the Spring Festival; Chinese New Year
From the first day to the third day of the first lunar month, it was called "shoes" and "New Year's Day" in ancient times, and now it is called the Spring Festival. Fuzhou people call it "making the year", which is the most grand and longest festival in a year. At dawn, every household opens doors, burns incense and shoots guns to welcome the New Year. There are many taboos in this festival tradition. When you say the first sentence and do the first thing, you should pay attention to your good complexion in order to look forward to a safe year. At the beginning of the new year, everyone should say auspicious words such as "Congratulations on getting rich", "Getting rich" and "Peace" in the first sentence, and the other party will respond with corresponding good words. No sweeping, no fetching water, no fetching water, no chopping wood, no washing clothes, no bathing, no haircut and no unlucky words. When the whole family gets up, they put on new clothes or the best clothes. Breakfast, some eat peacefully (noodles, chicken, duck eggs) to wish peace and longevity; Some eat rice cakes (brown sugar cakes) to wish you a high promotion every year; Some old people are vegetarians and pray for the safety of their families for a year. On the first day of junior high school, seniors will pay New Year greetings to their elders, who will give them lucky money or candy oranges.
On the first day, people can visit relatives and friends and celebrate the New Year with each other on the second and third days. As Wu Jiyun, a poet in A Qing, said in "Zhi Zhu's Ci at the age of Fu Zhou": "The imperial clan is newly dressed, leading others, being courteous and joyful; I met * * * on the road and made a fortune. " This is the landscape of Xinzheng in ancient Fuzhou. Families with married daughters will hold spring wine and invite their daughters, son-in-law and grandchildren back to their parents' homes for a banquet. Water boatman (? Women, wearing red flowers, blue shirts, blue trousers and blue shoes, went ashore together and went door to door, singing poems in Fuzhou dialect: "Aunties all celebrate the New Year and hang red umbrella lights in front of the hall; Okay？ I am embarrassed to send my slave to the door of the gold plate enterprise (meaning standing). " "The old year has passed, the new year has passed, business is booming, and big money is made; Congratulations on getting rich and safe. Send slaves? Passed the door. " This is called "begging? Poetry ",this is a New Year greeting. What is the New Year's greeting? To show good luck. During the Spring Festival, the streets and alleys of Fuzhou are decorated with lanterns and colorful decorations, and the festive atmosphere is everywhere.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), party and government leaders at all levels used gifts to pay New Year greetings to families of martyrs, retired cadres and old model workers before or during festivals. All relevant departments organize Spring Festival garden parties, parties from all walks of life, literary evenings and other activities. Those superstitious old customs gradually disappeared. In the early 1990s, most families installed telephones, and relatives and friends exchanged New Year greetings by telephone, thus reducing the traffic congestion during holidays.
In the early morning of the fourth day, every household burned incense to "pick up the gods" to welcome the kitchen god back to see things. All walks of life have holidays, set off firecrackers, set up shops, factories and offices. After the 1990s, the study time was adjusted, and now it is the eighth day of work. Some service industries are still open during the Spring Festival.
the Lantern Festival
The fifteenth day of the first month is the Lantern Festival, also known as Shangyuan Festival. Fuzhou Lantern Festival began in Han Dynasty, and Song Dynasty was listed as the top grade of Kyoto Lantern Festival. The description of the Beijing Fuzhou Lantern Festival in Old Wulin is "white as jade, dazzling, like a jade pot clearing ice, refreshing." Orange lanterns, vegetable lanterns and lotus lanterns in Fuzhou. Unique in shape and bright in color, it is unique to Fuzhou's local life and attracts attention.
According to Wang Yingshan's Fujian da ji, Fuzhou "hangs lanterns along the door and enjoys them all night, which is called the lantern market." This custom also began in the Song Dynasty. At that time, every household was decorated with lanterns and decorated with doors, and red light was everywhere in Shili Deng Jie. State and county officials, every Lantern Festival, advocate big lanterns, "officials and people have fun together." During the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1078 ~ 1085), Liu Jin was the magistrate of Fuzhou. In order to appreciate these lanterns, he ordered ten lanterns to be donated door to door. Chen Lie, a poet in Langguan Lane, angrily hung a poem lamp on the Drum Tower: "One is rich in Yi Deng, and the other is a millet in Taicang;" The poor family is a lamp, and the father and son cry each other. Do you know romantic satrap? I still hate singing without good songs. "Since then, the government has stopped forcing people to donate lanterns. The time of Lantern Festival has also changed in the past dynasties: during the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was mostly from the 14th to 18th of the first month; The court in the Yuan Dynasty did not advocate large-scale lantern festivals; Thirteen to twenty-two in Ming Dynasty; The Qing Dynasty lasted from 13 to 17. There have been no rules since the Republic of China.
