2. The word wolf is a good dog and can be deduced. The ancients thought that wolves were good dogs, not evil dogs.
3. Species classification of wolves: animal kingdom-chordates-mammals-Carnivora-Canidae-Canidae, ancestors of dogs. Wolves are predators at the top of the biological chain and usually move in groups. Because wolves prey on sheep and other livestock, they were not killed by humans until the end of the 20th century, and some species, such as Japanese wolves, have become extinct. (Wikipedia)
4, "Xinhua Dictionary" Wolf: A wild animal, shaped like a dog, with erect ears, drooping tail, yellow-gray hair and white spots on the cheeks. It is cunning and fierce, and it will hurt people and animals at night.
Wolves are the most widely distributed social hunting animals after humans. Distributed in Europe, Asia and North America. Coyotes are smaller carnivores than wolves. Wolves are widely distributed in North America, while four species of jackals are distributed all over Africa, the Middle East and India. These varieties are closely related and have equal chromosomes, so they can mate with each other for breeding. Jin Hu and coyotes hunt in a similar way. They hunt alone or in pairs. Wolves prefer to live in groups than coyotes or jackals. These characteristics remind us that they are the breeding materials for all dogs today.
Coyotes are usually good at seizing opportunities. When wolves in the continental United States were killed in large numbers, coyotes migrated from the Great Plains to the north and east. Now, there are coyotes from higher Alaska, from the Pacific coast to central Canada and New England. Silver-backed apes and tapestries are all over Africa. Golden jackals are distributed from Myanmar to the Balkans. Coyotes, jackals and wolves can mate with domestic dogs, so they can cross with each other.
6. The main types of wolves in the world:
Grassland wolf
Until recently, this small and exquisite wolf weighing 15 ~ 30 kg was regarded as a unique breed, and it was named Rufus of Canine. Now anatomists believe that this wolf is just a variation of Lupushi's size and color. When this natural change occurs, we call it subspecies. If this change is due to human actions, it is called "reproduction". Now, the pure red wolf subspecies may disappear in the wild. The common wolf-like animals in the southeastern United States are probably hybrids of red wolves or coyotes migrating eastward.
Jungle Wolf
Coyotes give people the image of individual hunters, but when defending territory or prey, coyotes related by blood will form a group. The vast sheep farms in North America were once destroyed by these highly adaptable dog-like animals. Now, operators in sheep farm use European Shepherd Dogs to protect their sheep.
North American wolf
Millions of years ago, like other wolves, the largest number of North American wolves in the wolf clan evolved in Eurasia and then migrated to North America. It has a complicated social hierarchy.
Red wolf
Small, slender, external image of the dog, is a light and muscular hunter.
Mexican wolf
Miniature Mexican wolf is a unique subspecies existing in the mountains of central Mexico. Their appearance shows that ancient Mexicans, such as Aztecs and Incas, had genetic material for breeding dogs.
Mexican wolves are small but strong.
Kenny Allen
They are the largest subspecies of gray wolves, most of which are over 45 kg. They lived in Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, USA and became extinct on 195 1.
Newfoundland white wolf
1842, the local government of Newfoundland has set up a bonus for those who hunt this animal. 19 1 1 year, they became the first extinct subspecies among many subspecies of the gray wolf in North America.
Long coats in winter are easy to disguise.
Japanese wolf
The Japanese wolf may be the smallest of the wolf subspecies, so this animal can survive until the 20th century. Japanese wolves live in Honshu, Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands of the disputed Japanese archipelago. The last of these little gray wolves was killed at 1905.
The tail is long, thick and dense.
7. The distribution of wolves in the world
Arctic wolf
Arctic wolves live in the Canadian Arctic and go north to Alice Merry Island. Due to lack of food, each pack of wolves has a large territory. There is more food in southern Canada, so the wolf's territory is smaller.
European grey wolf
The European grey wolf used to be a dominant subspecies, but now this species has become extinct in most parts of western Europe. Some European gray wolves live in Central and Eastern Europe, Scandinavia and Iberia.
Asia/arabian wolf
This subspecies may be the ancestor of many European and Asian domestic dogs. In the vast areas of Asia, this kind of gregarious and adaptable wolf lives in the area where domestic dogs first appeared. Because there is blood relationship in China, Europe and North America, the genetic genes of domestic dog breeding are increased.
