Hua Tuo's greatest contribution to medicine was to create general anesthesia and perform surgery. Ma Fei San, an anesthetic invented by him, has a high curative effect and greatly relieves the pain of patients after anesthesia for diseases such as gastrointestinal stagnation. Huatuo's superb surgical skills are even more impressive, which reflects that China's surgical medicine is far ahead in the world in the 2nd century.
Hua Tuo's contribution to traditional Chinese medicine also lies in creating a set of medical gymnastics "five-animal play" to prevent and treat diseases. The so-called wuqinxi refers to tigers, deer, bears, apes and birds. Hua Tuo connected the flapping forelimbs of the tiger, the stretching of the deer's head and neck, the lying body of the bear, the vertical jumping of the ape's toes and the flying of the bird's wings. And compiled a set of aerobics to stretch all muscles and joints. This has developed both in theory and practice, and made great contributions to sports and medical and health undertakings in China.
In addition to his superb medical skills, Hua Tuo also has noble medical ethics, which is deeply loved and revered by people. But in the end, he was killed because he didn't recruit anyone from Cao Cao, and his medical books were lost. The existing Sino-Tibetan Scriptures are masterpieces of later generations.
1700 years ago, Hua Tuo was able to accurately diagnose various diseases without any auxiliary diagnostic means, and received strange curative effects. He also pioneered surgical anesthesia and invented five kinds of animal games. It not only adds luster to the ancient Chinese civilization, but also sets a model for medical hospitals, and is well-deserved as the originator of the world surgery.
Zu Chongzhi (429,500), the first master of mathematics in the world, was born in Fan (now Laishui County, Hebei Province). He came from a family of historians and lived in the Southern Dynasties, the Song Dynasty and the Qi Dynasty. Since my youth, I have been familiar with many predecessors' works on astronomy and mathematics. After entering the official career, he constantly sought and explored natural science knowledge, and finally made outstanding achievements in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, calendar, machinery manufacturing and so on.
After years of hard work, Zu Chongzhi repeatedly verified and calculated the value of pi between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, becoming the first person in the history of mathematics in the world to accurately calculate pi to seven decimal places. This record was not surpassed by a mathematician in Central Asia until15th century. Zu Chongzhi also determined that the density of π is 335/ 1 13, and the approximate rate is 22/7. Using these two approximations to calculate can meet different requirements, and it is also convenient to remember and use. This achievement was more than 1000 years earlier than that in Europe. By the beginning of the 20th century, it still aroused strong repercussions in the field of mathematics. In addition, Zu Chongzhi also carried out the research on open difference power and open difference vertical (that is, open square and open cuboid with different lengths, widths and heights), and made pioneering achievements with the perfect circle as the reference. In his later years, he wrote Zuo Shu and Jiu Zhangyi Zhu. Cherish what has been lost.
Zu Chongzhi also devoted himself to astronomy and calendars. After nearly ten years of astronomical observation and careful deduction, a new calendar, Daming Calendar, was formulated in 426 AD, and the old calendar was reformed. He introduced "precession" into the calendar for the first time, and deduced that precession is every 45 years 1 1 degree; He changed the traditional leap method of "seven leaps in nineteen years" and established a new leap method of setting 144 leap months every 39 1 year, which was based on his introduction of a tropical year of 365+0438+0680 days. This figure is only about 50 seconds away from the number of days measured by modern instruments. He also introduced for the first time that the value of the intersection month is 27.2 1223, which is only one thousandth different from the modern data of 27.2 1222, which is very important for accurately predicting the occurrence time and location of the solar eclipse. For the period of revolution of Jupiter, Zu Chongzhi determined it as 1 1.858 years, which is basically close to the modern measured value 1 1.862 years. In addition, he also transformed the south guide car, made a mill, and built a thousand-mile ship. , are very skilled. As for the annotation of ancient books and literary creation, it is also his favorite place.
Zu Chongzhi deserves to be regarded as a knowledgeable scholar, who has made great achievements in mathematics and other disciplines and occupies a lofty position in the history of world scientific development. Therefore, a circular valley on the back of the moon, which was first discovered by contemporary humans, was named after him.
