(202 BC-8 AD), the capital is in Chang 'an.

Liu Bang won the battle between Chu and Han, proclaimed himself emperor in 202 BC, and established the Western Han Dynasty, with its capital in Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi). Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, learned the lessons from the Qin Dynasty and adopted the policy of "sharing interest with the people", focusing on restoring and developing production. In terms of state institutions, it basically follows the Qin system, but it has also changed. Mainly to implement the system of parallel monarch and state, making it difficult for the influence of governors to expand too much. In the period of Emperor Wendi, Emperor Jingdi and Emperor Wudi, the threat of local state seal to centralization was further weakened, and the secretariat was established to supervise and control local political power. Selecting officials through inspection and recruitment is conducive to selecting outstanding talents. Economically, the salt and iron official camp is implemented; Attaching importance to building water conservancy projects and popularizing new production technologies have promoted the development of agricultural production; Through the reform of the currency system, the "money order" was promulgated, which increased the revenue of the state treasury. There has been a "cultural governance" with economic prosperity and social stability and the heyday of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The famous "Silk Road" is a trade corridor from China to West Asian countries opened in the Han Dynasty. Since the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the western regions have been under the territory of the Han Dynasty, which is related to the activities of sending personnel to the western regions many times during the Western Han Dynasty.

Dong Zhongshu, a master of Confucian ram studies in the Western Han Dynasty, advocated "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". After his transformation and elaboration, Confucianism became the ideological basis of feudal imperial rule, which had a great influence on the political culture of China feudal society. Sima Qian, the "Taishi Gong", wrote China's first biographical history book Historical Records. The invention of papermaking is an important contribution to human civilization. During the Western Han Dynasty, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and calendar also developed to a certain extent, and the integration and exchanges between ethnic groups were further strengthened.

Bureaucrats, nobles and landlords are increasingly annexing land and expanding their power, and the consorts in the imperial court have also mastered the political power to a very serious extent. All these aggravated the social contradictions and crises in the late Western Han Dynasty. In 8 AD, Wang Mang seized power, replaced the Han Dynasty as the emperor, and changed the country name to "Xin", thus ending the Western Han Dynasty.

Eastern Han Dynasty

The Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220) was founded by Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. He overthrew the new dynasty established by Wang Mang and restored the Han Dynasty ruled by Liu, known as the Eastern Han Dynasty.

In AD 25, with the help of outlaws, Liu Xiu defeated the usurper Wang Mang by force and won the throne. As the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, Han was still the title of the country, but Luoyang was the capital and Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty was the Jianwu year. In the second year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu ordered a comprehensive reform of the old policy carried out by Wang Mang, rectified the bureaucracy, and set up six ministers to take charge of state affairs, in order to further weaken the authority of the three fairs (Qiu, Situ, and); Abolish "official slaves"; Check the land and gradually stabilize people's lives. By the middle of 1 century, the Eastern Han Dynasty gradually recovered the strength of the former Han Dynasty after three generations of governance, namely, Emperor Guangwu (reigned in 58-76 AD) and Zhang (reigned in 76-89 AD). This period was called "the revival of Emperor Guangwu" by later generations.

In 89 AD, Emperor Gaozu Zhang ascended the throne at the age of ten, with the title of Yongyuan. Because He Di was young, the rule was entirely in the hands of Zhang Di's queen Dou Shi and younger brother Dou Xian. The autocratic power of the Dou family aroused the dissatisfaction of officials from top to bottom. In 92 AD, He Di joined forces with eunuch Zheng Zhong and others to destroy Dou's family, and Zheng Zhong was sealed for his merits. Since then, eunuchs have increasingly participated in the political rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In addition, eunuchs have always been favored by the imperial capitals of the Han Dynasty, and their rights reached an unbounded level during the period of Huan (132- 167) and Ling (168- 189).

In A.D. 189, Emperor Ling died and He Taihou came to Korea. At that time, the eunuch in the palace was authoritarian, and Dong Zhuo of Liangzhou led the troops into Luo, deposed Bian, killed He Taihou and made Liu Xie emperor, which was a contribution to the Han Dynasty. In fact, Xian Di did not have any rights after he acceded to the throne. Dong Zhuo monopolized the power and was cruel and overbearing, which made local officials have some resistance in dispatching troops, gradually forming a separatist situation, and the unified dynasty actually ceased to exist. Later Xian Di was controlled by Cao Cao; In 220 AD, Cao Cao's second son, Cao Pi, forced Xian Di to abdicate, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was declared dead, which was followed by another long-term division in the history of China-the Three Kingdoms period.