Fuzhou Lantern Festival is not only a wonderful lantern festival, but also an activity to show Aoshan Mountain for people to enjoy. "Spring Lantern is better than a hundred flowers, and Yuan Xi is full of flowers; Silver candles burn empty and beautiful scenery, and auspicious light shines out of the peak. " This poem depicts the magnificent scenery of Fujian Lantern Market and Aoshan in the past. The gate of the Lantern Festival is opened, and Aoshan faces outward. People from the suburbs go to the city to see it. It's very lively.
From the Spring Festival to the eve of Lantern Festival, Fuzhou has the folk custom of sending lanterns. For married daughters, the bride's family always sends a lamp, and "lamp" is homophonic with "ding", which means jiading. In the first year, send Guanyin to send children. In the second year, if there are no children or daughters, we will send "God-given" lamps and "sitting on a basin" lamps. In the third and fourth years, if there are no children, send an "orange" lamp to show "anxiety". After giving birth to a child, you can send a "champion riding" lamp and a "God-given Kirin" lamp until your nephew 16 years old. There is a folk nursery rhyme: "On the Lantern Festival in the first month, grandma loves her nephew (grandson), and red orange lanterns add happiness." It reflects the social fashion that grandma loves her grandson. Yang Rongcheng's late "Zhuzhici" said: "Children are blessed with happiness, and brides are full of sunshine. At night, I have to unload the gold hairpin and report it to my parents to send a lamp. " This poem depicts the grand occasion of sending lanterns at that time.
Lantern Festival Lantern Festival starts from the seventh day of the seventh month. Nanhou Street in Fuzhou and Taiwan Province in Nantai used to sell all kinds of paper lanterns. There are octagonal lights, ball lights and watermelon lights; Knife lantern, dragon grabbing pearl lantern, and later airplane lantern, warship lantern, etc. There are monkeys riding sheep lights, sheep riding cattle lights and champion riding lights on the ground; Palace lanterns and lanterns are hung in the hall. At that time, there was a poem saying, "Chinese lanterns became a market, and they were cut at a fine cost. A few samples were sent to the New Year to play, and the walls were bright and bright." Described the grand occasion of Fuzhou lamps market.
On the night of the Lantern Festival, some villages and towns will take lanterns to the streets to meet the gods in combination with meetings. In the procession to greet the gods, there are many folk cultural activities, such as dragon lantern dance, stilt dance, lion dance, underground table tennis and land boating. When someone in the family saw God crossing the border, they lit a lamp and fired a gun to pray for the safety of their family. Nowadays, the custom of sending lanterns is still popular among some elderly people.
Aojiujie
The 29th day of the first month is a unique traditional folk festival in Fuzhou. The "nine festivals" are also called "the last nine festivals" and "the filial piety festival". Early this morning, every household uses glutinous rice, brown sugar, peanuts, red dates, water chestnut, sesame seeds, longan and other raw materials to cook sweet porridge, which is called "lotus root wine porridge" to worship ancestors or give gifts to relatives and friends. Married daughters are also given a bowl of "Nine Porridges", and some even add too flat noodles, eggs, trotters and so on. And send them back to their parents to honor their parents. In addition, anyone who has reached the age of nine, such as nine, nineteen, twenty-nine, or multiples of nine, such as eighteen, twenty-seven and thirty-six, must eat a bowl of "Taiping" like a birthday to be safe and healthy.
"Ao Jiujie" comes from the legend of "Manglietia". It is said that there was a man named Mulian in ancient times. His mother was fierce before her death and was imprisoned in the underworld after her death. When he visited the prison, he often sent her food, but all of them were eaten by the guards. Later, he thought of a way to mix water chestnut, peanuts, red dates, longan, brown sugar and other raw materials with glutinous rice, cook it into sweet porridge, put it in a bowl, and sprinkle a handful of black sesame seeds to his mother. Seeing that the porridge was black, the jailer asked, "What is this?" Manglietia casually replied, "This is porridge." The guards think this porridge is unclean and dare not eat it. Therefore, Ou Jiuzhou was delivered to Mu Lian's mother. It happened to be the 29th day of the first month, and Manglietia's mother just turned 29 this year. According to folk custom, the first month is divided into "Sanjiu", the ninth day of the first month is called "Shangjiu", the 19th day is called "Zhongjiu", and the 29th day is called "Houjiu porridge". In the future, the color of porridge is black, which is called "Nine Porridge" to show filial piety to mother, also called "Nine Porridge". Whether it's the 29th or 29th of the first month, it's the day of Manglietia's mother's accident. Therefore, Fuzhou people taboo 9 th and think that "9" is a year of adversity. Therefore, anyone who meets the age of "nine" should eat a little more evenly, and a married daughter should give her parents a "nine" to ensure their safety and health.
