The topic of my research this time is the present situation and future of football in China. In the eyes of China people, China football seems to be a sensitive topic. It carries the hope of China's 65.438+300 million people, but it seems to be out of spirits. People pay attention to it in repeated failures. Every failure will cause an uproar in China, and more and more people lose confidence in it. In this regard, we decided to study this problem. Although we are small in number, we have done some research and investigation with enthusiasm for football in China. We start with the Chinese League, fans, the ball market and so on, using surveys, questionnaires, seminars and other ways, hoping to get some information. After more than one semester of research and investigation, we finally got some answers we wanted. The following is the report of our research study. Please forgive me if there is any extreme language.
Past articles
In the history of modern football, in the 20th century, China team gave people the impression of a century of humiliation, and many facts also showed that it was!
However, China was once brilliant. At the beginning of this century, modern football was introduced to China from Europe. "It depends on Mei Lanfang to watch the play and Li Huitang to watch the ball." This is a sentence that spread in Shanghai in the 1930s. In old China, a sports figure can be compared with the name of Mei Lanfang, a master of Peking Opera, and he really made a difference. He won the title of "Asian King" with tenacious struggle and superb skills. From 65438 to 0976, Li Huitang, together with Brazil's Pele, Britain's Matthews, Spanish Stifano and Hungarian Serbs, was rated as "the top five football players in the world" in the selection activities organized by an authoritative football magazine in the Federal Republic of Germany. At that time, China football gradually developed strongly in Asia. Together with Li Huitang, the first vanguard appeared, and for the first time, a regular team representing the country's foreign wars appeared. This is the beginning of football in China, and football has become the symbol of standardized competition in China. From 19 15 to 1934, China Far East Games won nine consecutive championships, and 1936 and 1948 were shortlisted for the Olympic Games twice. At this time, China football is the undisputed overlord in Asia.
Later, due to political and other reasons, there was a vacuum in the whole world football, and China football was no exception. However, the pace of football development in China has never stopped. After the founding of New China, China's national team went to study in Hungary and returned to China 1958. Unfortunately, it failed to reach the final of 1958 World Cup, which was quite a blow. Perhaps this should be regarded as the first major event of China football in the 20th century. Its far-reaching significance is not only the first time for the whole national team to study abroad, but also the first time for a foreign national team coach to appear. Most importantly, it has trained the first batch of modern football backbones for China. Li Fenglou, Chen Chengda and Nian Weiss will not only become the main players of the national team in the future, but also occupy the dominant position in China football for a longer period of time. Their own quality, ability and courage will directly affect the development of China football and dominate the fate of China football in the next few decades. Their descendants, whether as players, coaches or leaders, are deeply branded with their predecessors. So these people became the pioneers and founders of modern China football, which is the real source of what we call China football today. However, the national team, which is composed of these players who are close to the second-rate level in Europe, hit the World Cup ticket for the first time, that is, lost to the Indonesian team. This seems to be an ominous signal, which indicates a series of failures of China football since then.
In the following time, it was a long decade of "Cultural Revolution turmoil". In an era of "politics first", football is undoubtedly banned. After the reform and opening up, Su Yongshun led the China team 1982 World Cup finals and lost. This is the first time that China football has closed its doors for a long time, and it has impacted the World Cup qualifying rights for the first time since its return to FIFA. In essence, it is the beginning of modern football history in China. It was the first time that China football collided and competed with the outside world in all directions, which made Chinese people realize the cruelty of modern football for the first time and came into contact with the international football system represented by home and away games. The whole process was broadcast live by CCTV and spread all over China, which trained the first batch of fans who watched nine-inch black-and-white TV and a football newspaper at 80 cents for China. For the first time in the history of football in China, there was an upsurge that a ball touched hundreds of millions of hearts. The concept of star began to take shape, and the slogan of rushing out of Asia to the world was the goal of several generations of China football. Since then, football has established its position as the first sport in China. From a technical point of view, due to the failure of the New Zealand team, China football began to transform into a model that emphasizes toughness, strength, speed, height and physical fitness, until today.