The Eastern Han Dynasty followed many principles and policies of the Western Han Dynasty, and made adjustments and reforms in some aspects to make it more suitable for the social situation at that time. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the regime further strengthened its integration with local forces, which made the country tend to be stable and surpassed the level of the Western Han Dynasty in economy, culture, science and technology. In A.D. 105, Cai Lun reformed the paper-making technology on the basis of predecessors, which made China's writing record way out of the era of using bamboo slips. At the same time, papermaking, as one of the well-known four great inventions of ancient china, has been passed down to this day. Another contribution of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the later generations was the development of ceramic industry, which made China get rid of the material bondage of the Bronze Age completely and brought some items that were previously only owned by the rich and nobles into the homes of ordinary people.

In natural science, the academic circles of the Eastern Han Dynasty, represented by Zhang Heng, made great achievements. However, Zhang Heng made scientific instruments such as "armillary sphere" and "seismograph" with superb technology, and the production principles of these instruments are still widely used today. In addition, Hua Tuo, a famous doctor at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was the first surgeon to perform surgical treatment on anesthesia patients since records began, and his "Five-Animal Play" was the first set of gymnastics fitness activities in China.

By the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy and painting were not only used as characters and graphic symbols, but also their artistic status was gradually revealed. Although the number of artworks handed down in the Eastern Han Dynasty is small, we can still get a glimpse of China culture.

The Eastern Han Dynasty lasted for twelve emperors, and in 95 * * *.

Wei (220-265)

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuch dictatorship, consorts' struggle for power, political corruption, economic dominance by powerful people, educational monopoly, warlord brutality and official corruption emerged one after another. /kloc-in 0/84, Zhang Jiao, the leader of Taiping's sweeping campaign, led the Yellow Scarf Army to revolt, and "seven states and twenty-eight counties rose at the same time" and "the world responded and the capital shook." The Eastern Han Dynasty launched various armies to suppress it. Sun Jian was appointed as another Sima because of the meritorious military service; Liu Bei was also appointed as Anxi County Commandant for his meritorious military service.

After the yellow turban insurrectionary army was suppressed, the whole country was divided up by local warlords and scuffled everywhere.

The government of the Eastern Han Dynasty, with Cao Cao as the prime minister, unified northern China. Cao Cao took control of the central government. In 220, Cao Pi, the son of Cao Cao, seized power, ousted the emperor Liu Xie and established the Wei Dynasty.

A year later, Liu Bei, who claimed to be a royal family, established Shu Han in Sichuan, and the following year Sun Quan established Wu Dynasty in Wuchang, becoming the Three Kingdoms, which was called the Three Kingdoms in history.

Wei imperial system

Emperor Cao Cao

Wendy Cao Pi (220-226)

Cao Rui, Ming Di (227-239)

Cao Fang (240-254)

Cao Mao (254-260)

Cao Huan, Emperor Yuan (260-265)

The Jin Dynasty, from 265 AD to 420 AD, was a dynasty ruled by the Han nationality.

In the second year of Wei Xianxi (265), Sima Yan, the king of Jin, seized power and established the Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, then Chang 'an as its successor and four emperors. In the fourth year of Jianxing (3 16), it was destroyed by Liu, a Hun, and was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In the first year of Jianwu (3 17), Si Marui, the evil king of Langang, was promoted to the throne of the south of the Yangtze River, and all of them were in Jiankang, where eleven emperors lived. In the second year of Yuanxi (420), it was destroyed by Emperor Wu of Song Wudi, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.

Western Jin Dynasty (265-3 17)

In the first year of Jin Taikang (280), Wu was razed and the north and south were unified. There are 19 states, 173 counties and countries in China, including Si, Ji, Yan, Yu, Jing, Xu, Qing, Yang, You, Ping, He, Yong, Liang, Yi, Ning, Jiao and Guang. More than 2.4 million households.

Brief introduction of eastern Jin dynasty

(AD 3 17- AD 420) was a small court established in the south by the descendants of the Western Jin Dynasty. Although today we write it as a dynasty in the ancient history of China, in fact, the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is limited to the land south of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the interior was once divided.

During this period, the northern part of China was always controlled by the post-Zhao Dynasty and the former Qin Dynasty, which lasted for two eras-the Eastern Jin Dynasty-the Sixteen Countries and the Southern and Northern Dynasties-for nearly 300 years.

After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han people established the Eastern Jin regime in Jiangdong. In 3 17 AD, Si Marui, the imperial clan of the Jin Dynasty, who was guarding Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), rebuilt the Jin family in the south of the Yangtze River, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. The Eastern Jin regime maintained a long-term local rule and was replaced by the established Song in 420 AD. * * * Enjoy the country 103, and continue for four generations 1 1 emperor.