Qingming Festival
Tomb-Sweeping Day is an important folk festival in Fuzhou. Tomb-Sweeping Day is15th day after the vernal equinox every year. On or around the same day in Tomb-Sweeping Day, every family went for an outing in the suburbs and went up the mountain to worship their ancestors and sweep their graves. Grave-sweeping is also called paper pressing, which means weeding the cemetery and putting money paper in front of the grave to show that future generations have come to sweep the grave. If you bring an offering, it is also very simple. In Tomb-Sweeping Day, Fuzhou will have some unique offerings, such as cakes, tofu and spinach buns, also known as Qingming buns. They are made of spinach (a kind of wild vegetable grown in the south, which is edible, sweet and cool, and mashed into turquoise juice), squeezed into juice, infiltrated into rice pulp and kneaded into steamed buns to make dates. Before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day, restaurants in Fuzhou were all made for sale. Most of the rich people's houses are built by themselves, but they don't need manual modeling. Instead, they used wooden impressions engraved with the number of the clan hall. Printed pineapples are particularly beautiful and distributed to friends and family as gifts.
When you come back from sweeping the grave, you should break a pine branch or wicker and insert it in front of your house, indicating that your family sacrificed the tomb for the ancestors.
Dragon Boat Festival
Dragon Boat Festival, commonly known as the Five-Day Festival and the May Festival in Fuzhou. Because the family dinner of the festival is at noon, it is called Dragon Boat Festival. Legend has it that it is a festival in memory of the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.
From the first day of the Dragon Boat Festival, everyone cleaned up and hung flowers in front of the door to ward off evil spirits and disinfect. Eat zongzi, wrap your wallet, drink realgar wine and burn realgar wine during the Dragon Boat Festival. The children put on new clothes, hung sachets, tied red Chinese-style chest covers and painted their mouths and noses with realgar. It is said that they can avoid sores and drive away snakes and scorpions.
After the holiday meal, the family took their children to Fuzhou West Lake, Nantai Wanshou Bridge and Minjiang River to watch the dragon boat race. Some boats are painted as fish, while others are painted as shrimp, all of which are aquarium symbols. There are dragon boats from the first day to the fifth day, but there will be a competition for the championship in the afternoon of the fifth day, and the audience is like a tide.
Today, the excellent traditional customs of the Dragon Boat Festival are still inherited, such as cleaning up and carrying out summer health campaigns. Dragon boat race is a part of water sports, and activities are organized every year. Fuzhou Dragon Boat also participated in the International Dragon Boat Competition and won the honor.
Qixi Festival
On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, Fuzhou is called Qiaoqi Festival, also known as in-laws Festival. Tanabata in July is the time when the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl meet at the Magpie Bridge in myth.
On Tanabata, when women use seven words as a symbol of intelligence, they will show seven plates of melons and fruits, seven cups, seven incense sticks, seven needles and seven colors of silk thread. First, they saluted Vega seven times, and then sat cross-legged. Through the hazy moonlight, they compete to thread the needle, and whoever wears it quickly and attracts more people is the most skilled. Song Liang Kejia's "Three Mountains" contains: "How much do you know about colorful buildings? Until the end of the leak. " This custom is mostly done by government officials and rich wives. People are engaged in the activities of separating beans and becoming attached to them. Every household cooks broad beans and gives gifts to each other, chewing beans and chatting, so as to bury the hatchet and promote family harmony, affectionate relatives and friends, and harmonious neighborhood. Children learn to share beans, make friends and make up, which is full of childlike interest.
Ghosts'Festival
The fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month, commonly known as "July and a half" and "left half". Mid-Autumn Festival can be held every day in July. Legend has it that Manglietia invited ten monks to hold a magnolia party in order to alleviate her mother's sin, so that Purdue could give birth to her mother.
On the Mid-Autumn Festival, every family has a family reunion. In addition to general offerings, paper clothes must be burned for ancestors and ghosts to enjoy in the underworld.