1985 May19, because China lost to Hong Kong at home in the World Cup qualifiers, the fans at the scene were emotional and angry, which turned into street riots. Since then, China football is no longer regarded as a sport in isolation, but as a window of China society from a cultural perspective. Ceng Xuelin, the head coach of the national team, resigned not only because of the failure of the competition, but also to appease nationalist sentiment and stabilize the society. This means that China football is endowed with a heavy social mission. In this context, the conservative atmosphere gradually permeated the whole football in China. China's team turned from prosperity to decline in Asia, and its technical and tactical style evolved from active attack to defensive counterattack, and gradually slipped to the second-rate level.
1988 Olympic Games and 1990 World Cup, China passed by because of two "black three minutes". China, which entered modern football, grasped the division between East and West Asia, and rushed out of Asia for the first time in a real sense without hitting its main rival, the Korean team. However, China football failed to seize this rare opportunity and made a qualitative leap, so entering the Olympic Games did not bring much influence. On the contrary, the impact and repercussions brought by the World Cup qualifiers next year are much stronger. China lost two goals in the first three minutes of the final twice under the favorable leading situation, and lost the historical opportunity to rush out. Although it failed again, this extremely dramatic result made the attention of football in China society reach an unprecedented peak.
Where does it hurt? China started the reform and opening up in 79, but it didn't wait until the 1990s to "get in touch with foreign coaches" in football. 1992, the China team seeking development invited schlappner, but failed again in the 1994 World Cup final. Schlappner became the first coach of the national team to coach in China. His short time in China, less than two years, is a watershed in the transformation of China football from professionalism to professionalism. Although schlappner led the team to play the third place in the Asian Cup, and also brought some ideas of developed football areas to China, it was the inevitable result of China's failure due to his own level and the actual national conditions in China. After schlappner, there was a debate about whether to continue to introduce foreign coaches or let China coach the national team. With the international integration of China football, this controversy no longer exists.
Before the professional league, Liaoning dominated the world. As the largest football province in China, Liaoning has established ten champion dynasties from 1984 to 1993. In fact, as early as the 1950s, Northeast football was in the forefront of China, but it was not until the early 1980s that the Liaoning team, represented by Li Yingfa, gradually established its unshakable dominance in China. By winning a championship every year, they have established a dynasty with ten consecutive championships, including the National Games, the National First Division League and the FA Cup, which represents the highest level in China and the only intercontinental champion that China has won so far. Even today, the Dalian team, which won the championship in the professional league for seven years and five years, still bears the original shadow. Liaoning football has become the largest part of China football, which has greatly influenced the rise and fall of China football. From 65438 to 0994, the professional football league in China started in an all-round way, which means that football in China has entered a new period. The original intention of professionalization is to let players complete the benign transformation from "I want to practice" to "I want to practice" by establishing a competitive mechanism. As a result, this unintentional move made football a huge industry. However, professional leagues have spawned a series of new problems, such as match-fixing, black whistle, and players' quality falling instead of rising. With the increase of investment, it is getting worse and worse, even making the football reform in China impossible. At the same time, a series of poor performances of China players in foreign wars finally made China football position itself as a second-rate player in Asia.
1997, Qi Wusheng, who "knows what he can't do", was unable to attack the World Cup, so he was defeated by Jinzhou District of Dalian, and the Chinese people continued to be disappointed. The level of local coaches forced China to look to foreign teachers again, and Horton was here. The former head coach of China national team and Olympic team spent two years in China football and spent millions of dollars as an "English gentleman". After all, he can't stand the test of "practice is the only criterion for testing truth". His ideas of "merging lines" and "long pass and hanging" failed to save the China team. There are no variables and routines in our play, and the result can only be like that. Unfortunately, a generation of players with such potential has been written into the history of losers like their predecessors. However, their football thoughts, together with schlappner, greatly influenced the football in China. Therefore, China football unswervingly embarked on the road of foreign teachers.
Perhaps, we have neglected the birth, development and growth of women's football in China. Although women's football has developed from 1982 to now, it is not popular in China, and it is still in a dispensable subordinate position. The system and way of thinking are still in the era of professional sports, and the first generation of women's football players are still active in the field. Only in the Olympic Games in196 and the World Cup in199, China failed to win the championship twice, and only won the runner-up, did the whole country set off a certain upsurge of women's football.
