Chinese name: Araliaceae
Distribution: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Hebei (Wuling Mountain and Dushan Mountain)
Ginseng (UK) comes from Panax ginseng C in Araliaceae. Palmately compound leaves have stem tips and L trifoliates every year. There are 1 leaf in five years, and it will increase 1 leaf every year. 4 ~ 6 years old with 3 ~ 5 five-leaf compound leaves.
Status: Endangered species. Ginseng is a tertiary relict plant and a precious Chinese herbal medicine. As the first of the "Three Treasures in Northeast China", it is famous at home and abroad, and has a long medicinal history in China. For a long time, due to over-exploitation and resource depletion, the forest ecological environment on which ginseng depends has been seriously damaged. Therefore, Shangdang Dangshen in ancient Shanxi has long been extinct, and ginseng in Northeast China is also on the verge of extinction.
Origin: Wild ginseng is mainly produced in China, Jilin, Changbai Mountain and other areas. Wild ginseng is usually collected from late July to September, because the fruit is ripe and red at this time, so it is easy to be found. Most wild ginseng is dried in the sun. After washing, it is smoked with sulfur, then exposed to the sun for four or five times, and finally slowly dried with charcoal fire. Efficacy: The nourishing effect is very good.
Ginseng is mainly divided into three categories.
Ginseng is the dried root of Araliaceae plant Ginseng. In China, ginseng has been eaten for a long time, and it was listed as the top grade as early as Shennong Herbal Classic. People began to buy wild ginseng from North Korea in the Tang Dynasty. Chen, deputy director of the quality control department of Guangzhou Medicinal Materials Company, told the reporter that the Chinese herbal medicine industry divides ginseng into wild ginseng, garden ginseng and Korean ginseng according to its quality, origin and growth environment. According to the processing method, all kinds of ginseng can be subdivided into sun-dried ginseng, red ginseng and sugar ginseng. Now the best ginseng is Zhengguanzhuang ginseng.
Garden ginseng
Ginseng planted artificially is generally called "garden ginseng".
Origin: Ginseng planted artificially, mostly planted in Jilin area of China, so it is also called "Jilin Ginseng". According to research, about 250 years ago in the Qing Dynasty, wild ginseng with shoots began to be transplanted in Northeast China, and gradually developed into seed planting. The artificially planted ginseng was called "garden ginseng". Its excavation time is in September, and the garden ginseng is generally excavated for 5 ~ 7 years, because the excavation is too early, the ginseng pulp is insufficient and the quality is not good. According to different production methods, garden ginseng can be divided into red ginseng and sugar ginseng.
Ginseng Radix Rubri: Clean fresh ginseng, cut off tender roots, steam for 2-2.5 hours, and take out or dry in the sun to make ginseng Radix Rubri. Red ginseng is divided into two categories. Among them, reeds are long, long and have long lateral roots. The others are "ordinary red ginseng". Efficacy: Warming.
Sugar Ginseng: Soak the cleaned fresh ginseng in boiling water until it is about six-ripe, take it out and prick holes around the ginseng with bamboo needles, put it in a basin, pour syrup into it, soak it in sugar for 24 hours, then wash off the epidermis syrup, and then dry it in the sun or bake it slowly with fire. Efficacy: it is peaceful and can be eaten directly, and its efficacy is not as good as that of red ginseng.
Korean ginseng
Origin: It is the same species as domestic ginseng, so it is named because it is produced in North Korea and South Korea. Most products on the market now are Korean ginseng. When digging, you should generally choose ginseng strips that are more than 6 years old, full of water and long. Korean ginseng can be divided into red ginseng and white ginseng according to different production methods.
Ginseng Rubra: Steam it with high-temperature steam for 2 hours until it is fully cooked, dry it, remove the ginseng whiskers, and press it into irregular square columns. Efficacy: Warming.