The Mid-Autumn Festival is just after the early rice harvest in rural areas, and people use their slack time to sacrifice fields to celebrate the bumper harvest. Therefore, the suburban counties of Fuzhou still retain the custom of "July and a half months" (meaning after half a year), but the time varies from village to village, and it is often done by turns after each village finishes. When doing "Half Taiwan", every family will entertain many relatives and friends. Some villages invite theatrical troupes to perform, comment and sing to show the joy of harvest.
Mid-Autumn Festival
August 15 is the Mid-Autumn Festival, commonly known as the Reunion Festival.
There is a saying about the origin of eating moon cakes in the Mid-Autumn Festival: At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, in order to consolidate their rule, Mongolian aristocratic rulers banned the use of iron knives by the people and stipulated that ten households shared a kitchen knife. Rulers do evil, and the people hate it. Gaoyou Zhang Shicheng was secretly connected in series, and a small note of uprising was put in the moon cake. On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, every family broke moon cakes, saw leaflets, grabbed kitchen knives and held an uprising against the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. Since then, every Mid-Autumn Festival, people will eat moon cakes to commemorate this festival of people's struggle.
On the Mid-Autumn Festival, Fuzhou people prepare offerings and burn paper clothes to worship their ancestors. Dinner in the evening, family reunion, drinking and enjoying the moon. On this festival, there is also the custom of respecting the old and loving the young. The younger generation presents big moon cakes (that is, gift cakes) to the elders, and the elders present small moon cakes to the younger generation to express their good wishes to each other during the festival. Mid-Autumn Festival custom, according to "Fujian Tongzhi? According to the Records of Customs, Fujian is slightly different. In Fuzhou City, "Mid-Autumn women climb Wushi Mountain to burn incense and burn tower lights at night, which is a trip of women holding arms at night, which is called' doing all kinds of diseases'"; Yongtai county "Mid-Autumn moon, gentlemen wish kuixing"; Minqing County "makes moon cakes in Mid-Autumn Festival, enjoys the moon with wine, eats chestnuts and taro, and prepares the boy?" "Hey, build a tower with tiles, and say goodbye to each other." "Changle County Records" records that "no one is in charge of the Mid-Autumn Festival, and everyone just drinks."
The Mid-Autumn Festival "swinging the tower" is a great pleasure of the festival. Peasant children pick up tiles, build tile towers, burn firewood at night, and poetry and moon depend on each other. City people buy clay or ceramic figures, including The Journey to the West, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and other historical figures. Candlesticks, vases and incense burners are all displayed for people to watch. Some wealthy families set up "towers" in the hall, ranging from three-story tables to ten-story tables. The top floor is a mud tower or iron tower, and the bottom floor is a pair of seedling pots, showing a bumper harvest. The middle floors are lined with celebrities and opera figures of past dynasties, and the whole courtyard is brightly lit, adding a festive atmosphere.
Double Ninth Festival
The ninth day of the ninth lunar month is the Double Ninth Festival. Because nine is the number of yang, the sun and the moon are equally important, so it is called "double ninth", also called Chongyang. The Double Ninth Festival originated from the story of climbing mountains to avoid disaster in the late Han Dynasty. According to the Records of Three Mountains, Jiuxian Mountain (Yushan Mountain) in Fuzhou is the place where the kings of Han, Fujian and Vietnam boarded, and none of them was contemporary with Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, 200 years earlier than Huanjing. "Eight Min Tong Zhi" contains: "On the Double Ninth Festival, people in the county climb mountains in the morning, drink chrysanthemum wine to prolong life, and insert dogwood to avoid evil spirits." Cornus officinalis is a traditional Chinese medicine with bitter taste and warm nature, which has the effects of dispelling cold, warming middle warmer, relieving pain and eliminating evil spirits. According to legend, Dashi Zun, which was used by the king of Fujian and Yue to hold chrysanthemum wine, was still in the mountains during Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, and then disappeared, but the remains of Jiutiantai can still be found. On September 9th, in Fuzhou, besides climbing mountains, drinking chrysanthemum wine and planting dogwood, there was also the custom of flying kites. It is said that the paper owl also comes from the story of Huan Jing and Fei Changfang. Once, Huan Jing asked Fei Changfang to take the medicine to exorcise evil spirits and plague, walked the mountain road, and was guided by pigeons before finding Fei. In order to commemorate this event, later generations took paper pigeons to the mountains to fly, which has been circulating for a long time, and there is also the custom of flying paper harriers.
In the past, the places where paper owls were released in Fuzhou were mainly Lushan, Wushan and Damiao Mountain. At that time, there was a climbing stone on Damiao Mountain, which was said to have fallen from the sky and was called "Star Falling". At 9 o'clock on September, adults took their children to Damiao Mountain. Once they climb the high stone mountain, they will grow taller. So it attracted people from Fuzhou four gates to run here. On the Double Ninth Festival, the two stone steps leading to Damiao Mountain were packed.