In 3 16 AD, Sima Ye, the last emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty, was captured, which declared the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. However, some old ministers of the Jin Dynasty are not reconciled to the fate of national subjugation, and are still active all over the country, ready to restore the rule of the Jin Dynasty. 13 17, Si Marui, the king of Langya, became emperor in Jiankang with the support of clans in the Central Plains and Nandu in the south of the Yangtze River. His country name is still Jin, and he is the emperor of Jinyuan. Because he settled in Jiangnan after the Western Jin Dynasty, historians call it the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 346 AD, Huan Wen, the general of Anxi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, attacked Shu, and in March of the following year, he conquered Chengdu, and the Han Cheng regime, which controlled the upper reaches of Hanshui River and Sichuan Basin, perished. At this point, the Eastern Jin Dynasty unified the south and confronted the post-Zhao Dynasty across the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties are the most frequent periods of regime change in China's history. Due to the long-term feudal regime and constant wars, the development of China culture in this period was particularly affected. Its outstanding performance is the rise of metaphysics, the introduction of Buddhism, the prosperity of Taoism and the introduction of Persian and Greek culture. During the 360-odd years from Wei to Sui, during the alternation of more than 30 dynasties, due to the interaction and infiltration of many new cultural factors mentioned above, the development of Confucianism and the image and historical position of Confucius in this period became complicated.

During the Han and Wei Dynasties, Cao Cao rose in the north, and his thoughts and political measures were based on the rule of law and morality, which influenced the whole era. In the ideological theory, the study of criminal names, which embodies the combination of Tao and law, once occupied a dominant position.

During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the combination of Taoism and law gradually disintegrated, and the metaphysical trend of thought with Taoism as the skeleton began to sublate the concept of name and law in the early Wei and Jin Dynasties, and instead criticized the scholars of Confucianism and law. In this way, Wei Chu's metaphysics formed and developed on the basis of the combination of Tao and Tao has been further strengthened.

In the late Western Jin Dynasty, metaphysical thoughts developed to extremes. At this point, the freedom advocated by metaphysics destroyed and disintegrated the feudal regime both in theory and in behavior, which caused dissatisfaction within metaphysics and Confucian scholars, thus setting off a critical trend of thought against Taoism and metaphysics.

During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the popularity of Buddhism, especially the development of Prajna paramita, largely depended on the ideas, languages and methods of Taoism and metaphysics, so there was a trend that metaphysics and Buddhism merged. Therefore, Confucian scholars in this period not only continued to criticize Taoism and metaphysics, but also criticized Buddhism with Confucianism's entry into the WTO and humanistic tradition. They stood in the position of maintaining the famous Confucian religion, cleared up the influence of Buddhism from the aspects of economy, politics, thought, culture and ethics, and tried to restore the orthodox position of Confucianism, but they all lacked sufficient theoretical system and creativity.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, a new situation appeared in the ideological and cultural field, which was different from that in the Jin Dynasty. Metaphysics is silent, and Buddhism and Taoism continue to develop. Buddhism has translated a large number of scriptures, which have been widely circulated and penetrated into all levels of politics, economy, society, folk customs and culture. Confucianism is facing severe challenges. Due to the rapid expansion of Buddhism, the relationship between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and its historical pattern have undergone new changes. The focus of Confucian scholars' ideological and cultural criticism turned from metaphysics of Laozi and Zhuangzi to Buddhism, and a large number of anti-Buddhist thinkers emerged.

Although the development of China culture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties became more and more complicated, Confucianism did not stop, on the contrary, it made great progress. After the fierce impact of metaphysics and Buddhism and Taoism, Confucius' position and theory faded away from the mysterious elements and theological cloak added by the God-making movement in the Han Dynasty and began to show more vitality. As far as the academic trend of thought and metaphysical trend of thought in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are concerned, they all reflect the desire of some intellectuals to reform, develop and supplement Confucianism at that time to some extent. They are not satisfied with the solidification, dogmatism and theology of Confucianism, so they put forward philosophical concepts such as existence, practice and origin to demonstrate the rationality of Confucian famous religion. Although they advocate metaphysics, in fact, they constantly infiltrate the Confucian spirit in their metaphysical talk, advocating that Confucius is higher than Laozi and Zhuangzi, and that the famous teachings are natural. Although there was a dispute between Confucianism and Buddhism in this period, Confucianism was not always in an orthodox position because of the combination of Confucianism and political power. Buddhism and Taoism had to agree with the patriarchal ethics of Confucianism, and gradually formed a trend of integration of the three religions with Confucianism as the core.