White ginseng: choose short and inferior Korean ginseng, put it in boiling water for a while, and then dry it. Efficacy: mild in nature.
morphological character
Perennial herbs; The taproot is fleshy, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, and the fibrous root is slender; The rhizome (reed head) is short, with stem marks (reed bowl) and buds on it; Stem solitary, erect, 40 ~ 60 cm high. Leaves are palmately compound leaves with 2-6 longitudinal leaves, which change with age: L has 3 leaflets, 5 leaflets 12 in 2 years, 23 leaflets in 3 years, 3-6 leaflets in 4 years, 4-5 leaflets in 5 years, with a maximum of 6 leaflets; There are 3 ~ 5 leaflets, with the largest 1 in the middle, ovoid or ovoid, 3 ~ 12 cm long and 1 ~ 4 cm wide, wedge-shaped at the base, tapering at the apex, fine-pointed and serrated at the edge, and sparse bristles along the midvein. Umbellies have terminal florets; The flower is bell-shaped and has five teeth; Petals 5, yellow green; Stamens 5, filaments short, anthers spherical; Below the room, 2 rooms, style 1, stigma 2-lobed. Berry drupe oblate or kidney-shaped, bright red when mature; Seed 2, oblate, yellow and white.
characteristic
Ginseng has a humid and cold climate, with an average temperature of -23-5℃ in 10 and 20-26℃ in July, with 65,438+. Strong cold tolerance, low temperature of -40℃, suitable growth temperature 15-25℃, forest environment with small temperature difference between day and night, and accumulated temperature of 2000-30℃. The soil is well drained, loose and fertile brown forest soil with deep humus layer or mountain gray brown forest soil with pH value of 5.5-6.2. Most of them live in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests or deciduous broad-leaved forests dominated by Korean pine, and the canopy density is 0.7-0.8. The main tree species is Korean pine. et Zucc。 Five-pointed maple Maxim. ，Tiliamandschurica Rupr。 Et motto. , Ulmus pumila (Trautv. ) Mayr, phellodendron amurense. Quercus mongolica. , Schisandra chinensis (Turcz. )Baill。 Aralia elata ) it seems. Wait. Ginseng usually blooms in 3 years and bears fruit in 5-6 years. The flowering period is June-July and the fruiting period is July-June.
Protect value
Ginseng is a precious tonic with great medical and economic value for a long time. It has been used in China for about 4000 years. However, due to long-term over-exploitation, the natural distribution area has decreased, and the Central Plains producing areas represented by Shangdang Dangshen, namely southern Shanxi, southern Hebei, Henan and western Shandong, have long been extinct. At present, wild ginseng in Northeast China is extremely scarce, so it is of special significance to protect the natural resources of this species.
protection measures
Ginseng is listed as a national rare and endangered protected plant, and Changbai Mountain and other nature reserves are protected. Other distribution areas should also be protected, and mining is strictly prohibited, so that ginseng resources can be gradually restored and increased. It has been widely cultivated in three northeastern provinces, and recently introduced in Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hubei, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces.
Key points of cultivation
The cultivation of ginseng should pay attention to the special environment, dormant embryo, slow growth and delicate characteristics.
1) ginseng planting should choose a slightly acidic soil with a certain slope and rich humus.
2) Sowing: It is one of the important keys to master the understanding of seed germination characteristics and low temperature stratification before germination. Sprouting seeds can be sown in spring, and cracked seeds can be sown in autumn.
3) Transplanting: it can only be transplanted after 2-3 years of sowing. Pay attention to cold protection when planting in autumn and drought resistance when planting in spring.
4) Shading, weeding and disease prevention must be paid attention to after sowing or transplanting ginseng seedlings.
Life span of ginseng
According to historical records, the life span of ginseng is about 400 years, but when it is harvested, very few ginseng can grow to 200 years old, and it is not easy to grow to 100 years.
Identification of ginseng
The quality standard to distinguish a ginseng is: the reed (head) is round and long, the skin is old and yellow, the lines are fine, the shape is beautiful, there are many stripes and many beads. Those who fully meet these conditions are rare treasures.
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ginseng
Panax quinquefolium is a Araliaceae plant, native to North America, so it is named Xiyang or Citi (American flag). Panax quinquefolium can benefit qi and nourish yin, and is suitable for fire disease with deficiency of both qi and yin.