Climbing a mountain on September 9, "Gao" and "Gao" are homophonic. Therefore, during the festival, there is a special cake in Fuzhou, which is called "nine-fold fruit", that is, the fruit has nine layers with seven layers of sugar in the middle, which means climbing high and avoiding disaster.
Please think twice about your relatives during the festival. The Double Ninth Festival and grave-sweeping activities in Fuzhou are called Spring and Autumn Festival and Tomb-Sweeping Day. Now in the suburbs or counties of Fuzhou, the custom of sweeping graves on September 9 is still preserved.
With the development of the Double Ninth Festival today, people have endowed it with richer cultural connotations, combining mountain climbing with national fitness, combining ancestral graves with traditional virtues of respecting the elderly and caring for the young, and some combining it with overseas Chinese to attract investment. The National People's Congress also passed the decision to designate the Double Ninth Festival as the Festival for the Elderly. During the festival, various units and organizations also hold various forms of mountaineering, fitness and other sports activities.
Winter solstice
Winter solstice is one of the 24 solar terms of the lunar calendar. In the past, on the eve of this festival, people gathered in the hall and rubbed rice around the table. Grinding glutinous rice into pulp, pressing until it is semi-dry, kneading into balls, cooking in a pot, picking up and sticking bean jelly. . There are several red oranges, a bunch of red bamboo sticks, a pair of paper flowers, clay sculptures of boys and girls (children) and bottles of red chrysanthemums on the desk. Burn incense and light candles when rubbing. Children sing children's songs in Fuzhou dialect: "Hey? Yacuo, according to the pain of milk, according to the elder brother, according to the elder brother's request, according to the younger brother. My sister-in-law is happy (pregnant) and so are my parents. When the baby festival (falling) falls, Yi Ge will be Lang (dad) immediately. " Winter solstice massage? Sometimes it means praying for more happiness. Wipe it that night? Stay at Rosty Yi Winter Solstice Hotel for breakfast.
Sacrifice to the kitchen god
Sacrifice the stove, December 24 of the lunar calendar. According to Fuzhou custom, December 23rd of the lunar calendar is the day when the official worships meat stoves, and the 24th is the day when ordinary people worship vegetarian stoves. People) 25 th.
Sacrificing stoves was originally a ceremony to sacrifice fire in ancient summer. The appearance of fire liberated mankind from the era of eating and drinking blood, which is very memorable. However, later generations turned the sacrificial stove into a "kitchen god" worship, saying that the kitchen god is a "god of life" who prays in the sky and helps people on the ground. This evolution process began in the Han Dynasty. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? There is a dutiful son named Yin Zixing in The Story of Yin Ugliness who drinks early on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month (123rd of February). When he saw the kitchen god appear, he prayed quickly and sacrificed the antelope at home. "naturally, it became extremely rich ... so he often sacrificed the stove on the twelfth day and recommended the antelope." With the passage of time, this legend has become more and more fascinating, saying that Kitchen God is the "resident ambassador" sent to the world by the Jade Emperor. Every year on the 24th of the twelfth lunar month, Kitchen God reports to the Jade Emperor about the good and evil of lay people. The day of going to heaven lasted for ten days, and he went down to earth on the fourth day of the first month of the second year. Every family should say goodbye to Kitchen God before he leaves. Chicken, duck, fish, meat, oven sugar, luobing, wine, etc. It is a meat stove provided for sacrifice; Besides candy luobing, there are sugar cane, water chestnut, red dates, peanuts, gold needles, fungus and so on. During the sacrifice, the children sang nursery rhymes: "Sacrificing the stove is confusing (satirizing the confusing official of the kitchen god), the bronze incense burner in front of the stove, and the gold ingot is paste. The kitchen god speaks well in heaven, and the mother of the stove bless the farmers, bless the farmers' father to make money, bless the farmers' mother to live a long and prosperous life, and bless the farmers' brothers to ask for a brother and sister-in-law, and bless the farmers to learn and become smart." After the sacrifice, the old kitchen god map will be torn up and cremated, and a new kitchen god map will be affixed to show that the old one is farewell and the new one is welcome. Before the festival, grandparents will send oven sugar oven cakes to male and female grandchildren. If you have several grandchildren, you should send several packages, and each package will be accompanied by a "flower shell" (mask), including Tang Priest, Friar Sand, the Monkey King and Pig Bajie. Children will eat happily.