Present situation article
200 1 107, China football entered the World Cup finals for the first time, which is an opportunity for China football to achieve a historic leap. However, after China ended his World Cup tour with three games and one goal, the passion of football tumbling in China eight months ago seemed to suddenly cool down and quickly dropped to freezing point. What happened to football in China?
We can't ignore the significance of a country with the largest number of fans entering the World Cup for the first time. Just like commenting on Armstrong's first landing on the moon, "one small step for him is one giant leap for mankind." In any case, China people have taken the first step, and its historical significance is undeniable. However, because of this step, we must put ourselves in the coordinate system of the current situation and development of world football and deeply reflect on the current situation and value evaluation system of China football.
We never doubt the power of ideas, and we believe that there is hope for a country that can constantly reflect. Although China football is currently trapped in a "dark room", we hope to wake up the increasingly numb football in China with our faint cry.
Every time I reflect on China football, almost everyone will say, "Our system is not working." What are the disadvantages of the existing football system in China? How can we overcome these drawbacks and establish a system that can promote the healthy and benign development of football in China? In our view, this is a question of productivity and relations of production, which is the most important issue facing China football. If this problem is not fundamentally solved, the so-called reform of football in China will not only lack a solid ideological foundation, but also be restricted and troubled by unreasonable system in the process of reform. What kind of relationship should China Football Association have with local football associations and professional clubs? Should a professional football league that has been called for many years be established? Only by fundamentally solving these problems can China's football get real development.
Eight years ago, the first batch of professional clubs were established in China. 1994, China A professional football league was born. However, after only eight short years, the professional football clubs in China have changed beyond recognition. In addition to a club in Beijing Guoan, which lasted for eight years, more than 20 clubs have changed their names one after another, and some clubs have even changed their owners several times. Lack of sustainable development ability has become the achilles heel of Chinese professional football clubs. Why do clubs often change their names? Obviously, this is related to the living environment of the club and its own hematopoietic function. 200 1 The biggest tragedy in the history of professional football in China is that Sichuan Quanxing Club, which was established for eight years, was sold for only 3 million yuan because of unbearable economic pressure, which shows the living environment of professional football clubs in China. Judging from the current situation, professional football clubs in China rely more on a strong economy to survive. We don't deny the achievements of professional football, but we have to ask: Is there a real professional football club in China?
In the final analysis, football is a competition for talents. Without talent, nothing can be said. What is the living condition of professional players in China? We don't deny that there are a number of professional players in China, but overall, the quality of professional players in China is still quite low. It is no secret that professional players take part in underground gambling and even join hands with gambling companies to fake competitions. Prostitution incidents of professional players in China often appear in newspapers, and fights are even more common. Recently, there has even been a scandal of professional players taking drugs. In the so-called elite football teams in China, we see more "economic monsters" than professional players. If China football can't train a group of players with extraordinary football ability and professionalism like nakata hidetoshi, Junichi Inamoto, Huang Shanhong and Li Yingping like Japan and South Korea, China football will never surpass Japan and South Korea.
From 1998 to 200 1, China professional football was attacked by "black whistle" and "match-fixing". Following the "Chongqing-Shenyang case" of 1999, a series of shocking "fake ball black whistle cases" were staged in the final rounds of the 200 1 A-B League. Song Weiping, chairman of Zhejiang Greentown Club, and Li Shufu, chairman of Guangzhou Geely Club, even exposed the corruption of China football by exposing their dirty laundry. At the critical moment of professional football, China Football Association did not show enough courage to face this battle. Although Gong Jianping, a "black whistle", was arrested for taking millions of bribes, there are still a large number of "black whistle" and "match-fixing players" at large. Is this the end of the "Black Whistle Counterfeiting" case? Corruption is usually from top to bottom, and it is a complete chain system. If we dare not face up to and punish the corruption of football in China today, it will surely resurface in the near future.
Starting from professional leagues, it has become people's knowledge to introduce advanced technical and tactical awareness and theory of world football by hiring high-level foreign coaches. However, what have we got from foreign coaches in the past eight years? Because of lack of patience, we fired a group of foreign coaches with advanced theory and rich practical experience. We have not summed up the training experience, management experience and theoretical experience of some excellent foreign coaches. The value of a foreign coach can only be reflected during his coaching. We don't deny that some excellent foreign coaches have changed China football in a subtle way, but most foreign coaches, including Milu, left China football in our doubts. We have studied "takenism", but we only know "takenism".
