Pinyin: fēng zhēng
Kites were invented in China. According to legend, Mo Zhai made wooden birds out of wood, which took three years to develop successfully. This is the earliest origin of kites. Later, his student Lu Ban used bamboo to improve the materials of kites in Mo Zhai, and even evolved into today's multi-line kites. Kites originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and have a history of more than 2,000 years. According to legend, "Mozi is a wooden kite, which was made in three years and lost in one day." In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, kites began to be a tool for transmitting information. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties. With the development of paper industry, people began to paste kites with paper. Flying kites became a popular outdoor activity in the Song Dynasty. Song people's meticulous "Old Wulin Events" wrote: "During the Qingming Festival, people fly kites in the suburbs and return at sunset." "Kite" means kite. Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival in the Northern Song Dynasty and Su Hanchen's The Hundred Zi Map in the Song Dynasty have vivid scenes of giving kites.
2 development process edit this paragraph
Kites originated in China, and kites in China have a long history. The earliest kites were made of wood instead of paper. Legend has it that the first kite was made by "Luban" and called "wooden kite". The Old Story of Zhu Gong records that Lu Ban "tasted it as a wooden kite and took it to see Song Cheng". "Lu Chunqiu Love Class" records that "losing is like a high ladder, and I want to attack the Song Dynasty. When Mozi heard about it, he went to Lu and pestered his feet day and night. As for Ying's ten days and nights, he said to King Jing,' I am a gentleman in the north. It is said that the King will attack the Song Dynasty. "Can you believe it?" This shows that Lu Ban made a "high ladder" instead of a wooden kite.
The inventor of the wooden kite recorded in Everything is done wrong is not Lu Ban, but Mozi Mo Zhai. Mo Zhai (478-392 BC), a philosopher in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, was a representative of mohists. "Everything goes wrong, the theory of foreign reserves" records that Mo Zhai once "used a wooden kite to fly to the sky in three years". Mozi was in Lushan (now Weifang, Shandong), "being a wooden kite, he became famous in three years and lost in one day" [2]. This means that Mozi spent three years researching and trial-manufacturing, made a wooden bird out of wooden boards, released it and made it fly successfully, but it broke down after only one day. The "wooden kite" made by Mozi is the earliest kite in the world, with a history of more than 2400 years. The inventor of the wooden kite defined in Kangxi Dictionary is also "Mo Zhai". It is recorded in Mozi that the "wooden magpie" invented by Lu Ban is more exquisite than Mozi's "wooden kite": "The loser cuts bamboo and wood, thinking it is a magpie, and flies three days later." After Cai Lun invented papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty, kites made of paper began to appear, called "paper kites".
It is said that Han Xin, a general of the Han Dynasty, used kites to make measurements. Liang Wudi used kites to send messages, but failed. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, someone jumped from a height with a kite on his back and didn't die. When Zhang Pi was besieged in the Tang Dynasty, he sent a message for help with a kite. There is a saying in the book that "I don't understand for three days, and I am happy when I am near a celebrity" [6], which has achieved success. Since the Tang Dynasty, kites have gradually become toys. By the late Tang Dynasty, kites had been made of silk strips or bamboo flutes, and the wind blew, hence the name "kite". Some people say that the name "kite" originated in the Five Dynasties, when Ye Li pasted a kite with paper and installed a bamboo flute on it.
During the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, a bamboo branch poem written by Guo in Qingming described: "On the 104th day of cold food, the white waves went on the river and the kites swung, which was even more chaotic than when he first came." There is a poem: "Paper flowers fly like snow all over the sky, charming girls swing around, colorful skirts swing with the wind, and butterflies compete for spring." Kite art has also reached its peak.
3 basic classification edit this paragraph
Soft-winged kite: the main skeleton is mostly embossed, with single-layer, double-layer and multi-layer skeletons. The lift sheet (wing) is composed of the main wing, and the rear half of the wing is soft without the attachment of the main wing.
Hard-winged kite: the skeleton is made of two bamboo strips, with high edges on both sides, slightly concave in the middle, and the wing ends are tilted backwards, so that wind energy can escape from the ends of the wings.
Board kite: that is, plane kite, with pull-tab as the main body and no protruding part, supported by bamboo strips on all sides, is the children's favorite.
