will make them feel better about themselves.
Ten, the busy year has passed, and white-collar workers will definitely start a romantic journey in their body and mind during the rare annual leave. Their favorite places are Hawaii and Bodhi Island, and the worst place is Sanya Beach. For them, sunshine, seawater and beaches are far more attractive than cliffs, snow-capped mountains and deserts.
According to the latest statistical survey data in 2007, the salary and welfare level of five major industries, such as foreign-funded high-tech industries, private high-tech industries, energy-based industries, pharmaceutical industries and consumer goods industries, basically remained above 200,000 yuan, showing three remarkable characteristics.
There are obvious differences in salary between industries.
Total annual average salary of managers in charge of five major industries
Foreign high-tech is 3.65438+0.7 million yuan.
Chemical industry 273,000 yuan
Private high-tech 237,000 yuan
Consumer goods 236,000 yuan
Pharmaceutical 223,000 yuan
White-collar managers in foreign-funded high-tech industries are still the best in the talent market, with an average total salary of 365,438+10,000 yuan. Because of their high work pressure and high ability to deal with random events, they play a key role in the smooth operation of the whole company, and generous salary is essential. From the data, we can see the rise of private high-tech enterprises in the level of employee compensation and welfare. For some time, the news that private enterprises recruit talents with an annual salary of several hundred thousand yuan has frequently appeared in major media, indicating that the salary concept of Chinese people is undergoing tremendous changes. This is a sign that enterprises attach importance to talents.
There is little difference in wages between departments.
Taihe, a foreign company in Beijing, divides the main positions in five industries into six categories: sales department, R&D department, finance department, human resources department, marketing department and logistics support department. The sales department mainly includes project sales, product sales, regional sales and major customer sales. R&D department mainly includes product R&D, pre-sales technical support and after-sales technical support. The financial department mainly includes the financial and accounting departments; The human resources department mainly includes salary and welfare, recruitment and training departments; The marketing department mainly includes product promotion, market communication and business development. Logistics support departments mainly include logistics management, procurement and office departments.
Average annual salary of managers in each department.
Market: 2,965,438+10,000 yuan
Finance: 279,000 yuan
Logistics support is 266,000 yuan.
Sales amount is 260,000 yuan.
R&D 250,000 yuan
The human resource is 2365438+ ten thousand yuan.
The total salary level of marketing personnel and financial personnel is in the leading position in the market, followed by sales personnel and logistics support personnel. This distribution reasonably reflects the contribution of people in different positions to the development of the company.
Proportion of welfare to total wages
Decrease with the increase of posts
Proportion of white-collar management benefits to total salary: manager level and director level.
Chemical industry 1 1.47% 7.26%
Consumer goods 10.30% 7.20%
Pharmaceutical 9.2 1% 7.02%
Foreign high-tech 8.98% 7.4 1%
Private high-tech 8.28% 5.63%
In all industries, there is a significant gap between the welfare and total wage ratio at the supervisor level and the manager level. This gap shows that with the promotion of white-collar managers' positions, superior welfare conditions have a slightly weaker incentive and attraction to white-collar managers, and they pay more attention to the realization of self-worth and the affirmation of their excellent performance.
In the horizontal comparison, it is not difficult to find that the welfare treatment of traditional industries is obviously better than that of science and technology enterprises. This is the difference in salary structure caused by the nature of the enterprise. Science and technology enterprises require employees, especially white-collar managers, to repay the company with excellent performance, so as to maximize performance and win rich returns. Therefore, in the total salary, the proportion of employees' cash income, especially performance bonus, is obviously higher than welfare. This is also a challenging performance of white-collar management.