(A) the historical evolution of domestic community sports construction

In the mid-1980s, with the deepening of China's modernization and urbanization, the bud of urban community sports appeared, which is a sports association with urban neighborhood committees and rural towns as the main body. However, the development scale of this kind of community sports is relatively small and the organization and distribution are scattered. In the late 1990s, with the deepening of economic system reform and management system reform, the state issued a series of policies, which promoted the rapid development of urban communities and community sports. At present, community sports in China are mainly carried out in some big cities and economically developed rural towns. Community sports has begun to take shape, but it still has the characteristics of unbalanced development, imperfect system and immature organization. For a long time, community sports in China have been organized by units, industries and systems. With the establishment of China's socialist market economic system and operating mechanism, the single mode of state-owned sports has gradually changed, forming a sports development mode of tripartite cooperation among the state (unit), society and individuals, and starting to move towards the socialized sports development path of national macro-management, social demand adjustment and individual active participation, which has created historical opportunities for the great development of community sports.

2 1 century is an important period of social and economic development and modernization in China, and the country has entered a new development stage of building a well-off society in an all-round way and building a harmonious society. With the rapid development of China's economy and the progress of social civilization, people have gradually changed from "unit people" to "social people"; The improvement of material and cultural living standards and the change of production mode and lifestyle determine that people's sports demand for leisure, entertainment and self-improvement presents a diversified and personalized trend. When people's sports needs are not met at work and the government no longer provides many specific sports services, people's interest in sports will begin to shift from work to society. Community sports with the characteristics of proximity and convenience will become an important way for people to meet the needs of sports, and the status of community sports in social sports will continue to improve.

With the development of economic globalization, the level of sports development has gradually become an important symbol to measure a country's comprehensive national strength and urban civilization. The successful hosting of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games will be a good opportunity for China's urban development and will play a positive role in community construction and community sports development. Urban community sports will be the focus of urban community construction and sports development in China in the next 50 years. Under the background of social transformation, community sports will receive unprecedented attention.

(B) the practical experience of some foreign sports associations

The research on community sports in foreign countries rose in the 1960s and 1970s, which is closely related to the era of rapid economic growth and social change. As an important way of social control, community sports has been highly valued. Judging from the research situation in Europe, America and Japan in recent years, it is common to study community sports participation, community sports organization structure, community sports model, community sports methods and effect evaluation by using social action theory. The theoretical research of community sports has greatly promoted the development of sports practice. The national fitness movement in the United States began with the "leisure movement" at the end of 19. At present, American communities have achieved a one-mile camping, cycling or fitness path for every 65,438+0,000 people, a public swimming pool for every 25,000 people and an open leisure park for every 65,438+0,000 people. There are many sports in American communities: football, table tennis, badminton, basketball, tennis, softball, rugby, swimming, gymnastics, skating, skiing, golf, taekwondo, and many sports venues, such as golf courses, tennis courts, swimming pools, fish ponds and campsites. , you can ride, glide, model airplane and other sports activities.

There are about 29 million adults aged 0-6 per kloc in Britain who take part in sports activities. The basic sports and fitness facilities in the community are mainly provided by local authorities. The government encourages every local government to formulate a leisure strategy to ensure that there are enough sports facilities to meet local needs. There is a community sports center for every 25,000 people in Britain. Can carry out 17 sports, namely badminton, basketball, bowling, squash, futsal, aerobics, indoor hockey, judo, karate, fitness, dance, tennis, disco, roller skating, table tennis, trampoline, volleyball, etc.

1975, Singapore divided the whole country into 15 sports facilities according to population distribution, and stipulated that sports centers must be built in residential areas with about 200,000 people. Its standards are: 3 50m swimming pools, 3 gymnasiums the size of badminton courts, 29 tennis courts, 6 basketball courts, 1 fitness room. By 2000, 15 regional sports fitness centers had been built. The sports center can provide the following items: badminton, volleyball, basketball, English women's basketball, table tennis and mini tennis; Establish jogging and walking roads in an environment similar to parks, and establish relatively concentrated fitness points such as Tai Chi and martial arts; Provide modern gyms, including equipment to lose weight and improve heart and lung function; Teaching films and videos of dancing and aerobic exercise are shown to residents. Beginners' courses are offered to teach housewives and the elderly more than one basic skill of sports activities, so that sports can play a key role in the process of forming a healthy lifestyle.