8. The Wolf's Family
Anatomists and behaviorists have studied the origin of domestic dogs in detail for more than 100 years, and now it is generally believed that wolves are the direct ancestors of domestic dogs. Among all members of Canidae, great changes have taken place in the social organization, body shape and coat color of wolves. Wolves were the most widely distributed among all land mammals before human hunting, but their numbers decreased sharply due to human hunting. It can be safely assumed that wolves that are good at seizing opportunities and feed on carrion have lived with humans for at least 40,000 years. Since the appearance of human beings, they have eaten things discarded by human beings or stolen food. Whenever people migrate in the northern hemisphere, wolves will follow. When their parents were hunted, their offspring may have adapted to living with humans. Coyotes and jackals don't have as flexible social behavior as wolves. Since then, domestication has begun, and now we think that the process from wild to domestication is faster than previously thought.
Young wolf: the dependent behavior of young wolf is similar to that of dogs, but wolves are not suitable for pets.
The living habits of wolves
preface
The reason why we choose wolves as the theme is mainly to learn more about how wolves live.
Is his character really as heartless as the public says? The wolf seems to be in everyone's heart.
It is a stereotyped bad impression, such as: bad nouns such as wolf, sex maniac, ruthlessness and even fairy tales.
The villain in the matter is also indispensable, but the wolf is really like everyone said.
For example, is he a wicked villain? We will look for what we need from books and information on the Internet.
Answers, as well as legends or stories from wolves, to reveal their mystery and hunt and raise with them.
Children, group life, the life of all kinds of wolves and so on. I hope that through this study, we can find that
The miracle of the wolf that others don't know.
Second, the text
I. The Legend of the Wolf
0 1. Indian legend
American Indians, whose lives are closely related to wolves, have spread such an old story about the relationship between man and wolves.
An old legend says, "Once upon a time, the earliest humans found that all other animals had companions, but they were lonely."
Zero zero, so he asked the creator, "Why am I alone?" The creator replied, "then."
Give you creatures that can walk, talk and play with you! "So, God gave the wolf to mankind, and then
He said to them, "You are brothers, so support each other. Go around the world. " Humans and wolves obey.
After the explanation, he returned to the creator, who said, "From today on, you will go your separate ways."
Road, but both sides may have similar experiences, and you will make people who meet you feel scared or respected.
Afraid or misunderstood by them. "So, humans and wolves set out separately and lived in their own unique lifestyles.
Now "
This ancient Indian legend tells the story that man and wolf were originally as close as a family, but later.
Go their separate ways. In fact, dogs, the most loyal friends of mankind, are probably the descendants of wolves. It seems that people and wolves.
Destined to meet together, the first meeting took place about 15000 years ago; Man may have gone from success to success.
Borzoi learned the meaning of social unity.
However, when humans entered the farming and animal husbandry society, the competition between humans and wolves began.
The land area is getting bigger and bigger, and the territory originally belonging to wolves has become the goal of human struggle. From the human point of view,
Wolves have become a major obstacle for human beings to conquer nature.
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The living habits of wolves
Wolves are at a disadvantage. After losing the hunting ground, they had to sneak attack on human livestock. So people all over the world
Humans began to hunt wolves, hunt, trap, poison, ... and try their best to deal with wolves.
The wolf's bad luck began. In the United States, for example, the practice of offering a reward for killing wild wolves did not end until 1935.
Herders trap wolves with raw meat containing strychnine (a nerve stimulant); along with
Wolves in other places, except northern Minnesota and Alaska, still have natural landscapes there.
Completely extinct.
In fact, it is only a part of ecological behavior for wolves to kill prey for survival. In addition, Borzoi
Hunting activities also contribute to ecology, which can eliminate bad individuals and pass on healthy genes to more children.
Sun, breed better offspring.
Today, with the prevailing concept of protection, the concept of wolf has changed greatly, and the wolf still lives in one of 28 countries.
Biologists try to describe different images of wolves and explore their role in the ecological world, rather than
Judge wolves only by human values of good and evil.