4 edit the production method of this paragraph
Ordinary kites usually use bamboo as the skeleton and paper as the meat. Other composite materials include silk, nylon cloth, plastic film or bamboo strips, gauze paper and horse-drawn paper.
Paper and silk are commonly used materials for making traditional kites, and their bright colors can better reflect the charm of China kites. But paper is fragile and silk is expensive, and the products of modern science-nylon cloth and plastic film-have become new materials for making kites.
Bamboo is the main material for making kite skeletons. Bamboo with a wall thickness of 3-5 cm can be cut into bamboo pieces, and the toughness of bamboo pieces can be used as the skeleton of kites. The skeleton of a kite can be compiled according to personal hobbies, such as dragonfly shape and butterfly shape.
Paper is the main material of covered kites. It is best to have fine and uniform fibers, toughness, moisture resistance and impact resistance, and white and clean colors. Paste the paper on the skeleton, then tie the string, and the kite is finished.
At this time, you can also paint your favorite color on the finished kite, set it with lace, or tie a ribbon and hang a paper ring. But it can't affect the flying of kites in the air, because too many accessories will make the flying of kites out of balance.
5 Cultural Connotation Edit this paragraph
Seek happiness
People have the same pursuit of happiness. Bat is homophonic with "all happiness" and "all wealth" Although its image is not beautiful, it is fully beautified and regarded as an auspicious pattern symbolizing "happiness". Kites with bats as patterns abound. For example, in the traditional Jingshayan kite, the whole rigid arm can be painted with beautified bats, represented by "Yan Fu". Other kites with implications include "Blessed in Happiness", "Blessed with Eyes", "Five Blessingg's Birthday", "Five Blessingg's Birthday", "Five Blessingg's Monkey" and "Five Blessingg's Birthday". Hong Fan of Zhou Dynasty wrote "Five Blessingg": First, longevity, second, wealth, third, corning, and fourth, togetherness. "Being virtuous" means being virtuous, and "dying after the exam" means dying well. According to Five Blessingg's morality, happiness includes wealth and longevity. Other auspicious patterns used for praying include "Fish" and "Ruyi" (Ruyi was originally a bamboo stick, so it was named because it can scratch places that people can't reach). The auspicious patterns and kites related to this are: Fish every year, Many blessings, Carp yue longmen, All the best, All the best and Peace.
long-lived
Throughout the ages, people hope to live a long and healthy life. There are many patterns to express and celebrate longevity: there are immortal pines and cypresses, cranes and colorful birds that are said to live for a thousand years, Ganoderma lucidum that is said to live for a hundred years, and Xiantao, the queen mother of the West, which can make people live forever. There are more than 300 glyphs that pursue and express longevity, and the changes are extremely rich. The word "Wan" originated from Buddhism, which means "Up to Wan". In Shayan kites, the waist pattern is mostly a rotating "ten thousand" pattern. The auspicious patterns and kites related to this are: "Celebrating the birthday of Xiangyun" and "Celebrating the birthday of the Eight Immortals".
Full of happiness and joy
Express people's beautiful, happy and happy mood. There are many shapes of happy characters, and "Xi" is a common festive pattern. Magpie is a sign of happy events. Kites include the word "happy" and "happy" kites. Kites and auspicious patterns related to this are: jubilant, double happiness, multiple happiness, happy life and double happiness. Festive patterns are also very interesting, such as butterflies, birds, flowers, baiji, longevity, happiness, and happiness, such as "a hundred birds fly at the phoenix". Happy marriage, harmony between husband and wife, Yuanyang kite, etc.
lucky
Dragons, phoenixes and unicorns are imaginary animals. Turtles were a symbol of longevity in ancient times, and were later replaced by turtle back patterns. It is particularly important to emphasize the topic of dragons. China is a country that worships dragons. In our country, dragon has a special meaning. Dragon is a magical creature with antlers, bull's head, python's body, fish scales and eagle's claws. It is regarded as a symbol of ancient civilization in China. Traditional auspicious patterns composed of birds, animals and other images include "Dragon and Phoenix are auspicious", "Dragon playing with pearls", "Cai Feng Qi Fei" and "A hundred birds are flying towards the phoenix". Chinese traditional kites-long string kites with centipedes, especially large dragon kites, are loved by people for their spectacular flight scenes and majestic momentum.