Jia Sixie Jia Sixie, a native of Yidu (now Shouguang County) in Shandong Province in the Northern Wei Dynasty, was an agronomist who benefited the country and the people. He used to be the magistrate of Levin County (now the top of Shandong Province). He devoted his whole life to agronomy research, visited Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi and other places many times, personally managed agronomy production, and extensively searched ancient agronomy documents. In about 533-544, he wrote Qi Yaomin's Book, which was the first encyclopedic masterpiece of agricultural science in China.
In the Book of Qi Yaomin, Jia Sixie summed up the experience and technology of the working people in ancient China in planting crops. More than 20 specific methods were described in only one round. Among them, green manure rotation was not implemented in Britain until the 1930s of 18, and then it was popularized. This is later than China 1000 years.
In Qi Yao Min Shu, Jia Sixie made a systematic introduction to sowing techniques, many of which are highly scientific and practical, and have been used to this day. For example, the treatment of seeds before sowing, the book proposes to select seeds with clear water, and the mud salt water seed selection method adopted today is developed from the clear water seed selection method. The method of soaking rice seeds and accelerating germination mentioned in the book is the earliest written record of this technology known at present. The modern seed dressing method is also closely related to the "seed soaking" introduced at that time. Jia Sixie pointed out in particular that it is a rare discovery to soak seeds with snow water instead of horse bone juice.
In Qi Yao Min Shu, Jia Sixie also made a detailed investigation and study on the sowing date and sowing amount of crops, divided the sowing date of various crops into three sections, and pointed out the specific sowing date of millet, millet, soybean, adzuki bean, wheat, early rice and other 12 crops, emphasizing that sowing amount depends on sowing date, sowing method and soil fertility. The problem of drought resistance and moisture conservation is also introduced in detail.
In a word, Jia Sixie systematically summarized the experience of agricultural production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Northern Wei Dynasty in Qi Yao Min Shu, from the cultivation of grain, vegetables, melons and fruits and trees; Feeding livestock, household food and fish; From brewing wine, making sauce, making vinegar and bacon, to making staple food and non-staple food, everything is covered. It runs through the idea that man can conquer nature, the spirit of seeking truth from facts and the purpose of benefiting the country and the people. Only in this way, this world's earliest, most systematic and most valuable agricultural science masterpiece is well-known at home and abroad; Jia Sixie's position in the world agricultural history was thus established. This is something that every Chinese descendant can be proud of.
Li Daoyuan Li Daoyuan, a geographer with a unique stream path (466 or 472? -527), a good character, was born in Zhuoxian County, Fanyang, Northern Wei Dynasty (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province). Since the age of 20, he has entered the official career, and has served as the chief history of Jizhou, the secretariat of East Jingzhou, Henan Yin, and the assistant general of Imperial History. He strictly enforced the law and quelled the rebellion, and was later killed by the scheming Yongzhou secretariat. Li Daoyuan studied hard all his life, read a lot of ancient geographical documents, traveled to the vast areas of the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins, and collected information on geography, history, documents and inscriptions. Wherever I went, I personally conducted field and physical investigations, and the investigation was meticulous. On such a solid basis, I wrote China's most comprehensive and systematic comprehensive geographical masterpiece "Zhu" before the 6th century.
Notes on Water Classics ***40 volumes, which is the geography book Notes on Water Classics during the Three Kingdoms Period. Its explanatory text is 20 times that of the original, but it is actually its own masterpiece. Taking waterways as the key link, the book records more than 1000 waterways, describing them one by one, and describing in detail the geographical conditions of mountains, rivers, soils, cities, Guanjin and other places where waterways pass, as well as the establishment and evolution, products, distribution of animals and plants, historical sites and related historical figures and anecdotes, and even myths and legends are included. It cites as many as 437 ancient books and retains many inscriptions from the Han and Wei Dynasties. Moreover, the writing is concise, elegant, vivid and beautiful, which has high literary value. Between the lines of the book, Li Daoyuan's incomparable love and enthusiastic praise for the great rivers and mountains of the motherland are everywhere. Today, it still inspires people's deep love for the motherland.