The so-called "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" is a compound word called by several dynasties. Although there are only five words, it can contain dozens of dynasties or countries.

We might as well start with the word "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties". Wei refers to Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period, Jin mainly refers to the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty established by Sima Jia (at this time, the northern part was the era of "five lakes and sixteen countries"), and "Southern and Northern Dynasties" refers to several dynasties that confronted the north and south at that time, including Song Qi Liang Chen in the south and Northern Wei Chen in the north.

In addition to the word Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there is also the usage of "Six Dynasties" to refer to this period. The Six Dynasties refer to Sun Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. These dynasties are basically the same as Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The characteristic is that these six dynasties were established in Jiangdong area, and all countries are building health (or building powers, that is, Nanjing today).

The Three Kingdoms, including Wei, Shu and Wu, were founded by Cao Cao and his son, Liu Bei and Sun Quan respectively.

The era of Cao Wei began in 220 AD. Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and made Luoyang its capital, which was called Wei or Cao Wei in history. Covering the entire Yellow River Basin, Huaihe River Basin, Jiangbei in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and most areas in Gansu, Shaanxi and Liaoning. He died in 265 AD, after 46 years of five emperors.

Shu Han was a country founded by Liu Bei. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called Shu or Shu in history. The ruling area includes all of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou and a part of Shaanxi. It was destroyed by Cao Wei in 263 AD, which lasted for 43 years.

Sun Wu is a country founded by Sun Quan. In 222 AD, Sun Quan was called the King of Wu, and in 229, he became emperor, with the title of Wu State and Jianye as its capital, which was called Sun Wu or in history. The ruling areas are the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong and Guangxi. In 280 AD, it was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, which lasted for 59 years.

The Jin Dynasty was divided into the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 265 AD, Dai Wei proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Jin and Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin in history. In 280 AD, Wu was destroyed and the whole country was unified. After the division since Qin and Han Dynasties, it was reunited. The ruling territory extends to the sea in the east and south, to Qingji in the west, to Yunnan and Guangxi in the southwest, to the desert in the north and to Liaodong in the east.

However, shortly after the death of Emperor Wu of Jin, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" broke out among the royal families, and the nomadic people who moved into the fortress since Cao Wei also took the opportunity to rise up and claim the title of emperor, and the whole country fell into a situation of division and melee.

Liu Yuan, a Hun, established the Han regime (later renamed Zhao, known in history). In 3 16 AD, Liu Yao, the son of Liu Yuan, captured Chang 'an and Di Chin, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. * * * lasted for four emperors for fifty-two years. Since then, the north has entered the so-called "five shells and sixteen countries" era.

Si Marui, the imperial clan of the Jin Dynasty, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty in the south, occupying today's Yangtze River, Pearl River and Huaihe River basins, with Jiankang as its capital, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. In 420 AD, Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty changed his name to Song and died in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. * * * lasted for eleven emperors. 104. The Jin Dynasty lasted 15 emperor, 156 years.

From the reign of Liu Yuan in 304 AD, the northern nationalities established their own kingdoms, until the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north, which was established by the Xianbei Tuoba nationality in 439 AD, with a calendar of 135 years. During this period, * * * six races established their own kingdoms, including Yun,

Xiongnu, Xianbei, Bian, Qiang and Jie; The ruling areas of these kingdoms are distributed in the north and Sichuan, including Cheng Han (Li), Xia (He Lian of Xiongnu), (Liu of Xiongnu), Hou Zhao (the history of Jie), Qian Qin (Fu Shi of clan), Hou Qin (Qiang) and Xi Qin (Qi Fu Shi of Xianbei). Wei of Ran Min of Han nationality, Xiyan of Murong of Xianbei nationality and Daiguo, the predecessor of Northern Wei dynasty, are not included, which is called the era of "five shells and sixteen countries" in history.

At this time, these countries are at war with each other. Just before Jian 'an, the north was once unified, but the time was not long.

The Southern Dynasties were divided into four generations: Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. The Song Dynasty was established after Emperor Wu of Song seized power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420 AD. The name of the country is Song, and Jiankang is its capital. Because the royal family surnamed Liu, it was called in history.

When it was strong, it ruled the south of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin, which was the largest area in the Southern Dynasties. Later, Henan and Huaibei were gradually seized by the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 479 AD, it was usurped by Xiao Daocheng who lived for eight emperors for 60 years.

In 479 AD, the State of Qi was building its capital, with the title Qi and Jiankang. In the Northern Dynasties, in order to distinguish it from the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was called Nanqi in history, so it was called Nanqi because the royal family surnamed Xiao.