02. Legend of Wolf King
/kloc-in the western United States in the 0/9th century, large, alert and brave gray wolves galloped in droves on the grasslands, preying on bison.
For food, the local Indians called them "fierce bison hunters"
Hunter) ",but also for its excellent hunting ability with deep awe. However, in the eyes of white people from Europe.
In the eyes of immigrants, wolves are like the incarnation of demons; Every howl is always frightening.
For North American Indians, it is the kind of people who are friends and enemies of wolves as mentioned in the movie Dancing with Wolves.
This relationship does exist. They have lived with wolves for thousands of years, fearing each other and being peaceful and subtle.
The land maintains the ecology on the land.
But since the invasion of white immigrants, white people began to destroy the original ecological balance; Bear the brunt.
This is a wolf pack. Immigrants hate wolves and want to eradicate them, so they fight with wolves.
From then on, the wolf's bad luck began.
Smart immigrants aim at the food of wolves; From 1870 to 1880, immigrants began to adulterate.
Poisoned bison carcasses were used as bait to poison wolves; No matter how alert the wolf is, he will be fooled sometimes. There are countless wolves.
The wolf ate poison by mistake and died in pain.
-The King and Blanca-
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There is a wolf named Wang Da who is very alert. Not only did he never fall in love with hunters, but he also led his wife "Bu"
Langka and four other gray wolves attacked about 2000 cows and wandered on the prairie.
Open; Like laughing at humans, they constantly destroy traps and leave feces on them.
White immigrants have no idea about this, but they are full of anger and carefully design one trap after another.
But I can't catch it and her partner at all; Its cleverness and calmness earned it $65,438+0,000, and it won the title of "King".
"Hunting to head.
The tragedy of the story begins with Blanca, who finally falls into a steel trap one day; unleash
The hunters hated each other and put Blanca in a rope ring, pulling the two horses tightly in the opposite direction; Kuaima benchi la
La Blanca spouted blood and died of pain; This scene, the king calmly see in the eye, also despair.
Chasing Blanca's body until it was abandoned; The hunters were very nervous and afraid of the king's revenge.
No one can escape from the fire.
Unexpectedly, the next day, the king stepped into the trap around the ranch and locked it in that place;
The next morning, the hunters found that the king was dead, without struggle or trauma; Just to follow its love.
His partner, the king, abandoned the other four partners and died proudly beside Blanca.
Deeply moved by this nobler sentiment than human beings, the hunters moved the king's body into the hut and paid tribute to it.
The ground was placed next to Blanca's frozen body, so the couple finally reunited at 1894.
The story of "Wang" has since become an immortal ghost wolf legend on the American prairie.
2. People who worship wolves
0 1. Chala tribe
Worship the "wolf", for Zara people, the wolf is the messenger of Zara people, because of the same perseverance and introverted life.
Will, that emotional wail is also Zarathustra's call!
Among the Indian nations in North America, the Zara people are a large ethnic group, and they first lived a vigil life.
Virginia, Alabama, south of Tennessee, etc. The lifestyle of the Chala ethnic group is divided into seven villages.
Clans, whose members must be scattered in various villages, are organizations of matriarchal society, and there are about 350 ~ people in a village.
600 people.
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The living habits of wolves
Among the Indian ethnic groups, the Chala ethnic group is a fairly complete organization, and every village has red and white people.
Set up political institutions to govern society in peacetime and wartime respectively. The transition between the red group cycle and the white group cycle must be maintained.
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There is a difference between a ceremony and a ceremony. Soldiers have to go through an all-night ritual dance before going to the battlefield, and they have to go through it when they come back from the battlefield.
After a few days of ritual purification.
More important social ceremonies are Autumn Green Festival (and Harvest Festival) and New Fire Festival (New Year).
During the New Year, religious ceremonies must be held to bathe and the "eternal fire" in the village must be rekindled;
The main purpose is to eliminate hostility among villagers and rekindle the sense of unity!
182 1 year, the Chara alphabet introduced by Sequoya invented the literature belonging to Chara clan!
-Preserve the memory of the past-
Perhaps because of their superiority in all aspects, in the pioneering action of the American government, they have become the most
Big victim. However, the deep and introverted Chalaji people still bravely continue to live; Even in the "road of tears"
In the incident, the Chara people lost most of their homes and were forced to move to Oklahoma, which was even more tragic.