1964 After the Tokyo Olympic Games, the focus of Japanese sports shifted from competitive sports to popularization, and community sports in Japan also developed at this time. The organizational carriers of community sports in Japan mainly include comprehensive community sports clubs, community sports centers and various community sports clubs. The construction of community sports center embodies hierarchy, which is divided into three levels: grass-roots community, cities, towns and counties. In the mid-1980s, people regarded sports as a means to enrich their amateur cultural life, and tried to realize their self-worth through sports, emphasizing self-discipline and creativity in participating in sports. This change has a great influence on people's fitness activities. Japanese fitness activities are centered on softball, baseball and billiards, and table tennis, badminton, running, gateball, beauty gymnastics, aerobic gymnastics, skating, swimming and billiards are also widely carried out.

The experience of practical development of community sports abroad tells us that the development of community sports needs to rationally integrate the limited community sports resources, constantly improve the management system of community sports, gradually improve the organization system of community sports, enrich the activities and realize the potential cultural and educational functions of community sports. The construction and development of community sports is an important content in the process of social transformation in China. Taking the community as the unit and sports culture as the carrier, promoting the sports participation of community residents, forming a healthy sports lifestyle, strengthening the organizational structure and cultural integration function of the community, meeting the growing diversified and personalized sports needs of community residents, improving the health quality of the whole nation, and cultivating social people with all-round and harmonious physical and mental development are the important tasks of China's sports development facing the 2008 Olympic Games, and also the core issues of Beijing's community sports construction and development.

Second, the development of community sports in Beijing

In terms of national fitness, the Special Sports Plan of Beijing Olympic Action Plan (hereinafter referred to as the Plan) points out that sports organizations, fitness facilities, physical fitness tests, social sports instructors, fitness guidance and group activities should be implemented. Six-step community activities should be combined with the construction of Olympic cultural environment to enrich the connotation and practice of "humanistic Olympics" and promote the development of sports culture. At present, the construction of community sports in Beijing has made some progress in these six aspects.

(1) Community sports organizations have begun to take shape. The goal of the Plan is to establish sports organizations in 100% community neighborhood committees. At present, 126 sub-district offices and 240 1 community neighborhood committees have established sports associations in this city, and the community has spontaneously established sports clubs. The 18 community neighborhood committee affiliated to Andingmen Sub-district Office in Dongcheng District has 12 community sports fitness clubs with different projects. The Honglian Community Neighborhood Committee of Guangwai Street in Xuanwu District established a membership-based fitness club.

(two) equipped with a corresponding number of fitness facilities. The goal of "Planning" is to implement the plan for the allocation of national fitness facilities in Beijing, with an annual allocation area of over 700,000 square meters, so that every 2,500 citizens can have a national fitness facility. By 2008, more than 50% of the national fitness facilities will be updated. In recent years, the city has built 3,874 national fitness projects with a total area of 2.83 million square meters. In 2003, the city built a 3 1 national fitness standard project, equipped with 500 backboards and 500 badminton nets. At present, 0/00% streets, 0/00% towns and conditional community neighborhood committees in this city have been equipped with national fitness projects. Yellow and white community fitness facilities have become a landscape of the city. There are nearly a thousand cultural squares in Beijing with an area of over 500 square meters. Chongwen District goes all out to promote the construction of "Beijing Olympic Boutique Corridor". Yanqing Sports and Culture Park in Qinghe Street, Haidian District has been put into use. Tianqiao Street Fitness Center, Youth Outdoor Activity Camp and Muxiyuan Guang Cai Gymnasium Basketball Square, Olympic Demonstration Community and Longtan Lake Sports Theme Park, Zhongguancun Sports Building, Beiqing Sports Fitness Park and Beianhe Sports Park will be built one after another.

(3) Establish a national physical fitness test station. The "Planning" points out that in the next six years, a follow-up survey of the city's physical fitness monitoring will be carried out every two years to dynamically observe the changes of citizens' physical fitness and release the results of Beijing citizens' physical fitness monitoring. By 2005, 50% of community neighborhood committees and 20% of towns and villages will establish national physical fitness testing stations, and strive to reach 100% in 2008. In 2008, all districts and counties will establish well-equipped and technologically advanced mobile testing stations for national physique. At present, the sports population in this city was 4 1.83% in 2000 and reached 49.47% in 2002. In 2003, more than half of the city's total population participated in fitness activities for more than 20 minutes every day. At present, there are 126 sub-district offices in the city that have built national physical fitness testing stations, and 50 of them have been upgraded. By 2005, the sports population in our city will reach 50%, including 55% in cities and 60% in 2008. It will reach about 70% in 20 10, and the national physical fitness test is expected to pass more than 80%.