Ginseng also belongs to Araliaceae, and wild ginseng is wild ginseng; The cultivator is garden ginseng, and the washed and dried ginseng is dried ginseng; Removing lateral roots and fine roots, steaming, sun drying or oven drying to obtain Ginseng Radix Rubri. Sun-dried ginseng is suitable for people with insufficient qi and yin; Red ginseng is warm and suitable for people with qi deficiency and yang deficiency. Korean ginseng is Korean ginseng. (Korea was called Korea in ancient times)
ginseng
Pinyin Name: Ren Shen
English name: Ginseng
Page number: Edition 1 -6, 2000
This product is the dried root of ginseng, cultivated as "Garden Ginseng" and wild as "Mountain Ginseng". Excavation and washing of autumn surplus; Garden ginseng is sun-dried or sun-dried, which is called "raw sun-dried ginseng"; Ginseng is dried in the sun and is called "sun-dried ginseng".
The sun-dried ginseng taproot is spindle-shaped or cylindrical, with a length of 3 ~ 15 cm and a diameter of 1 ~ 2 cm. The surface is grayish yellow, with shallow and intermittent thick horizontal stripes and obvious longitudinal wrinkles on the upper part or all, and 2 ~ 3 branch roots on the lower part, and many slender fibrous roots are born, and there are often inconspicuous small wartlike protrusions on the fibrous roots. The rhizome (reed head) is1~ 4cm long and 0.3 ~1.5cm in diameter. It is winding, with adventitious roots ({Ding}) and sparse pit-like stem scars (Luwan). Hard, yellow and white in cross section, powdery, with brown annular stripes, yellow-brown dotted resin channels, and radial cracks on the epidermis. The aroma is special, and the taste is slightly bitter and sweet.
The main root of sun-dried ginseng is as long as or short as the rhizome, and it is herringbone, diamond or cylindrical, with a length of 2 ~ 10 cm. The surface is grayish yellow, with longitudinal stripes, with dense and deep annular transverse stripes at the upper end, and there are many two branches. The fibrous roots are slender, clear and irregular, with obvious verrucous processes, commonly known as "pearl bumps". The rhizome is slender, with dense stem marks on the upper part, and the adventitious roots are thick and shaped like jujube stones.
Identification (1) Cross section of this product: Cork layer is a series of cells. The cortex is narrow. There are cracks on the outside of phloem, and the thin-walled cells on the inside are closely arranged, scattered in resin channels, with yellow secretions. Form a layer, form a ring. There are broad rays in xylem, and the vessels are scattered or gathered together, which are arranged radially and intermittently, and occasionally there are non-lignified fibers beside the vessels. The parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate clusters.
Sun-dried ginseng powder is yellow and white. The resin duct fragments are easy to see and contain yellow massive secretions. The calcium oxalate cluster crystals are 20 ~ 68 microns in diameter and angular. Cork cells are square or polygonal, with thin walls and wavy curves. The diameter of reticular and stepped ducts is 10 ~ 56μ m ... There are many starch granules, and the single granule is spherical, semi-circular or irregular polygon, with a diameter of 4 ~ 20 microns, and the navel is punctate or cracked. Composite particles are composed of 2 ~ 6 parts.
(2) Take 65438+0g of this product powder, add 40ml chloroform, heat and reflux for 65438+0h, discard the chloroform solution, evaporate the solvent in the residue, add 0.5mkl of water, mix and moisten, add 65438±00ml of water-saturated n-butanol, perform ultrasonic treatment for 30min, suck the supernatant, add 3 times of ammonia test solution, shake well, stand and stratify. Another ginseng 1g was taken as the control medicinal material, and the control medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take ginsenoside Rb.
The content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (Appendix ⅵ d).
Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as a filler for chromatographic conditions and system suitability test. Acetonitrile -0.05% phosphoric acid solution (99:400) as mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 203 nm. According to the Re peak of ginsenoside, the theoretical plate number should be no less than 2500.
Preparation of ginsenoside RG control solution
Preparation of test solution Take 65438±0g of this product powder (pass through No.4 sieve), weigh it accurately, put it in Soxhlet extractor, add 40ml of chloroform, heat and reflux for 3 hours, discard the chloroform solution, volatilize the chloroform in the residue, transfer it into a conical flask with a filter paper tube, add 50ml of water-saturated n-butanol, plug it, leave it overnight, and perform ultrasonic treatment (power 250W, frequency 50 kHz).