Lost more than four thousand lives; But until today, people living in this "reservation" are still harmonious.
Year of Solidarity!
It is precisely because of this tragic past that the Chala ethnic group cherishes and cherishes its own history and culture.
The advocacy of Canada makes their traditions passed down from generation to generation! !
02. Inner Mongolia
Wolf is the ancestor, master, god of war and model of grassland people; Wolf's team spirit and family responsibility; The wisdom of wolves
Wisdom, tenacity and dignity; Domestication of Mongolian soldiers and grassland protection; Nomads have been interested in wolves for thousands of years.
Supreme and worship; Mongolian ancient and mysterious celestial burial ceremony; There are also wolf howling, wolf food, wolf smoke, wolf flags and so on.
This means a lot to them.
The name of Mongolian nomads is Tengger. According to legend, it allows humans and wolves to manage grasslands, although humans and wolves
They are opposite to each other, but they can't live without one side. When herders kill too many wolves, wolves
Killing nomadic cattle, sheep and horses will cause a massacre, but if wolves kill too many, shepherds will
People will also launch a wolf-killing brigade to kill wolves, but even so, they still respect wolves and don't kill them indiscriminately.
They believe that the ancient celestial burial was mainly to put the body somewhere in the grassland for wolves to eat.
Wolves can fly and take their souls to Tengger in heaven. If they catch the wolf, they will be put to death.
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The living habits of wolves
Sometimes, they are thrown high into the sky and let them fall to death because they believe.
The soul can fly to Tengger at that moment. According to legend, the famous army of Genghis Khan, Mongolia.
The art of war and strong Mongolian horses are so strong because of the wolf clan.
However, in recent years, due to economic relations, many Han people moved to Mongolia and wiped out nomadic people and wolves.
grow
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State, make the Wolf clan persecuted by modern weapons, guns, cars, etc. Even some Mongolians no longer believe these stories.
Since ancient times, the herdsmen's beliefs have been disintegrated, and the tradition has thus become a biography.
Go ahead.
Three. The wolf's life
0 1. wolf (complex number of Wolf)
A wolves are gathered into a large group by one or several families and live in groups. If males and females appear in pairs, they will feel it.
Love is very good, often living together for a long time, and some even stay together all their lives, taking good care of each other.
This is rare in animals.
B. forming large groups in winter; Live alone in summer, or live in a small family.
Reason:
A. In winter, because small animals hide and hibernate, they hunt large animals such as deer. However, hunting
When killing large animals, it is necessary to cooperate in groups to succeed, so wolves should form larger groups in winter.
B. In summer, it is natural to live in small families in pairs, living in dense forests, because we have to raise little wolves.
And in the mountains, it is difficult to be found.
C wolves living in the south all the year round are unlikely to form large groups; Only wolves living in the north will form.
Large groups. There are usually 4-8 wolves in a wolf pack, but as many as 36 large groups have been found.
C. "Wolf" acting alone; Most of them are old males, and they often wander a little and follow.
Together with wolves, they also pick up food left by wolves.
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The living habits of wolves
02. hunting
A. The wolf's nose and face are prominent, and its ears are slightly shorter. In the dark, his eyes can reflect light or fire. Besides, his head and ears are similar.
The mouth is strong enough to pick up a sheep from the ground and take it away.
B.when hunting, wolves will work together. When looking for prey, they will line up once an hour.
The speed of 26~40 kilometers is slowly advancing. When chasing prey, you can chase dozens of kilometers at a time, which will drive you away to a great extent.
Go to an easy place; They can follow their prey until they are exhausted.
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C. If wolves meet groups of prey, they should chase them first and treat them as old, weak or sick.
Gradually falling behind and leaving the team, they hunted these backward prey.
D. wolves eat a lot and can eat one-fifth of their own weight at a time. When no prey can be found,
They also prey on snakes, birds, frogs, fish, insects and livestock, and eat almost any meat.
03. hunting grounds
A wolves generally have their own hunting areas and special hunting passages, sometimes as long as 100.