In the course of its circulation, Notes on Water Classics was praised as "a fantastic book that has never been seen in the universe", and the research method and writing form of proving the land with water initiated by Li Daoyuan made geography break new ground. It is a classic of mountains and seas, with mountains as the key link, reflecting before and after, full of brilliance. The astronomical superstar who rose from the Buddhist country Xingyi (673-727) was a monk in the Tang Dynasty. Originally surnamed Zhang, Sui, Julu (now Hebei Julu) was born. He was born in Jiangmen and read widely as a teenager. He is interested in the study of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, especially elephants and calendars. By the time he was in his twenties, he had made great achievements in astronomical calendar. Later, because he looked down on Wu Sansi, an uneducated royal family, he fled to Songshan, Henan Province and became a monk, taking the Dharma name. As a monk, he is still pursuing knowledge. He has traveled thousands of miles on foot to Dangyang, Hubei Province and Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province, and studied calendars and mathematics from the monks in the temple. In 72 1 year, because his reputation spread to the imperial court, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered his party to revise the new calendar. With the help of Liang Lingzan, a famous teacher, a group has developed a "ecliptic sky-patrol instrument", which can be used to accurately determine the positions and operating laws of stars such as the sun and the moon. Four years later, he imitated Zhang Heng's armillary sphere in the Han Dynasty, and made a precise bronze instrument of water transport armillary sphere. This is the first astronomical clock in the world, which can indicate not only the astronomical phenomena, but also the time. Its manufacturing method spread to Europe 700 years later, which promoted the development and improvement of clocks and watches there.
Using these two astronomical instruments, the team made a long-term observation and careful measurement of celestial bodies, and found that the position of the constant star changed obviously from that recorded in ancient books, thus inferring that the star itself was moving slowly. This discovery almost predates Britain's knowledge of stars 1000 years. At the same time, the delegation advocates measuring the meridian length on the spot. Meridians are the north and south meridians of the earth. By measuring the length of a meridian, we can calculate the actual size of the earth. According to the data measured on the spot, after repeated calculations, it is concluded that the meridian of the earth is once about 129.22 km long. This is the first time in the world to measure the meridian length of the earth on the ground, which has very valuable scientific value. Later, a line compiled a calendar, correctly pointed out the law of daily speed, and divided the 24 solar terms in a year into four sections, which opened a precedent for China to calculate the position of the sun and determine the solar terms more accurately before the end of the Ming Dynasty. He also made outstanding contributions to the development of world astronomy. In addition, the group is also a famous Buddhist translator and one of the founders of Tantric Buddhism, which also occupies an important position in the history of Buddhism in China.
Keyuan generalist-Shen Kuo, Shen Kuo (103 1- 1095), was born in Qiantang County, Hangzhou in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. After he passed the Jinshi, he participated in Wang Anshi's political reform in Xining, Zongshen. He used to be a heavenly supervisor, an imperial envoy, an envoy of three powers, and a state magistrate. When he went to Liao country, he had political achievements and was even demoted for things. In his later years, he lived in Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), built Meng Xi Park, devoted himself to scientific research on the original basis, and wrote comprehensive scientific works such as Meng Qian Bitan, Bu Bitan and Xu Bitan. Among them, natural science accounts for 3/5 of the whole book, which records many scientific inventions and discoveries of Shen Kuo.
As for the astronomical calendar, Shen Kuo presided over the compilation of Toyota Li (similar to today's solar calendar) as early as when he was working in Tianjian Supervision Department, reformed the observation instruments, and wrote Discussions with the Army, Discussions on Floating and Leaking, and Discussions on Scenery. , and sort out a set of systematic astronomical theory. Mathematically, he created the "gap product method", that is, the second-order arithmetic progression summation method and the "rounding method", that is, the method of finding the chord length and arc length of the bow by knowing the diameter of the circle and the height of the bow. In physics, he discovered the existence of geomagnetic declination. This discovery was more than 400 years earlier than that in Europe; The imaging principle of concave mirror is expounded, and the vibration law of concave mirror is studied. Geologically, he recognized water erosion from the topography of Yandang and other mountains, and inferred the formation process of alluvial plain from the biological remains in Taihang Mountain rocks. In addition, Shen Kuo paid more attention to the achievements of scientific development and production technology at that time. For example, superb water conservancy projects, calendar calculation of carpenters Yu Hao and Wei Pu, Sun Yanxian's rainbow theory, Li Yuangui's weather forecast and Bi Sheng's movable type printing, several methods of making compasses, and copper smelting methods. , are recorded. The word "oil" was first put forward by Shen Kuo.