China lost the World Cup, and everyone acknowledged that China's football skills were not as good as China's. Now, what we need to reflect on is, why have we always been inferior to others in these twenty years? The outstanding performance of Korean and Japanese football in this World Cup has completely shaken "ethnology". Even some teams in Europe and South America are envious of the Japanese team's skills and tactics. In terms of physical strength and will, the performance of Korea and Japan is beyond people's imagination, which makes European teams feel scared. 10 years ago, China, which was basically at the same level as Korea and Japan, had neither technology nor physical fitness. Obviously, the real reason why we are not as good as people is that our training level is not high and we are not diligent enough. We believe that the greatest contribution of the World Cup between China and Japan is that it not only shows us the gap, but also brings us hope. I hope that after ten years, China football will stop using "poor skills" as an excuse to prevaricate.
After this World Cup, there is a "study abroad craze" in China football. Tempering in the five major leagues in Europe is of course the success factor of football in Turkey, South Korea, Japan and Senegal. However, don't forget that there are several Turkish clubs, such as Galatasaray and Bessie Cotas, which can compete with any top club in Europe. In recent years, professional clubs in Japan and South Korea have basically dominated the AFC Cup and the AFC Cup. In our opinion, the development direction of China football is by no means to let a few people play in the European League. Instead of living by charity abroad, it is better to stay at home and do your own league. Only by laying a solid foundation, players can naturally compete in the five major leagues in Europe by virtue of their own strength. This is the sunshine avenue of football development in China. We believe that it is precisely because China football is always looking for shortcuts and refuses to do basic work, which actually widens the gap with Japan and South Korea.
Since the professional football league, youth football clubs have mushroomed. Although many clubs and non-governmental organizations have really started to train young players, on the whole, the strength and breadth of training young players are still obviously insufficient, and there are even signs of abnormal development. Because most clubs don't pay attention to the cultivation of young players fundamentally, the cultivation of young players has not attracted really excellent coaches, and the lack of excellent coaches is the biggest problem in the cultivation of young people in China. Of course, there are still many youth clubs making money under the banner of training young players. What's more, some youth football clubs actually learned to match the ball for the sake of their achievements. Recently, there was a farce that the goalkeeper threw the ball into an own goal in Liaoning youth football match. If young players are trained to this extent, China football will surely usher in a terrible tomorrow.
In the "biological chain" of China football, China fans are not only a very important link, but also the most lovely people. However, after the World Cup, should Korean fans also reflect on it compared with Korean and Japanese fans? In recent years, there have been frequent incidents of China fans seeking trouble, and the stadium riots in Xi in recent years have even shocked the whole country. We don't ask China fans to pay too much for China's ugly football, but we believe that what kind of team has what kind of fans, and what kind of fans will make what kind of team. Although China Football Association once tried to become a "family" with the media, the work of China Football Association was not open and fair, and the competition between the media was too fierce, so fake news often appeared, which led to a long-term cold war between China Football Association and the media. The confrontation between China Football Association and the media actually caused certain losses to China football to some extent. On the one hand, we believe that China Football Association needs to face the supervision of public opinion with a correct attitude. On the other hand, for their own development and for China football, the media should also make a solemn commitment.
Football/football violence
Football is the biggest sport in the world, with infinite charm. With the World Cup held in Korea and Japan in 2002, people's enthusiasm for football has never been higher. However, while enjoying football and shouting for it, people often see the other side of the stadium: football violence such as fan riots, football hooligans and football derivatives such as black whistle and gambling, which cast a shadow over football. Although football in China started late, with the rise of professional football, football violence and black whistle are also scandals, which are killing the newly started football in China from different aspects.