Kilometers. Near these passages, there are often all kinds of prey.
B wolves often patrol these hunting lanes and coat them with smelly liquid or feces secreted by their bodies.
As a symbol of their own field.
C. these hunting grounds are often passed down from generation to generation.
04. nesting
Wolves use tree holes, caves and grasslands as hiding and roosting places. In the spring breeding season, wolves will be attached to the hunting ground.
Some nests have been built recently. Sometimes badger's or red fox's lair is rebuilt, or holes are dug in the roots to build it.
Nest.
B. the female wolf is responsible for nesting, and the male wolf assists.
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The living habits of wolves
C. If a wolf builds a nest in a hole, it will first spread some branches in it, then spread leaves on it and fall from the mother wolf.
Falling hair.
05. Young Wolf
A. In North America, wolves usually give birth in May. During 63 days of pregnancy, you can give birth to 3~6 wolves at a time. The biggest record is
14.
B A newborn wolf, weighing 400g, needs 10 days to open his eyes. Wolf pups are like puppies, and they are very light.
Thick soft blue or dirty brown fur can be weaned in about 4~8 weeks, and then digested by parents before spitting it out.
The meat here.
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C. You can run out of the nest in more than two months, and you can follow the wolves everywhere in three months. After that,
That is, I began to learn how to hunt.
D. when the little wolf is one year old, he has grown into a wolf. When it is 2~3 years old, it will become an adult. The life span of a wolf is the same as that of a wolf.
Dogs are similar, about 12~ 16 years, but wolves raised artificially can live for 20 years.
06. Social organizations
A. wolves have complex social organizations. After the battle, the strongest male wolf is the leader, and then
Form a pair of leaders with a female wolf, who are responsible for patrolling territorial boundaries, resolving disputes among members and controlling the team.
The migration of.
B The bottom of social order is often the expelled elements, who live on the edge of the team and eat the leftovers of wolves.
Things continue to exist
C Wolf's social system is established and maintained by complex signal language, including tail, ears and mouth.
And many body movements, that is, vocalization, show the identity and emotions of each member. For example, the strong will cock their tails.
Stare at the weak, while the weak bend their ears and show their throats.
Four. Living conditions of wolf tribes
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The living habits of wolves
0 1. Grey Wolf
Commonly known as (grey wolf), it is the largest wild animal in Canidae and still inhabits a large area in the northern hemisphere.
Gray wolves are intelligent social animals, which are highly respected by American Indians. Usually, a few to twenty wolves live in groups.
A wolf is basically a family, including a pair of adult wolves and offspring of different ages. There are obvious advantages among wolves.
Class, only females and males who take the lead have the right to mate. They are usually the parents of other members of the group.
Generally speaking, the territory or sphere of influence of wolves is *** 1 or hundreds of square kilometers, so take active measures against neighboring wolves.
Defense. The howling of wolves can consolidate the social structure of wolves and show their existence to neighboring wolves.
Wolves hunt at night. Wolves mainly feed on large herbivores such as deer, moose and reindeer, relying on stealth and
Catch them by chasing. Wolves eat them as soon as they have food, and usually gnaw the body down to only hair and a few bones.
In hunting, grey wolves play an important role in controlling the number of large herbivores and eliminating those animals that are not suitable for survival.
An important natural function. Unfortunately, the gray wolf attacked livestock and was persecuted by human beings. It has been proved.
North American wolves rarely attack humans (if at all), but this unusual attack will.
Occurred in Eurasia, sometimes leading to human death.
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Grey wolves breed from June to April in 5438, with an average of 6 7 wolves in a litter, born in spring and pregnant for about 63 days. The wolf is in the cave.
From small to large, a nest is a natural cave or burrow, usually located on a hillside. All the members of the wolf pack will take good care of the little wolf.
No, parents feed ruminants with meat after hunting. Underage wolves stay with wolves until they are sexually mature at the age of 2.
After that, they went to find a spouse and set up a new field.
02. jackals
Canidae is a wolf-shaped carnivore belonging to Canidae, which is divided into three types: Staphylococcus aureus, which is distributed in China.
In eastern Europe and northeast Africa to southeast Asia; Zhongshan Wolf and Side Striped Wolf.