Now, some families still have the old custom of offering sacrifices to the stove. The stove sugar stove cake was renamed Niantang rice cake, which became one of the new year's goods in Fuzhou Spring Festival market.
New Year's Eve
According to legend, Nian is a demon who comes out to play tricks on people every New Year's Eve. Therefore, on New Year's Eve, every household puts up new symbols (Spring Festival couplets) and sets off firecrackers to drive away the whole year. Fuzhou also imitated the old custom of burning guns to drive away disasters in Zheng and Tang Dynasties.
/kloc-in October and February, people are busy making wine and preparing new year's goods. After fifteen days, I began to clean the house and clean the house. This is called sweeping the hall. Relatives who have gone out have come back to reunite with their families. Twenty-five days later, the rice cake is steamed, and there are chicken, duck, fish and wine. They are all prepared to sacrifice to their ancestors and the gods of heaven and earth. This is called dividing the year. A son-in-law gives a New Year gift to his parents-in-law, which is called a New Year gift. On New Year's Eve, the red candle has a high fever, and the family is happy, and * * * drinks and socializes. This is called getting old. Sweep the hall again in the evening, set off firecrackers and cook for the next year. The next year's New Year's Eve dinner was filled with wooden steamed rice cookers, surrounded by ten pairs of vermilion chopsticks, pasted with red paper, tied with red ropes, sprinkled with "Wuzi" (red dates, peanuts, melon seeds, longan seeds and chestnuts) and placed on the table in the main room. The main entrance, curtains, box furniture and precious utensils in the home are all pasted with "gold and silver paper foil", which means that the gold and silver treasure in the home overflows from the crack of the door and symbolizes making a fortune in the coming year.
On New Year's Eve, elders also have the custom of giving their children "lucky money", and they can pay New Year greetings from the first to the fifteenth. The folk song "Happy New Year, you need money without oranges." After a Spring Festival, there is still a lot of income!
In the old days, 30 years old (30 nights) was the most tense day for creditors to collect debts and debtors to hide debts. In the past, you couldn't be in debt for the New Year, but you couldn't spend thirty nights. Debtors who live outside the city go to Shangshu Temple in the Hou Zhou Dynasty, while those who live in the city go to Chenghuang Temple to watch a play to avoid debts. After the 1950s, people's living standards have been greatly improved, and the matter of forcing debts has long since ceased to exist. Now there are all kinds of new year's goods, all kinds of colors and varieties. Offices, factories and shops are decorated with lanterns. On both sides of the street, there are thousands of colored lights and thousands of silver flowers, and everyone welcomes the Spring Festival.
Living custom
clothes
Clothes and clothing
From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, Fuzhou men mostly wore robes and mandarin jackets. The robe runs from shoulder to ankle. The front placket is on the right, and the front and back panels are decorated with buttons. There is a small piece of cloth in front and a small bag sewn in the middle, which is called a hidden bag, and a small amount of items can be hidden. As a kind of coat, gown is a casual dress for middle-aged and elderly men, which is often changed and made of cotton cloth. Its common colors are blue, gray and moonlight. People of status wear linen or silk robes in summer. A coat refers to a woman's coat, called a dress wheel. The dress is simple and generous, while the blouse is novel and gorgeous.
Jacket is a short coat worn by men, which is worn over robes or robes. It has a collar, waist-length and five buttons. Mandarin jackets do not need cloth, but are decorated with flowers and green. Later, a small bag was sewn on the side of the left lapel to hide the watch, which is called the watch bag. Another kind of "jiazi" that can replace mandarin jackets is also called suspenders and waistcoats. It is a sleeveless coat, which covers a robe or gown, so it is called a vest. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the number of people wearing robes and mandarin jackets decreased, and even fewer people wore robes and mandarin jackets. The Zhongshan suit created by Sun Yat-sen took its place and became popular.