(four) there are a certain number of social sports instructors engaged in fitness guidance. There are currently 174 10 social sports instructors in Beijing, of whom 7,622 work in the morning and evening exercise counseling station of 38 1 1 in Beijing, providing fitness guidance for more than one million bodybuilders. Social sports instructors in Beijing include organization, management and technical guidance instructors. At present, there are 85 national first-class certified sports instructors, 809 first-class, 4,939 second-class and 3 1 1577 third-class. The goal of the plan is that by 2008, the number of social sports instructors in the city will reach 22,000.

(five) to carry out large-scale collective activities. Beijing actively explores and promotes portable, small-scale, practical, healthy and civilized sports fitness methods, and constantly introduces activity organization forms that meet the needs of the masses. From 65438 to 0997, the national fitness festival was held, and its scale was expanded year by year. The 1 th Sports Festival held more than 5,000 events with more than 2 million participants. In 2003, the 4th Sports Festival held more than 7,000 events with 3.865 million participants. In 2003, nearly 7.7 million people in the city participated in national fitness activities. In Madian community, street dance and Latin dance, which are popular among young people, are set up in the counseling station. Every night, there are more than 100 dance lovers in Madian Qiaotou and Yuandadu Ruins Park. In 2004, Beijing held various theme activities, such as "Charming Beijing, Cultural Olympics-Juyongguan Wan Li Great Wall Tai Ji Chuan Performance", "National Fitness and Olympic Walking" and "Athens-Beijing Walking".

(six) to develop a series of plans to carry out sports and cultural publicity activities. From 65438 to 0995, Beijing began to carry out the National Fitness Publicity Week, which promoted the development of mass sports, stimulated the sports economy and promoted the development and perfection of the national fitness service industry. Beijing advocates "six combinations", that is, combining everyone's fitness with Olympic counterparts, combining fitness week with group work, combining large-scale activities with small-scale activities at the grass-roots level, combining fitness week with promoting fitness methods, publicizing and establishing sports lottery image with fitness week, and combining fitness week with scientific guidance, which has certain guiding significance for doing well in fitness week activities. By making a series of plans, community sports can be carried out in a targeted and planned way, such as the Olympic action plan of Haidian District, the sports industry plan of Haidian District, and the management measures of the national construction project of Haidian District, which has effectively promoted the development of national fitness and mass sports activities. Since 2004, Haidian District has shifted the focus of publicity to the community, offering fitness classes in the community to directly guide residents' fitness.

Although the community sports work in Beijing has been carried out to a certain extent, there are still many shortcomings, such as the limitations of community sports service targets. Community sports mainly serve the elderly and preschool children because they have more time to participate. For young and middle-aged people, busy work makes them have no more time to exercise, and they also lack the awareness of physical exercise, which makes community sports unable to exert its maximum effectiveness and is far from the goal of national fitness. Problems existing in community sports work, especially insufficient funds, imperfect venues and equipment, imperfect community sports management and lack of professional sports instructors, need to be improved in practice.

Third, the countermeasures and suggestions for the development of community sports in Beijing

The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games will provide a rare opportunity and impetus for the development of community sports in Beijing. Based on the experience of community sports in developed countries, this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions on how to promote the development of community sports in Beijing.

(1) On the basis of vigorously developing existing sports. At present, most community sports centers have gyms, swimming pools and ball halls. With the development of economy and the improvement of people's demand, we should carry out unique sports activities that can attract different groups. For example, most of the new fitness programs in Japanese community sports centers are emerging fitness methods, such as water aerobics, dumbbell gymnastics, soft volleyball, curling, women's boxing and so on. We should also pay attention to meeting the sports needs of different social groups. According to the sports needs of different groups, add some new sports, such as health care, herding, yoga, fiber gymnastics, boxing, street dance, development, rock climbing, shuttlecock and so on. In the choice of community sports activities, we should face the building of a well-off society in an all-round way and meet the arrival of the leisure era, and develop diversified and personalized leisure sports that can meet the needs of people at different levels.

(2) Pay attention to developing the comprehensive functions of community sports centers. American community sports centers have dressing rooms, halls, game rooms, club meeting rooms, fast food restaurants and reading rooms. The interior of community sports venues generally includes: lounge, dining room and refreshment room, dressing room and bathroom, office, equipment storage room, first aid facilities, laundry room and plant room. Larger community gymnasiums also include: club meeting rooms, gymnasiums, multifunctional second gymnasiums and fitness video rooms, staff rooms, physiotherapy rooms and all-weather outdoor stadiums. The sports facilities in foreign community sports centers are multifunctional. For example, in addition to various ball games, indoor gymnasiums can also hold exhibitions, gatherings, tuxedos and other community cultural activities. Develop the comprehensive functions of the community, make it a place for people's fitness, leisure and entertainment, a place for residents to make suggestions, hold community construction meetings, study the development of community construction, and better do a good job in community sports construction. In this regard, Guangzhou Qifu New Village Dawu community sports construction has been in the forefront of the country, and the experience and practices in developing the comprehensive functions of community sports are worth learning.