The determination method accurately absorbs 65438 00 μ l of the above two control solutions and 65438 00 ~ 20 μ l of the test solution, respectively, and injects them into a liquid chromatograph for determination.
This product contains ginsenoside rg.
Processing raw ginseng, thoroughly wetting, slicing and drying.
Sun-dried ginseng is crushed or mashed when used.
Sexual taste, sweet meridian, slightly bitter, flat. Spleen, lung and heart meridian.
Indications: invigorating primordial qi, restoring pulse, resolving hard mass, invigorating spleen, benefiting lung, promoting fluid production and calming nerves. Can be used for asthenia, cold limbs, rapid pulse, anorexia due to spleen deficiency, asthma and cough due to lung deficiency, body fluid injury and thirst, thirst due to internal heat, chronic illness of palpitation and insomnia, impotence and cold uterus; Heart failure, cardiogenic shock
Usage and dosage: 3-9g, decocted in water; Wild ginseng is ground into powder and swallowed, 2g once, twice a day. Be careful not to use it with Veratrum nigrum.
Store in a cool and dry place, sealed and moth-proof.
ginseng
(1) Overview
Alias Baba, Ginseng and Garden Ginseng.
It is the root of Araliaceae ginseng (p.schin-sengnees), and its leaves are also used as medicine, which is called ginseng leaves. Perennial herbs. Function of nature and taste: sweet and slightly bitter. Slightly warming, invigorating qi, promoting fluid production, calming the heart and invigorating qi. Produced in Changbai Mountain in Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shanxi, Hubei and other places.
(2) Plant characteristics
Ginseng plants are 33 ~ 66 cm high, with single, upright, cylindrical, smooth and hairless stems. The leaves are palmately compound, with long petioles, the smallest basal leaves, oval leaflets, serrated edges, green surfaces and sparse hairs along the leaves. Umbellies are solitary, with 4 ~ 40 small flowers, yellow-green. The lower end of the stem is often divided, and the top end has roots, commonly known as reed head.
(3) Growth characteristics
Ginseng likes to grow in cold, semi-cloudy and semi-sunny places, which is cold-resistant and avoids direct sunlight. Shade shed should be built during cultivation. Sunshine is suitable before 8: 00 am and after 6: 00 pm, and direct sunlight at noon will scorch ginseng leaves. Suitable for growth below 25℃. Forest humus soil is most suitable for cutting ginseng, and farmland soil can also be planted with fully decomposed pig manure, compost and other cool fertilizers. It is required that broad-leaved forest land such as oak, linden and stick should have neutral or weakly acidic soil. When planting ginseng in farmland, it is best to plant Gramineae and Leguminosae in previous crops, such as corn, sorghum, millet, soybean and wheat. Rhizome crops are worse than previous crops. The land where ginseng has been planted should not be planted again in the short term. Fear of stagnant water, avoid drought.
After picking and sowing ginseng seeds, it takes 20 ~ 2 1 month to germinate and 8 ~ 9 months to accelerate germination. Because ginseng seeds have two processes: embryo post-ripening and physiological post-ripening, it needs certain temperature and humidity conditions to complete this process. Under field conditions, seeds were sown in 5 cm thick soil, the soil humidity was about 35%, and the soil temperature from sowing to seed cracking was about 17 ~ 18℃. At this time, the change of soil temperature from high to low can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage is sowing to the visible point of seed embryo, and the average temperature is about 265438 0℃; In the second stage, from the visible point of embryo to 1/2 milk, the average ground temperature is about 17.4℃. In the third stage, the embryo accounts for 1/2 of the endosperm to crack. At this time, the endosperm continues to grow for one stage. After more than three months of low temperature (about 5℃), when the temperature rises to11.8 ~15.2℃ in spring, the germination rate can reach over 90% in about 20 days.