Officials and gentry above middle age should wear a coat besides robes when they go out in winter. They are long from shoulder to knee, collarless and sleeveless, and tied around their necks with a belt. This is called "cloak", also called "cloak". From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, both men and women in urban and rural areas wore knee-length blouses and jackets. Shirts are single clothes, jackets are more than two layers, including cotton-padded jackets, cotton-padded jackets and fur jackets, which should be replaced on time. Men's jackets are mostly made of cotton, while women's jackets are mostly made of silk. In the old days, women's clothes were coats and skirts, collectively referred to as skirt coats. Women should wear a big red python skirt python coat when they get married, and a set of underwear should be arranged in the dowry, called tights. In the past, women used to wear green skirts as casual clothes, red skirts as formal clothes and white skirts as mourning clothes. On holidays, at home, or at parties of friends and relatives, you should wear red clothes and keep old. After her husband died, she never wore a red skirt again, and married women were not allowed to wear red skirts. Widows can wear green or light green embroidered skirts when their children grow up and become independent. Ordinary skirts can reach the calves, mostly made of silk or embroidered with colorful patterns. Folding is more important. This is the so-called pleated skirt. Rural women, when working in the fields, all wear red cloth skirts to show happiness. After the Republic of China, fewer and fewer people wore skirts. When men and women are engaged in labor, they wrap cloth as a towel on their chests and use pollution-proof clothes and pants, which are called skirts. Cheongsam was popular among middle and upper class women in Qing Dynasty. They were dressed in robes. In the Republic of China, the style of cheongsam changed from time to time, including high collar, short collar and hard collar; Some are dragged to the ground, some are calf-long, some are only above the knee, and some even below the knee; There are long sleeves, half sleeves and sleeveless ones like vests. From 1950s to 1970s, cheongsam almost disappeared. It became popular again after 1980s, and its style tended to be westernized.
Men's and women's clothes are pants. There are trousers, shorts, outer pants and underwear. Old-fashioned pants, no bags. The upper end is collectively called the trouser head, which is also called the trouser head. The trouser head is made of white cloth about half a foot high. When wearing trousers, tie the trousers head on the waist with another belt, which is called trousers headband. Foot tube, regardless of front and back width, can also be used on both sides. Pant skirts, commonly known as pants bucket, are usually sewn together. The two trouser legs are combined into one, which is called rice beans.
In the middle of the Republic of China, civil servants and middle and senior intellectuals wore tunic suits and suits. Middle school boys wear yellow and black student clothes, and girls wear blue shirts and skirts; Young farmers wear casual clothes in fashion, and the colors are mainly blue, gray and white. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, among public officials, men's tunic suit prevailed, while women's Lenin suit prevailed. Wear Lenin-style short cotton-padded jacket in winter, and the color is mostly gray or light blue. 1954 advocates learning from the Soviet Union and paying attention to dress. Young women wear floral dresses (called "Blagi"), while young and middle-aged farmers in rural areas still wear double-breasted paperbacks. They only wear tunic suits when they go out to be guests or do business. Women, on the other hand, use "199 blue" and "foreign printed cloth" to make big breasts and short coats.
During the Cultural Revolution, military uniforms were popular among young men and women, while black, gray and blue were still the main colors of middle-aged and elderly people, and Zhongshan suit was still the most popular style.
Clothes have changed a lot since the 1980s. Young men and women are well dressed, fashionable in style and improved in quality. Their clothes are not standardized, including long and short, wide and narrow, plain and bright. The time of trouser legs is narrow, wide, long and short, which varies from person to person. Young women in the four seasons wear colorful clothes, often changing, sometimes wearing long skirts, sometimes wearing short skirts, sometimes wearing miniskirts and sometimes wearing fitness pants. Fabric has developed from chemical fiber to fancy products such as tweed, feather, leather and serge. Middle-aged and elderly men have changed from tunic suits to jackets and suits, and the materials are gradually becoming upscale.
Shoes and socks
Before and after the Republic of China, men, women and children wore more shoes. Men's shoes have black round mouth or pointed head, double nose or no nose, round head and low top. In summer, people wear clogs and slippers at home Women's shoes are mostly made of red cloth, with pointed tips, embroidered shoes and thick soles, which look like high heels. After foot binding was banned in the Republic of China, women's shoes were similar to men's shoes, with horizontal buttons on the uppers. After the 1920s and 1930s, more and more people wore leather shoes, rubber shoes and leather shoes, and most women wore high heels. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, rubber-soled cloth shoes, military shoes and leather shoes were the main products in the 1950s. With the development of plastic industry in 1960s, various plastic shoes and slippers entered the market. People mainly wear plastic slippers in summer and autumn, and clogs are gradually eliminated. In 1980s, most young men and women, cadres and workers wore leather shoes with novel styles and various colors.