6 This paragraph is edited by the State Customs.
Malaysia: The legend is beautiful.
Malaysians like flying kites, which can be traced back centuries. It is said to pay tribute to the god of rice. There is a legend that a long time ago, a poor farmer met a lost girl in the field. He took the girl home and raised her carefully. The longer the girl grows, the more beautiful she is, and the harvest of him and the villagers is getting better and better. But his wife was jealous and kicked the girl out of the house. Since then, the harvest performance of crops in the village has become worse and worse. It turns out that that beautiful girl is the rice god. Someone told him that he had to make a beautiful thing and put it in the place of MiShen in the air to express his regret to her. The farmer made a kite. With the introduction of kites, people's lives have become rich again. The length of Malaysian kites is generally between one and two meters, and the width and length are similar. Kites are carefully made. First, choose bamboo that grows in the east. It is said that this can ensure that the sun god will always be attached to the kite to accompany you through your life. Malaysian kites are shaped like fish, eagles, cats and parrots. However, people like the moon kite best. The moon kite is named after its crescent shape. Some kites are like birds, others like fish, but they all have crescent-shaped features. On official occasions, Malay girls often greet guests with exquisite and beautiful moon kites. The Malaysian government often organizes kite competitions. Malaysia Airlines also uses kites as its logo.
Japan: Ukiyo-e painting has a unique style.
When kites were introduced to Japan, it was generally believed that China sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty and brought them to Japan from China. After kites were introduced to Japan, they were originally used to convey information to colleagues, and it was not until the Edo era that they spread among the people. Most of the early kites were rectangular and golden semicircles without any decoration. In the Meiji era, the ukiyo-e style formed the unique style of Japanese kites, which enhanced the artistic and appreciation value of kites.
Korea: Snowstorm kites are unique.
South Korea has developed its own representative kite-snow kite, which is transformed from a herringbone kite. Generally, herringbone kites are combined with cross and diagonal skeletons to strengthen the structure and increase the wind force. South Korea's wind cave kite, on the other hand, further digs a wind cave on the plane, skillfully uses the position of wind and exhaust, turns the leeward into buoyancy, and makes the action of the kite more flexible. It is a kind of combat kite.
Thailand: Kites are different for men and women.
There are two kinds of kites in Thailand: male kites are called bird kites and female kites are called fish kites. Bird Zheng is generally 2 meters high, also known as "Guess Langkang"; The fish kite is shaped like a diamond, also known as "Bai Bao", and it must be controlled by seven women when flying. February to April is the traditional kite-flying season, and many kite competitions are often held.
Holland: It used to be the largest in the world.
Dutch kites have no skeleton, and the materials are mostly nylon cloth and plastic paper. 1984, the Netherlands showed the world's largest kite, which has no skeleton and is made of nylon cloth. Before flying, it must be inflated and towed by an 8-ton car.
Britain: Kite Reconnaissance Submarine
Kites were originally used as one of aviation equipment in Britain. In the 1920s, advertising with kites was a common propaganda technique. During World War II, Britain manned German submarines with kites. In the 1940s, the British Navy also deployed kites on destroyers as a defense against air strikes.
United States: stunt kites come from drones.
Flying kites is regarded as a sport in Xian Yi, and it is suitable for all ages in the United States. Most popular kites are made of nylon cloth, so they are not afraid of wind and rain. After the invention of the soft kite in 1956, it can not only be supported by nylon cloth or plastic material when flying, but also be folded up, which is quite convenient to carry. The stunt kite, which is quite popular in the United States, is said to be designed according to the target machine of missile shooting test. Weifang, Kaifeng, Beijing, Tianjin, Nantong and Yangjiang are also known as the six traditional kite producing areas in China.
7 Skills Overview Edit this paragraph
China kite has a long history and superb skills, which has long been recognized by the world. However, if we want to study it carefully, there are not many detailed information about kites in China, let alone the specific skills of kites in China. China legend Cao Xueqin's Kite Flying in the South and Kite Flying in the North are the monographs of China's kite flying skills. But so far, not only have I not seen the full text of this book, but even whether this statement is true or not, and whether Cao Shi does have a manuscript collection, there is still a lack of sufficient circumstantial materials. The academic circles are still arguing and there is no conclusion. Subjectively, we hope that Cao Shi or other ancestors can leave a valuable book about China's kite skills for future generations to inherit and develop.