(4) Cultivation techniques
1. Land selection and preparation
Choose a place where the environment for planting ginseng requires no flood, drought, wind disaster or freezing damage. To plant ginseng in farmland in plain areas, we should choose land with high terrain, loose and fertile soil, strong water retention and good drainage. Ginseng likes the soil in forest-rotting areas. If the content of soil organic matter is low, organic fertilizer should be added during soil preparation to make the soil fertile and close to forest humus. If ordinary farmland is used as cultivated land, the previous crops of corn, millet, beans and wheat are better; You can also sow corn and beans in spring and turn them into green manure in summer. Apply all 1/3 decomposed pig manure, decomposed leaves, green manure (soybean straw) and cake fertilizer, 1/3 peat. If the soil is tight, add an appropriate amount of fine sand and mix with 1/3 for three times. When mixing soil, 0.0 1 ~ 0.025 kg of calcium superphosphate should be applied per square meter to increase fertility, or 2.5 kg of pig manure, 1 kg of old house soil, 0.5 kg of bean cake and 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate should be applied per square meter and mixed well with the border soil. To cultivate ginseng on the hillside, we should choose a gentle slope with a slope of 5 ~ 25 degrees and a high dryness, generally 20 ~ 30 degrees in the platform and mountainous area. The slope is too large, which is inconvenient to operate and easy to cause soil erosion. Soil with thick humus (about 1.3 cm) should be selected, and a certain amount of base fertilizer should be applied if conditions permit.
After selecting the mountain, the site will be treated. Clear the trees and stones out of the construction site, then cut down the shrubs and grass on the ground, spread them evenly on the ground to dry, make a fire around, choose a windless day, clean up the clearing, light a fire, and turn them all into red charcoal to put out the fire. It can be buried in the soil or watered with water to increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and kill underground pests. The ground temperature rises, accelerating decomposition.
There is a principle for planting ginseng in mountainous areas: "wear a hat, belt and boots" to prevent soil erosion. According to the steep slope, a dam is set aside to block the drainage. So determine the location of the drainage dam after burning the construction site. Generally, a pedal is set every 2000 ~ 4000 cm with a width of 100 cm, and the included angle between the slope of the pedal and the contour line of the mountain is 2 ~ 3 degrees, which is reserved as a tree column of the pedal and plays a fixed role. When turning the ground, the position of the fixed pedal does not turn over. Put the stone. It is difficult to find out sundries, etc. Make it into the shape of a dam to block and drain water.
Determine the direction of the competition: mainly use Fuyang and evening sunshine to avoid direct sunlight at noon. The trend of planting ginseng beds in mountainous areas is mostly due south. Due north, if things are affected by high mountains, it is better to be slightly west. On the north and south slopes, ridges can be built along the mountain. The east-west slope is not steep, so the rain can flow downstream. For extremely steep mountains, ridges can be built along the mountain. After the direction is determined, you can also nail a stake and sprinkle white ash as a mark. The reference general standard line is determined by compass or theodolite. Set up the instrument at one end of the ground, adjust the degree on the instrument to reach the required degree of the bed, find the position of the standard rod from the lens barrel to make it coincide with the compass crosshair, insert wooden stakes in the standard point and the compass weight, connect the two wooden stakes with a measuring rope, and sprinkle white ash along the measuring rope to form a baseline. The vertical lines starting from the two endpoints of the reference line are end lines. From both ends of the reference line, measure the width of the border line (the width of the border and the width of the working track) along the direction of the end line with a measuring rope or rod, and insert the reference. Connect two corresponding piles on the end line with a measuring line to form a midline parallel to the datum line. The area between the two series lines is the reference bed, and the length of the bed depends on the plot and terrain.
Soil preparation; Plough the land in the first year and use it in summer and autumn in the second year. Plow the land in July of the second year after sowing. In September, the transplanting site was ploughed 1.5 ~ 20cm deep. In places with inconvenient transportation, people planed the land, buckled it in the middle of the border with picks, shovels and shovels, piled it into ridges and weathered it. Dig out all the roots and fill the pit to prevent water accumulation. Crush the soil. Pile it in the middle of the frame, and pour the soil again before sowing or planting ginseng, so as to completely remove impurities such as gravel blocks and roots, and make the frame. In China, ginseng is planted with American ginseng, with multiple beds in one shed, width of 130 ~ 150 cm, distance between two beds of 50 cm and working channel width of 200 cm. One shed with two beds, bed width 130 ~ 150 cm, distance between adjacent beds 50 cm, working track width 200cm；; One shed and one frame, frame width 120 ~ 150 cm, working track width 150-200 cm, frame height 20 ~ 25 cm.