The appearance of football violence is not accidental. As a passionate sport, football often causes some people's irrational emotions. One of the charms of football is its unpredictability. Luck on the court makes the game full of variables. It is this unpredictability that causes people to form a huge psychological gap (or ecstasy or rage) in a short time. At this time, as long as there is a "fuse", ecstasy or rage will be aroused and vented through the original destructive behavior. There are various forms of football violence: as far as the location is concerned, it may be inside or outside the stadium; As far as the way of riots is concerned, it may be a large-scale fight between different fans, such as 1985 Heisel massacre in Brussels, which made the reputation of English football hooligans reach its peak. Due to the riots of Liverpool fans in England, the stands collapsed and 39 Juventus fans died. It may also be aimed at public places, buildings, cars and other targets. , arson, vandalism and other sabotage activities. It is also possible to vent their dissatisfaction by murdering or infringing on a specific object. For example, 1994 Colombian football player Escobar accidentally kicked the ball into his own door in the 1994 World Cup between Colombia and the United States. Escobar was humiliated by a group of drunks outside the bar five days after returning to China, and eventually he was shot six times.
Football corruption also has its own soil. Modern football is not only a sport, but also a highly commercialized sport. Fair competition is the proper meaning of sports, but in order to achieve commercial purposes, the football industry is also full of commercial fraud, and the sportsmanship of fair competition is challenged. Its manifestations are: (1) bribing the referee. Referee is a symbol of fair competition. The referee on the court has certain discretion. If the referee is bribed, his power will be abused and the balance will be tilted. In recent years, the phenomenon of "black whistle", which has made a lot of noise, originated from the fact that some clubs (teams) bought referees; (2) Buy off players. Illegal gambling groups collude with players to play fake football, or one team buys the other players as "traitors", and neither contributes nor contributes; (3) Buy off the team. As spectators, they naturally want to see a real game, but some teams do not start from improving their skills, but achieve their goals by buying off the other team in key games, which is reflected in the incident that the audience denounced as "match-fixing";
In view of the increasingly serious football violence and commercial fraud, people seek various countermeasures. First of all, people think of using "family law" to regulate. There are many norms and disciplines in the football industry. For example, the referee blew a "black whistle" to take bribes, and the law enforcement department of the Football Association will give different degrees of punishment according to the seriousness of the case, including lifelong disqualification and disqualification within a time limit. Football clubs that bribe or accept bribes will be fined 250,000 euros, and those who bribe or attempt to accept bribes will also be punished. Players who pay bribes or accept bribes will be banned for three months to two years and may be fined. Players who behave rudely in the game will be banned or fined. If there is violence and chaos at home, the club will be fined or disqualified from the local home. Secondly, there are national laws besides "family rules". In August, 20001,the Italian parliament passed a law specifically aimed at football violence, including: it is forbidden for spectators to throw objects into the stadium, and offenders will be sentenced to prison terms ranging from 6 months to 3 years; According to the video of the stadium violence, the police have the right to arrest the perpetrators within 48 hours; Spectators who enter the stadium without authorization will be sentenced to six months' imprisonment or fined 200 Wan Li. In Britain, whether the referee or the player takes bribes is an act that "affects the result of the game". "People who participate in such acts are likely to commit various criminal offences, including fraud. If the evidence is conclusive and convicted by the court, they will face imprisonment. " According to German criminal law, bribery judges will be sentenced to three months or more and five years or less in prison; Referees who blow "black whistle" after taking bribes will also be sentenced to 6 months to 10 years according to the seriousness of the case. In the United States, offering or accepting illegal benefits or otherwise obstructing open competition rules or organizing or participating in unfair competition can constitute the crime of unfair open competition. Moreover, public opinion supervision. Although the laws and systems of the Football Association have played a great deterrent role in the ugly behaviors such as football counterfeiting, the role of public opinion supervision should not be underestimated. To a large extent, it may be more important than sentencing a few people to prison.
China's sports legal system is still not perfect, and there is no specific law against football violence. However, in the current legal framework, football hooliganism, football violence and other acts can be completely brought into the current criminal law. For example, illegally carrying dangerous goods into the stadium, if the circumstances are serious, can constitute the crime of illegally carrying guns, ammunition, controlled knives and dangerous goods to endanger public security in Article 130 of the Criminal Law; The ringleaders may constitute the crime of gathering people to disturb public places and traffic order in Article 29 1 of the Criminal Law. If, in the course of the riot, the means adopted by the perpetrator or the result thereof violates other crimes, it may also constitute other crimes, such as setting fire to public property or causing serious injury or death, and may constitute arson, intentional injury or intentional homicide. Whoever destroys public property may be investigated for the crime of destroying public or private property.