In the old days, both men and women wore socks made of cloth, and women used foot-wrapping cloth (commonly known as "foot strap") about five or six centimeters wide and two meters long to wrap their feet. After 1950s, knitted socks, silk stockings and nylon stockings replaced cloth socks.
hairy fellow
The popular hats in modern times are small hats, also called melon skin hats and bowl hats, which are men's leisure hats. Six braids are stitched together to form a circle, which is different from flat tops and spires. The material of the hat is satin in spring and summer, yarn in summer and autumn and black. A knot made of silk at the top of a hat, such as the stem of a flower or fruit, is round and short. The rich make knots with coral or agate, and some decorate the center of the brim with small square jade, which disappeared in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's time. Top hats were introduced from abroad with suits in the 1920s and 1930s. Among public officials and intellectuals, they wear suits and high hats, and some people wear robes and robes. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), in 1950s, grey military caps prevailed. Yellow military caps were popular in the Cultural Revolution, and some young women also wore them. After the 1980s, old people and children wore hats made of various woolen fabrics, yarns or wool to keep out the cold, and a few people wore caps when traveling.
A poem
Hairpins, hairpins, earrings, rings and bracelets were the main jewelry of women in the old days. Hairpins, hairpins and earrings are made of gold for the rich, usually silver and copper for the poor. Rings are generally gold, bracelets are mostly jade, but also silver and copper. Unmarried women don't have much jewelry, usually only earrings and bracelets. Students generally don't wear jewelry. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, jewelry was generally not worn except in some rural areas. After 1980s, women began to wear rings, necklaces, earrings and other styles.
hair decorations
In the Qing Dynasty, men wore long braids, married women wore a bun, and child brides combed "grasshopper bun" on both sides. Women in urban and rural areas are popular in wearing flowers. It is said that wearing flowers can not only set off the beauty of face, but also reflect "wearing flowers to benefit children", which is a symbol of good luck. There are two kinds of flowers: flowers and grass flowers. Medulla tetrapanacis flower is made of medulla tetrapanacis as the main raw material. Most of the flowers are inserted in the bun, or sandwiched in the seam of the forehead, or tied in the drooping braid. Flowers are used all year round. Any common flower, whether it is color or fragrance, should be selected at any time. Wear "red smiling" (colored) flowers at festivals or at home instead of plain flowers.
There are many jasmine flowers in Fuzhou, with long flowering period and strong fragrance, which are deeply loved by women. Magnolia is also often picked and worn. Some flowers are generally forbidden to wear, such as peach blossom and oleander. Although beautiful, it is regarded as frivolous and coquettish, and customs follow, and no one has ever worn it. Women are not allowed to wear flowers during mourning. Young widows are taboo, but only when children grow up can they wear flowers. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Zhou Liang, the provincial judge of Fujian Province, worked in Fujian Notes? Women in Fujian mentioned the custom of wearing flowers. This shows that women in Fuzhou wore flowers 300 years ago, and still retain the quaint folk customs.
Tung grass flower is one of the handicrafts in Fuzhou, which is made of Tung grass flower and colorful silk, velvet and cloth. Middle-aged and elderly women should wear "Four Seasons Flowers" or "Baby Catharanthus" on New Year's Day or festive occasions. Four seasons flowers are flowers in different seasons combined into a whole, and the four seasons are always spring; Catharanthus roseus is a naked baby boy made of paper, sitting on flowers, which means there are children and grandchildren all over the house. In some villages in the suburbs of Fuzhou, women put three sword-shaped hairpins in the middle of their hair bun, which are called three hairpin or toilet hairpin. Three hairpin are mostly made of silver or white copper, each hairpin weighs about 78 yuan to 12 yuan, and poor girls in mountainous areas are made of grass. Hairpins are flat like swords, with sharp tips and carved patterns on their bodies. The blade of the middle hairpin is upward, and the other two hairpins cross left and right, and the blade is outward and inserted between the bun. Unmarried women have drooping hair under their foreheads, which is called "shawl"; If you are married, comb your hair in a bun and insert three hair clips. 19 (1930), Fang Shengtao, acting chairman of Fujian provincial government, regarded the three standards as "vulgar" and ordered them to be strictly prohibited and enforced, so they ceased to exist. It is the strangest headdress of rural women in Fuzhou, and it has been circulated for the longest time in history.
After the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), fewer women tied buns, more girls cut their hair, and the custom of wearing flowers became obsolete. Men began to cut their braids, some with short hair and some with shaved heads. Most people with short hair are half-divided, and some are four or six or three or seven. Generally speaking, there are fewer left and more right. After the May 4th Movement, women in intellectual circles began to cut their hair short. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, most men had split hair and women wore double braids. During the "Cultural Revolution", young and middle-aged men had short hair and flat heads, while women wore sheephorn braids. After the 1980s, women basically had long hair, and young and middle-aged women had more perms. After that, young women gradually became popular with ponytail hair, either behind the head or around. Some young people also have shoulder-length hair and moustaches.