When choosing land, we should also determine the direction of the boundary. Ginseng should not be exposed to strong sunlight. After the shade shed is set up in the ginseng bed, ginseng seedlings should not be exposed to strong sunlight at noon in principle. The height of ginseng frame is 20-33cm; The width of the border shall be subject to the convenience of operation, generally100 ~130cm; The frame length is not limited, and the working track width is 130 ~ 300 cm, which should be based on keeping the operation convenient and ventilated. Ginseng is planted in high mountains. The traditional cultivation method of ginseng in China is in Changbai Mountain and Xing 'an Mountains. During the period of 1998, serious floods occurred in the northeast and south of the Yangtze River, which was directly related to deforestation. Pay attention to soil and water conservation when planting ginseng in mountainous areas in the future.
2. Breeding method
Seed propagation, first seedling and then transplanting, mostly adopts artificial cultivation.
(1) seedling raising
There are spring sowing, summer sowing and autumn sowing. Spring sowing is in the middle of March, and autumn sowing is in the end of June at 5438+ 10. The seeds used can be planted after germination according to the specific situation, or they can be planted without treatment. When sowing in spring, seeds are sown after germination; Dry seeds can be sown every other year at the beginning of June (before the awning); Summer sowing can be carried out from late July to late August, and this method is often used at present. Seeds sown in autumn also need to germinate.
There are many ways to accelerate germination, so that seeds can complete the post-ripening stage of embryos and accelerate germination under suitable temperature and humidity conditions. Now introduce two methods as follows:
Soak the seeds in clear water for 48 hours to make them fully absorb water, take them out, mix them with twice as much wet sand (fine sand and humus, the humidity is about 35%), put them in a pot, keep them moist at 18 ~ 20℃, and sow them after 2 ~ 3 months, when most of the seeds crack. If the seeds are not sown immediately, they should be frozen in a kiln or buried in outdoor soil in winter to inhibit the elongation of buds.
Accelerating germination outdoors: choose a site with high dryness and good drainage, dig a deep pit of 23 ~ 33 cm and put it into a bottomless wooden frame (or masonry frame). The size of the frame depends on the number of seeds. Mix the seeds with twice the amount of mixture (1/3 fine sand, 2/3 humus soil), pour them together with water, spread them on the ground, and then mix them with the seeds, and cover them with about 6 cm, which is practical. Cover it with a straw curtain in the evening and rainy days, open it in the sun in the daytime and sunny days, take out the mixture every 1 ~ 2 weeks, adjust the moisture, and then put it in the into the pit. After 2 ~ 3 months, the seeds will crack.
In areas with high temperature, direct seeding of dry seeds can be tried in early June, and after sowing, the embryo post-ripening stage can be completed, and seedlings will emerge in the following spring. In practice, seeds with imperfect germination treatment can emerge in the next year, although they do not emerge in that year. This is the truth.
Water sowing, that is, seeds collected in July and August, can be sown by washing pulp. You can also collect seeds, store them in wet sand one by one, and concentrate on sowing. In this way, the post-ripening stage of the seed embryo can be completed under natural conditions, and seedlings can emerge in the next spring.