But hope can't replace the fact. We can only wait for new discoveries in this respect. In addition, there are some popular spectral formulas. For example, it is said that Song Huizong's "Xuan He Kite Spectrum" is an earlier book, but it has not been seen so far. There are also forms collected by various kite families or kite players, some of which can still be found today. Although China's music forms have their limitations, they are valuable materials. It is worth mentioning that the book Kite Spectrum written by Jin Tiean in the 1930 s is more valuable, but there are no drawings, which may be limited by the printing and publishing conditions and funds at that time.
In addition to "spectrum", China also has a precious material-"strips", that is, the standard bamboo strips used to make a kite skeleton, which are generally passed down from generation to generation in families that produce kites in large quantities. For example, there is a bundle of "strips" handed down from generation to generation in the Kite Ha family in Beijing. This makes up for the shortage that there is only a picture on the spectrum without a skeleton or only a skeleton without specific changes in the size and thickness of bamboo strips, which makes the spread of kite skills more complete. Besides words, pictures and objects, the skills of China folk arts and crafts are mainly taught by word of mouth, which is the "formula" used by folk artists. This is a "Song formula" or "cut" for teaching, memorizing and keeping secret. Due to the limitation of the artist's cultural level, these songs or cuts often have no sound or words, or the words are invisible, and they are lost, modified and mistaken in circulation.
The discussion of kite skills in China is mainly based on the above-mentioned limited cultural heritage, based on the existing Chinese traditional kites, combined with the principles of science and technology and flight mechanics, hoping to provide some reference for the promotion and development of kite skills in China in the future. Due to my limited level, I hope that all experts, scholars, seniors, people of insight and young friends will put forward valuable opinions, criticize and correct me. China's traditional kite flying skills can be summarized in four words: tying, pasting, painting and flying. Referred to as "four arts". Simply understand these "four arts", that is, kidnapping children, pasting paper, painting colorful flowers and flying kites. But in fact, the connotation of these four words is much broader, which contains almost all the technical contents of traditional Chinese kites. For example, "binding" includes: selecting, splitting, bending, cutting and connecting. "Paste" includes: selection, cutting, pasting, trimming and proofreading. "Painting" includes: color, background, description, dyeing and trimming. "Release" includes: wind, line, release, adjustment and collection. The comprehensive application of these "four arts" will reach the level of kite design innovation.
8 Weifang International Kite Festival edits this paragraph.
Weifang International Kite Festival is an annual international kite festival, which is usually held in Weifang, the capital of kites, from April 20th to 25th every year. Since the first Weifang Kite Festival was held in 1984, it has attracted a large number of Chinese and foreign kite experts, enthusiasts and tourists to watch, compete and visit. 65438-0988 Weifang was designated as the "Kite Capital of the World" by the 5th International Kite Fair. At the 6th Kite Festival, the International Kite Federation was established with its headquarters in Weifang. At the same time, Weifang International Kite Festival is a grand event combining the development of export-oriented economy. During this period, Weifang Foreign Economic and Technological Trade Fair was held, which attracted a large number of Chinese and foreign businessmen to discuss trade, technical exchanges and sightseeing.
9 Chinese text "Kite" Edit this paragraph
Textbook analysis
This article is one of Lu Xun's many excellent reminiscence essays. He wrote that when he was a child, he was filled with deep guilt because of the irreparable misunderstanding and conflict between the kite and his brother. Delicate brushstrokes and sad feelings are suitable for reading aloud with sound and affection, which can stimulate students' emotional experience. When teaching, we use multimedia to attract interest, cut in from the emotional point of view, use reading teaching, and use various forms of reading to infiltrate the cultivation of various abilities. Return the autonomy to students, build a stage for students to exercise themselves and show themselves, emancipate their minds and personalities, and form an independent, cooperative and exploratory learning style, so that they can enjoy learning and learn happily.
