There is also a book that reads like a bone stick, with no meat but bone marrow. You must push your mind to a corner, exercise strong muscles, use your wisdom to break bones and eat bone marrow. Bone marrow (saturated fat, a small amount of amino acids, plus a small amount of phosphorus-not as nutritious as an egg) is not much better than chicken soup. It doesn't matter whether you eat or not. You will find that your thinking is much stronger.
He, Daniel Kahneman, was born in Tel Aviv, now Israel, on 1934. 1940, the family went bankrupt and fled to Vichy, France. 1944 father died of improper treatment of diabetes. Just six weeks before D-Day, he waited in despair and was allowed to join the Palestinian family. The only pastime abroad is to write to yourself-to yourself. I wrote My Thought, in which Pascal's famous saying "Faith is something that God can make people feel" was quoted approvingly, and then I went on to point out that this real spiritual experience may be rare and unreliable. How much the child wants a normal life.
At the age of seventeen, he applied for military service and made up his mind to be a psychiatrist in the army. Because all the questions that interest him are philosophical-the meaning of life, the existence of God and the reasons for not doing bad things. But he found that he was more interested in what made people believe in God, not the existence of God, and more interested in the origin of people's special beliefs about right and wrong, not ethics. Since the age of seventeen, he has carefully remembered the conscious and unconscious behaviors of groups and recorded people's behaviors and psychology in life, work and the army. Two years later, I got my first degree from Hebrew University in Jerusalem, majoring in psychology and minoring in mathematics. I am keen on the works of Kurt Lewin, a social psychologist, and deeply influenced by his living space map, in which motivation is expressed as a force field acting on individuals from the outside, pushing and pulling in all directions.
1954 graduated from Hebrew University in Israel with a bachelor's degree in psychology and mathematics. In 2002, Daniel Kahneman, an Israeli professor at Princeton University, won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics.
Thinking, Fast and Slow ——20 1 1 is one of the top ten books in The New York Times, which is the representative work of Daniel Kahneman, the Nobel laureate in economics, and is known as the Bible in the research field of "judgment under uncertainty". This book contains 35 classic papers, which are divided into 10 parts, and brings together classic works on judgment and reasoning research, basically including all the most authoritative documents in the field of judgment research at present, which has great theoretical and application value.
How can a person with such a tortuous life write a boring and hard-core psychological experiment into a book and let us experience the ultimate journey of thinking?
He thinks that our brains have two ways to make decisions: fast and slow. The commonly used unconscious "system I" relies on emotion, memory and experience to make quick judgments, thus making quick responses to the present situation. But the system 1 is also easily fooled. It adheres to the principle of "seeing is believing" and allows illusions such as aversion to loss and optimistic prejudice to guide us to make wrong choices. Conscious "System 2" analyzes and solves problems and makes decisions by mobilizing attention. Slow, not easy to make mistakes, but lazy, often take shortcuts, and directly use the intuitive judgment result of system 1.
He used an angry face and an algorithm problem of 17 23 to reveal the different working modes of 1 system and 2 system. You can know whether a person is angry or not without thinking, but you need to mobilize system 2 to calculate 17 23. There are many interesting examples in the book, such as priming effect. People's behavior will affect their mood. Put a pencil in your mouth, you will smile, and then you will really think that you are in a good mood. Environment will also affect your behavior. A pair of eyes attached to the wall instead of a flower will make you consciously abide by the rules of the game.
The system 1 is not good at questioning. Faced with the probability problem that requires dialectical thinking, we often focus on the surface rather than scientifically judge the sample size. The risk of error in small samples is much higher than 50% in large samples, that is to say, the probability of correct judgment based on small samples is similar to the probability of coin toss. The causal explanation of random events must be wrong. At the same time, he also listed many anchoring effects and suggestive effects that can be seen everywhere in life. He proposed to use the usability heuristic method scientifically: influenced by unexpected events, people tend to overestimate their efforts and underestimate their gains, and people should remember their contributions and efforts more clearly than others.
Self-confidence includes self-confidence and self-confidence in tools, so self-confidence is not 100% belief. The future is unpredictable. When can we trust the intuition of experts? That is, experts have professional knowledge background and regular environment in this field, so their intuition is reliable. The fallacy of the plan is only a manifestation of the prevailing optimism and prejudice. Most of us think that the world is beautiful, but it is not as beautiful as we think. We feel that our contribution is great, but it's not that great. We think the goal we set is easy to achieve, but the possibility of achieving it is not that great. We also tend to exaggerate our ability to predict the future, which may lead to optimistic overconfidence and thus affect our decision-making. We feel that our position in others' minds is very heavy, but it is not that heavy; We think that we are in other people's hearts and have been paying attention to ourselves. Actually, everyone is very busy. No one cares more about himself than others. But don't underestimate yourself. Everything is related to subjective judgment. It will be more scientific to set the correction parameter to vigilance.
The relationship between our utility/feeling/happiness and wealth emphasizes "the phenomenon of diminishing marginal value of wealth". Ordinary people do not calculate their expectations according to the amount of wealth, but according to the corresponding utility/feeling of wealth. In other words, in the face of risk and probability, how to choose is not fixed, but different according to one's financial resources and preferences. On the basis of Bernoulli's wealth utility, the concept of "loss aversion" is further emphasized. The "utility/feeling" emphasized by Bernoulli depends not only on what state we are in, but also on the process of reaching this state. Compared with gain, loss brings us greater negative utility.
When playing a symphony in a record, the ending will produce disgusting sound due to scratches on the CD, and a bad ending will often "ruin the whole experience". But what is actually destroyed is not the experience, but the memory of it. The experiential self has a nearly perfect experience, and the bad ending cannot be erased, because this experience has already happened. The audience defined the whole experience as failure, because the ending was bad, but they ignored the happiness brought by 40 minutes of music. Is the actual experience really worthless? No, experience and decision-making are different.
This book is difficult to read. I can only read a few chapters or 3-5 theories at a time. Although I finished reading it on 20 19, I wrote this article today and reread the outline and key chapters as quickly as possible. Today's thinking question is a story about the growth of celebrity writing. In retrospect, there are many famous people, but the one who has the greatest influence on my thinking is Daniel Kahneman. He makes my thinking logical, avoids many obvious prejudices and misunderstandings, and makes my decision more scientific. Writing a celebrity for the first time, then I salute you-Daniel Kahneman.
Great thoughts are great because they look at problems, phenomena and essence from different heights. If we can read his books easily, we should stand at a height close to giants.