The ruling areas include the provinces in the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Basin, and there is also chaos in the east. In 502 AD, it was usurped by Xiao Yan and lasted for seven emperors and 24 years.

Liang, built in 502 AD, is called Liang, the capital of Jiankang, and the royal family is Xiao, so it is called Liang. At that time, Liang Wudi's national strength was quite strong, and its ruling area included all the places in the Yangtze River Basin and the Pearl River Basin. Huaibei and Hanzhong were also once acquired. It was occupied by Chen Baxian in 557 AD and lasted for 56 years.

Chen, in 557 AD, Dai Liang proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Chen and Jiankang as the capital. The provinces whose ruling areas include the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Basin are the smallest in the Southern Dynasties. It was destroyed by the Sui Dynasty in 589, which lasted for 33 years.

The Northern Dynasties are mainly Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties.

The Northern Wei Dynasty was founded by the Tuoba Department of Xianbei nationality. Its predecessor was a surrogate country in the Sixteen Kingdoms period. After the Battle of Feishui, Tuoba GUI rebuilt Daiguo, and later renamed it Wei, which was called Northern Wei in history, or Tuoba GUI and Wei Yuan.

In 398 AD, Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) was established as its capital, and in 399 AD, it was renamed emperor, gradually annexing Xia, Beiyan and Beiliang among the sixteen countries.

In 439 AD, the north was unified, and the ruling area reached the Mongolian Plateau in the north, Dongjiang in the west and Liaoxi in the northeast. Nanda extends the Huaihe River and Qinling Mountains as the boundary, and confronts Liu Song in the south.

The Northern Wei Dynasty was quite powerful. In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen TaBaHong moved to Luoyang and carried out a series of sinicization movements. However, due to various factors, the confrontation between the two camps of sinicization and anti-sinicization led to the "Six Towns Rebellion" and the disintegration of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

In 534 AD, the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty were divided and ruled by the Yellow River. After the Eastern Wei Dynasty, it was replaced by the Northern Qi Dynasty, and the Western Wei Dynasty was replaced by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. From Tuoba GUI's establishment of Wei Dynasty to the demise of the Western Wei Dynasty in 557 AD, * * * lasted 17 emperor, 17 1 year, which was the longest neutral country in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

During the Eastern Wei Dynasty, in 534 AD, Xiao Wu of the Northern Wei Dynasty was often frightened by the powerful general Gao Huan and fled to Guanzhong.

Gao Huan established Yuan as Emperor Xiaojing and moved his capital to Ye (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province), which is known as the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history.

The ruling area includes the area east of Luoyang, that is, the territory of the former Northern Wei Dynasty. It was replaced by Levin (Gao) in 550 A.D. and continued in the Eastern Wei Dynasty 17.

In the Western Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty entered the customs in 534 AD and was greeted by General Yu Wentai. In 535 AD, Yu Wentai poisoned Emperor Xiaowu and established Yuanbao as Wei Wendi, with its capital in Chang 'an, known as the Western Wei Dynasty in history. The ruling area includes the area west of Luoyang, the territory of the former Northern Wei Dynasty, Yizhou, Xiangyang and other places. In 557 AD, it was replaced by Yu Wenjue (son Wen Tai), and the Western Wei Dynasty lasted for 24 years.

In the Northern Qi Dynasty, in 550 AD, Gao, a general of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, seized the political power of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, and made his capital in Ye. In order to distinguish it from Xiao Qi in the Southern Dynasties, it was called Beiqi in history and Gaoqi because of the high surname of the royal family. The ruling area is equivalent to the territory of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. It was destroyed by the Northern Zhou Dynasty in 557 AD, which lasted for eight emperors and twenty-eight years.

In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, in 557 AD, Yu Wenjue, the general of the Western Wei Dynasty, seized the Western Wei regime and proclaimed himself emperor. The date of the founding of the People's Republic of China is Zhou, all in Chang 'an, which is called Northern Zhou in history. Because the royal family is Yuwen, it is also called Yuwen Zhou.

In 577 AD, the Northern Qi Dynasty perished, and the northern part of China was unified. Jiangbei and Huainan continued to be captured, and the ruling area extended to the north bank of the Yangtze River. It was replaced by Sui Dynasty in 58 1 year, which lasted for 5 emperors and 25 years.

In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty usurped the throne with the title of Sui. In 583 AD, Daxing (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) established its capital, and in 589 AD, Nanchen was destroyed, ending the division between the North and the South and unifying the whole country. The ruling territory extends to the sea in the east and south, to the east of Xinjiang in the west, to Yunnan and Guangxi in the southwest, to the desert in the north and to the Liaohe River in the east.