(C.adustus), distributed in southern and eastern Africa. Wolves live in relatively open areas and hide in irrigation areas during the day.
In the bushes, go hunting at dusk. They feed on animals, plants or corpses individually, in pairs or in groups. They often follow lions and other large animals.
Type A cats eat their leftover prey and corpses. When hunting, they can catch antelope and sheep.
Big prey. Jackals, like other animals of the same genus, howl at night, even louder than hyenas.
Pretty scary. There are glands at the root of the tail, and the secretion is very smelly. It gives birth in the crypt, and there are 2 7 females in a nest. be pregnant
The cycle is as long as 57 70 days.
03. coyote
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The living habits of wolves
Brushing wolves, also known as coyotes, coyotes and coyotes. Canines are very beautiful.
Dogs are a kind of continental animals, distributed in the plains from Alaska to Costa Rica.
Area, occasionally seen in new york and other eastern regions. More than nocturnal activities, frequent bursts of short-lived barking and wailing.
When running, the tail hangs down and the speed can reach 64 kilometers (40 miles) per hour. It mainly feeds on rodents, but it also eats carrion and others.
Animals and plants. Living in the crypt, pregnant for 60-63 days, giving birth to more than 6 babies in spring. Multiple lifelong spouses.
It is easy to cross with domestic dogs, and the offspring is called coydog. Coyotes are smart, cunning and agile, but they are caught occasionally.
Eating livestock and prey has caused certain harm, which has been greatly exaggerated and thus suffered by human beings.
massacre
04. Arctic Wolf
Commonly known as the white wolf, the whole body is gray or white. The number of arctic wolves is usually 5 ~ 10.
In this small group, there is a leading male wolf, and all male wolves are often divided into A and B.
Level, so do women. There is always one dominant wolf among wolves, and the others, whether female or not, are inferior.
In addition, the dominant and lower peripheral males and females are cubs. The dominant male is the center of the group.
It is also the main force to defend life. The dominant female wolf has authority over all females and most males.
Can control all females in the group, dominant males and females, inferior males and females.
It constitutes the center of the group, and the other wolves, whether female or male, maintain the core and have advantages.
Male wolves are actually typical dictators. Once he catches the prey, he must eat it first, and then crush the colony.
Ranks are arranged in turn. And it can enjoy all females; However, the dominant female wolf doesn't know if she is jealous.
For species,
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Thinking about the future of the group will prevent the dominant male wolf from mating with other female wolves, and the dominant female wolf can almost be very good
Successfully prevented the inferior dominant female wolf from mating with other males.
Of course, this will reduce the chance of mating and limit the number of pups. So it is often seen that there is only one wolf pack.
A litter of wolves. However, under special circumstances, such as wolves being strongly killed and large habitats being developed,
At this time, the social hierarchy of wolves was suppressed or even destroyed. First, the regiment is broken. That's it, celibacy
Male and female wolves will have full autonomy, almost every wolf will find a mate, and the reproductive rate will be greatly improved.
Every female wolf can give birth to a litter every year, which is very necessary to maintain and restore the wolf population.
Reference ● Conclusion
After reading so much information, I found that wolves are not really bad, but should be destroyed.
Humans living in the environment don't really like killing people or animals for no reason, just because
In order to destroy nature and the environment in which they live, human beings have to do such things.
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Love. In fact, wolves are very brave and resourceful animals. In addition to the division of labor and cooperation in hunting, they even
Their children or ethnic groups also help and take care of each other. They have also heard that female wolves feed human children to grow up.
Therefore, all wolves are United, which makes them so tough.
In contrast, human beings often deceive themselves, just for a moment of greed.
Humans, who often claim to be the spirit of all things, have no ethics that even animals know, and often
Often abuse others in the name of animals, it seems that human beings really need to reflect.
Four. Reference data
Note 1, Wolff Cave.tw/music/wolf1014/
Note 2: http://www. his.ntnu.edu.tw/~ u86309/,a hole, in the extremely windy blue waves.
Note 3, The New Picture Book of Guangfu Science, pp. 30-32. Sheng Yuan books. In 2004
Note 4, "Wolf Totem" P.4. Jie Jiang. Fengyun Times. 2005