This text is profound in thought and has a multi-directional understanding of the theme. It is difficult to guide students to understand the theme creatively from multiple angles. Therefore, the design starts from the reality of students, grasps the family relationship and creates an activity of dialogue with the characters in the works. Let the students enter the text, fully interpret and complete the role exchange. So as to expand students' thinking space and improve the ability of inquiry reading and creative reading. While cultivating ability, we should pay attention to the needs of students' lifelong development, cultivate students' correct values and outlook on life, and get aesthetic remodeling and promotion.
Teaching objectives:
Knowledge and ability:
Understand the content of the text and learn the vivid descriptions of actions and psychological activities in the text.
Process and method:
1, read independently and understand the content of the article.
2, cooperative exploration, experience the author's feelings.
Emotions, attitudes and values:
Learn from the author's self-reproach and introspection.
Teaching focus:
Guide students to contact their own life experiences and understand the content of the text.
Teaching difficulties:
Learn from the author's spirit of introspection.
Teaching preparation:
Teachers make multimedia courseware before class.
teaching process
First, reading guidance, creating situations
1. Play the song "March 3rd" before class to create a situation.
2, color screen display:
In February, the grass grows and the warblers fly, and the willows are drunk with spring smoke. The children came back from school early, so they were busy flying kites in the east wind.
Students, what is the scene written by Gao Ding, a poet in Qing Dynasty? How do you feel when you think of kites? (Life is about feelings. ) But the thought of kites makes the literary master Lu Xun feel sad. Why is this? Today, let's walk into Lu Xun's famous prose poem Kite and touch the master's sensitive heart!
Create a situation with songs, create an emotional foundation for students to learn texts, and stimulate students' interest in learning; The introduction sets suspense, stimulates students' interest in learning and forms reading expectation. )
Second, the first reading, the overall perception
Student activities (color screen display):
1. Read the text words in your favorite way.
2. Thinking: What does this article focus on? What did you write? Repeat it in your own words.
Teacher:
Instruct retelling methods and guide students to clarify the plot.
(Starting from the text, cultivate students' ability to extract and filter information, and respect students' independent reading experience. )
Third, study cooperation.
Color screen display:
1. When I saw "one or two kites floating in the distance", I felt "surprised and sad". Why?
2. What exactly does the "mental abuse scene" mentioned in the article mean? How to treat this behavior? Why?
(1 The topic requires students to taste the expressive language in the text, and at the same time, it requires students to answer according to the searched materials and their own reality, which embodies the ability of cultivating students' information processing, problem analysis and problem solving, and publicizes their individuality to express, communicate and cooperate, thus cultivating students' scientific way of thinking and the new curriculum goal of historical materialism. )
Fourth, intensive reading and understanding of characters.
Student activities (color screen display):
Read paragraphs 3 and 4 aloud and tell me which character you like better. Why?
Teacher: Guide students to discuss in groups, understand the function of action expression description, and guide students to understand who is the real tragedy maker.
Reading: One student plays the elder brother, and the other student plays the younger brother. Read the third and fourth paragraphs aloud. Ask the third person to be changed to the first person, and read the feelings of the characters.
Guide students to enter the text, start a dialogue between teachers and students, and truly understand the feelings of the characters, so as to better understand them. )
Five, thinking, questioning and asking difficult questions
What are your puzzles about the understanding of the text?
Encourage students to have their own experience on the content and expression of the text, put forward their own opinions and questions, and discuss difficult problems in a cooperative and * * way, which also reflects the characteristics of students' personalized learning methods and creative reading. )
Preparation questions:
How to understand "the long-lost spring in my hometown is rippling in this sky"?
Unfortunately, I came across a foreign book about children. Why is it "unfortunate"?
How to understand the sentence at the end?
Sixth, joint reading, extension and expansion
The text says: "Games are children's most legitimate behavior, and toys are children's angels." You played many games and toys when you were a child, didn't you? Choose one that you will never forget and tell your classmates.
Guide students from textbooks to life and deepen their understanding and experience. )
Summarize and read the text.
Kite vividly depicts the deep friendship between compatriots and brothers in a poetic style, and shows Lu Xun's spirit of being strict with self-blame and introspection. It played a warm song of human beauty, and let us immerse ourselves in natural, harmonious and harmonious poems and paintings. Please enter the world of kites again ... (Students read the text aloud)