Shen Kuo is well-read. Besides Meng Qian's writing, he also drew a picture of Song Quan. The map is well-proportioned and rich in details, which is unique in the history of maps. As for the good prescription, I forgot to record the sightseeing diet, piano score, three scores, tea classics and so on. , all have certain scientific value. Together with the milestone in the history of science in China, they fully show the true colors and charm of Shen Kuo, a generalist of Keyuan.
Song (1587), an authoritative figure integrating traditional industrial and agricultural technologies? ), the word Chang Geng, was born in Beixiang, Fengxin County, Nanchang Prefecture, Jiangxi Province in the Ming Dynasty. He has received a good family education since childhood, is diligent and studious, and has a wider range of knowledge. Although he taught Oracle Bone Inscriptions, was promoted to an official position, and studied state affairs, he was deeply dissatisfied with the attitude of the literati who despised productive labor. So he has been studying his mind all his life, studying hard and writing hard. Wu Kai in the Heavenly Palace is a famous masterpiece at all times and in all countries. It was completed by him when he was a teacher in Fenyi County, Jiangxi Province from 1634 to 1637.
The book * * * 18 volume, including Neri, Naifu,, Essence, Zuo Xian, Gan,,,, Hammer Forging and Forged Stone. The production technologies and processes of agricultural and handicraft sectors such as crop planting, sericulture, textile, printing and dyeing, grain processing, salt cooking, sugar making, wine making, porcelain burning, metal forging and casting, shipbuilding, lime burning, oil pressing, paper making, mining, weapons making, dyes and pearl jade collection are described respectively, with illustrations 123, which are true and true. This initiated a comprehensive and systematic study of agricultural and handicraft production technology from the perspective of science and technology, thus filling the gap in previous research in this field and pushing it to an unprecedented height. Tiangong Wu Kai is not only China, but also the first encyclopedia about agriculture and handicraft production in the world. So far, it has been translated into Japanese, French, English and German, which has been highly praised by scholars from all over the world. Since modern times, the Royal French Library has collected heavenly creations. An American professor called it "/kloc-China technology in the 7th century". Joseph Needham, an expert in the history of science and technology between China and Britain, compared Song with Diderot, editor-in-chief of the French Encyclopedia, and thought that he was "Diderot of China".
Xu Xiake (1586- 164 1 year), son of the motherland, is from Nanqi, Jiangyin County, Jiangsu Province. He was eager to learn since he was a child, reading historical records, geography, local chronicles and travel notes. Later, he was dissatisfied with the dark politics in the late Ming Dynasty and refused to be an official for life. From the age of 22 to the first half of his death at the age of 56, for more than 30 years, he devoted himself to geographical investigation, neither seeking a comfortable family life nor loving his wife and children. In this process, with superhuman courage and perseverance, he climbed mountains, entered deep valleys, cliffs, deserts and jungles, reached Hebei, Shanxi in the north and Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangdong in the south, enjoyed the wonderful scenery of 19 provinces and cities, understood the general trend of mountains and rivers, and truthfully recorded his personal news and experiences day by day with a realistic and rigorous scientific attitude.
In this book, he not only fabricated some geographical fallacies of his predecessors, but also showed his research results on limestone in southwest China, the most peculiar karst in the world. That is to say, the distribution range of limestone landforms here is accurately determined, the characteristics of different regions in this area and the causes of various limestone landforms are correctly described, and various depressions and sinkholes formed in karst areas are analogized and summarized, and a series of scientific names are drawn up. From the travel notes, we can see that he walked through more than 65,438+000 caves, and all of them discovered their mysteries. He measured the size and depth of the cave by means of wooden stick measurement, sound measurement, visual observation and pace measurement, and explored the relationship between the parts. The survey results of the cave distribution of Qixingyan 15 in Guilin obtained in this way are roughly consistent with the scientific survey results of modern geographical work! The causes of caves and underground valleys are exactly the same as those of modern karst science! Xu Xiake's research on limestone landforms is one or two hundred years earlier than that in Europe, and he is worthy of being a pioneer in limestone geology research in China and even the world. In addition, the travel notes also describe the erosion of volcanic hot springs and rivers, groundwater pressure, riverbed development, the distribution of animals and plants along the way, climate phenomena, mining, handicrafts, residential areas, prices, customs and ethnic relations.
In the history of our country, Xu Xiake is the only person who has never received government funding and spent his whole life traveling and doing research for the purpose of exploring nature. Therefore, he is known as "the proud son of the motherland" and stands among the geographers in China.