Sowing methods include on-demand, drilling and broadcasting. Sowing is to press holes at a spacing of 3 cm and put 1 seed. This method makes ginseng seedlings grow evenly and saves seeds, but it takes a lot of labor. Sowing costs money and saves labor; Drilling is in between. At present, broadcasting is widely used. When sowing, scrape the border surface into a groove with a depth of 5-6 cm with a wooden board, sow, cover the original surface flat and keep the soil moist. If the seedlings emerge in the second year, they must be covered with a layer of grass and pressed for 3 ~ 6 cm. 0.03-0.05 kg of seeds per square meter,
Transplanting: Transplanting after the seedlings grow for 2-4 years, usually 3 years. If the soil fertility is not high, it can be transplanted again. It can be transplanted in spring and autumn. At present, ginseng seedlings have been cultivated in China for two years. First, the seedlings make full use of water, fertilizer and light in the soil, which is beneficial to the growth of ginseng seedlings. The survival rate of two-year-old ginseng seedlings is high, because the seedlings are small and easy to delay, and the reproductive growth period is increased by one year, which is beneficial to the weight gain of ginseng roots. Autumn sowing is generally adopted, and autumn sowing is carried out at 10. Take out the seedlings on the first day of planting ginseng, as many kinds as possible, report them far away, and pack them with moss. Choose ginseng seedlings with big buds, full flesh, complete reed heads and complete health. Disinfect ginseng seedlings, soak them in 150 unit of antimycin and 120 times of Bordeaux solution for 5 ~ 10 minutes, take them out and transplant them without soaking buds. In order to facilitate field management, seedlings are divided into three to seven grades according to their size, and generally divided into three grades. Ginseng seedlings should be covered tightly with white cloth to prevent wind and sun. Use a scraper (length 26 cm, width 16 cm, thin blade below, comb-shaped back) to level the furrow where ginseng is planted, and the bottom of the furrow should be flat or inclined. Put the reed heads of ginseng seedlings evenly on the edge of the border, cover the soil with a scraper, press the ginseng together with the ginseng, and then cover the soil. The last row of seeds should be planted upside down, that is, the reed head is facing the end of the frame, and the ginseng must be facing it. After planting, rake the border surface to make the middle of the border surface slightly higher, so as to drain water and cover the residual leaves of plant straw, and cover the soil for 3-6 cm. The row spacing, number of seedlings and coverage depth of transplanted plants should be different according to the size of seedlings.
3. Tian Tuan management
After the soil is thawed, remove the cold-proof grass before the bud germinates, and rake it in the deep soil once, with the depth of not damaging the roots. After that, loosen the soil shallowly, 3 ~ 4 times a year. After removing the cold-proof materials, it is necessary to disinfect the border surface with chemicals in time, which is an effective measure to protect seedlings, prevent diseases and increase production. Especially in transplanting areas and plots with serious diseases, before putting cold-proof materials and after putting down cold-proof workers, apply 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution, 1% copper sulfate 1000 ml/L, 500 times solution from polyoxin or zineb and mancozeb1000 times solution to the bed surface. The dosage is bed surface 1 ~ 2 cm, then the soil is loosened and the liquid medicine penetrates into the soil. The top medicinal materials of ginseng are unearthed, which have the functions of sterilization, seedling protection and disease prevention. After loosening the soil for the first time, a shade shed was set up when the seedlings emerged or did not emerge. The eaves height in front of the shed is 100 ~ 130 cm, and the eaves height behind the shed is 66 ~ 100 cm. The difference is called mouth opening, which is generally 26 ~ 33 cm. Cover with straw curtains, reed curtains and wooden boards, and reeds can also be used. Trees and other materials are woven into a simple curtain, which can transmit light and leak rain. The curtain width is 200 ~ 250 cm, and the light transmittance is about 30%. You can use a double-transparent large flat shed, which means it can transmit light and prevent rain. After people participate in the exhibition, cover 3 ~ 5 cm leaves on the edge of the simple market to keep soil moisture, prevent soil hardening and rain erosion, and reduce diseases.
Water the soil properly when it is dry, especially when planting ginseng in farmland in areas with little rainfall. Loosen the soil after watering to prevent water accumulation in rainy season.
In addition to the reserved land, other plots should be pinched off at the germination stage to increase the reported yield. Pinch method: hold the stem of ginseng with your left hand and pinch it with your right hand. Never pull or pull hard to avoid damaging the plant. Concentrate and dry the pinched buds to make ginseng tea, ginseng flower essence or extract saponins. Usually only five-year-old seeds are left.
In hot summer, broadleaf branches should be planted on the front and back eaves of the boundary to block the direct sunlight and prevent the ginseng leaves from dying prematurely. It is better to plant a row of corn after simple curtain planting, and it can also play a role in shading. Ginseng is super luminescent. It is a four-or five-year-old seedling that grows outside the border. The plant is large and has strong phototropism, so it should be cultivated at the root to prevent strong wind, rain and lodging. You can also pull the wire to prevent it from falling out.