Compared with football violence, China's current criminal law still lacks effective and clear norms on football fraud and other behaviors. Paragraph 2 of Article 5 1 of the Sports Law stipulates: In competitive sports activities, if there are acts of bribery, fraud and gambling, which constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law. However, this provision lacks a clear corresponding provision in the criminal law. For example, the "black whistle" referee used his power to make profits, which violated the referee's duties and deceived and fooled the fans. "Black whistle" has obvious social harm, and the understanding is highly consistent, but there is great controversy about the crime and non-crime of "black whistle". Guilty theorists believe that under the background of governing the country according to law, no unit or individual is allowed to have privileges outside the law, nor can a certain industry or field become a blind spot outside the legal control. According to the theory of innocence, according to article 3 of China's criminal law: "if the law expressly stipulates that it is a criminal act, it shall be convicted and punished according to the law; If the law does not clearly stipulate that it is a criminal act, it shall not be convicted and punished. " Therefore, until the legal interpretation is clear, the "black whistle" referee can only be tried by public opinion courts and moral courts for the time being, or punished by the Football Association according to industry discipline, and criminal responsibility cannot be investigated. What kind of crime does a referee suspected of "black whistle" constitute in the theory of guilt? There is no doubt about it. One view is that the Football Association is a social organization with industry management power according to law, that is, it is essentially a state-owned industry management organization. Therefore, the staff of China Football Association undoubtedly have the status of national staff, so those who are temporarily appointed as referees of domestic football leagues by the Football Association also have the status of national staff. Therefore, the subject of a crime that meets the provisions of Article 93 of the Criminal Law should be punished as the crime of accepting bribes. Another point of view is that the current football match is of a commercial nature, and the bribery of football referees can be treated as bribery of company and enterprise personnel in accordance with the provisions of Article 163 of the Criminal Law. The player who plays football is actually the staff of this enterprise, and the staff of the enterprise accepts bribes from others in their business activities, which should also constitute the crime of accepting bribes by company and enterprise personnel. As for the briber, according to the specific circumstances, it may constitute a bribe to the personnel of the enterprise company as stipulated in Article 164 of the Criminal Law.
The media's tracing and exposure of the problem of "black whistle" and the strong social reaction to it show that "black whistle" constitutes a crime, which is a bit like the passion on the football field. But the law is rational. The debate on whether "black whistle" constitutes a crime and what kind of crime it constitutes reflects the rational thinking of the legal profession and the contradiction between law and social needs. In my opinion, no matter how specific the law is, it is impossible to exhaust all phenomena. The so-called "one hundred secrets and one sparse", since the current criminal law has determined the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a crime, and the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a crime is actually to admit and tolerate the incompleteness of the criminal law, this is the price that society should pay for choosing the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a crime. Under the current legal framework, "black whistle" or other football fraud, no matter what charges are dealt with, will inevitably be far-fetched. Therefore, the discussion of "black whistle" and other issues should not be entangled in specific cases, but should take this opportunity to speed up the improvement of China's sports legal system, build a legal framework for developing football, the ball market, players and fans, keep the green stadium away from violence and fraud, and let people really enjoy football.
black whistle
Just when everyone watched the first round of the Super League and agreed that there was no difference between the Super League and A, we had to shout that the Super League was different from A, and it was seriously different. This difference is mainly shown to us by the referee whose wallet has been seriously inflated recently. Every time League A reaches the final closing stage, referees become the focus of people's attention, which seems to be the eternal melody of China football. However, the first year of the Super League was seriously advanced. In the second game in history, there was a black whistle and it was naked and black. Besides, lujun, the best referee in the previous decade, can't even remember the number of penalty kicks. We can't help but admire the level and means of the referee. At present, it has really entered the Super League.
In the first round of the Super League, there were all kinds of voices about referees, and the performances of players and coaches were also different, from lamenting, holding the door and crying to being extremely angry. It can be described as "scolding father and mother, thinking that football in China will die". And the referee also becomes a sinner in a city or even a province in an instant. It is not easy. How many people want to be public sinners and haven't had a chance? Especially in the match between Shandong and Shanghai, a controversial penalty once again pushed the referee to the forefront.