(3) Community sports center should be combined with urban cultural landscape. The combination of physical education and aesthetic education plays a more important role in promoting people's physical and mental development. Most foreign community sports centers are designed as part of community parks, and many facilities are integrated with parks. For example, the fitness paths of many community sports centers are built in parks, and swimming pools often become water entertainment facilities in parks at the same time. The community hall in Britain is built in the center of the community, and its beautiful appearance gives people a pleasing feeling. At present, many sports centers in Beijing can't form a humanistic landscape except hanging a sign outside to indicate that they are fitness places. This requires that special attention should be paid to the combination of sports center and urban cultural landscape in future planning to make Beijing's city more beautiful.

(D) Community sports construction should be combined with cultural construction. Foreign community sports culture mostly takes sports as the carrier, and integrates music, drama and other activities to carry out colorful community sports cultural activities. In order to run the 2004 Olympic Games well, Athens paid attention to the extensive development of Olympic education in schools and communities, and achieved good results. Beijing Olympic Games should learn from the successful experience of Athens, embody the characteristics of combining Olympic culture with community culture in community sports construction, promote the construction of community spiritual civilization with sports culture construction, and carry forward the community humanistic spirit with Olympic spirit. The goal of "Planning" is to select representative communities in eight districts of the city and build an Olympic sports community with complete sports facilities, rich sports activities, sound sports organizations and outstanding sports characteristics. At present, Beijing has had some successful experiences in building the Olympic brand cultural community, and has formed an Olympic cultural community with its own cultural characteristics. For example, the Andingmen Sub-district Office and the People's University of China Humanities Olympic Research Center took the lead in joining hands in the country to build the first "Chinese Cultural Community", the Li Anyuan Olympic Sports Brand Community in the Asian Games Village in Chaoyang District, and the Dongsi Olympic Community in Dongcheng District. In the construction of community sports culture, we should closely combine the development of sports activities with the construction of community culture, mobilize all positive factors, and further promote Chinese traditional culture.

(five) the establishment of community sports club instructor qualification and qualification examination system. At present, the qualification of sports instructors in China is basically out of line with the training of sports talents in colleges and universities and the occupation of sports social instructors. On the one hand, the lack of specialized sports management talents in community sports industry has become a bottleneck restricting the development of community sports industry; On the other hand, the sports professionals trained by colleges and universities cannot be accepted by the community sports industry or are unwilling to work in the community. At present, community construction instructors are mostly part-time, with great differences in age structure, gender structure, technology and cultural level. In contrast, American community amateur coaches must be trained for a certain period of time, pass the examination and take up their posts with certificates. Japan Sports Association trains sports instructors to provide services for community sports. According to the statistics of Japanese Ministry/province 1994, there are 69,633 social instructors in Japan, including 52,862 instructors in sports areas, and the ratio of community instructors to population is 1: 1500, which is far from China, ranging from 1994 to 6,500. Although 60,000 people in China have been awarded the title of social instructor, compared with the population in China, only 20,000 people and more than 7,000 exercisers can have 1 instructor, which has become a restrictive factor affecting the development of urban community sports in China.

(6) Integration and comprehensive utilization of community sports resources. Japan's School Education Law stipulates that school sports facilities must be open to the outside world. This makes it possible to develop many community sports clubs and recreational activities. In order to carry out community sports activities in the United States, the government and schools have jointly formulated a plan to make school facilities as open as possible to community residents. From 65438 to 0927, 32 states in the United States passed laws stipulating that "communities can use school buildings as community centers". There are 30,000 gymnasiums and nearly 20,000 comprehensive sports facilities in American primary and secondary schools. These provide rich resources for the development of community sports. There are schools in the community, and there are sports facilities in the school. At present, community sports do not make effective use of school resources. Mobilize community residents, institutions and groups to participate in the development of community sports, maximize the integration of community resources, promote the gathering of community sports resources and the sustainable development of community sports with policies, and realize the enjoyment of community sports.

The development of community sports in Beijing will have an important impact on the development of community sports in China, so we must attach great importance to the problems existing in community construction. To realize the above countermeasures and suggestions, national and local sports departments and leaders need to attach importance to community sports, Scientific Outlook on Development's guidance, the multi-party participation of social forces, the improvement of community sports organizations, the raising and implementation of funds, the enhancement of mass sports participation awareness and many other conditions, so as to continuously develop and improve community sports construction. Really become a place and an important place for national fitness, and also play a greater role in building a harmonious society in which everyone participates.