Xuzhou, formerly known as Pengcheng, is located at the junction of Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan and Shandong provinces. It is an important hub in East China and a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. Xuzhou is the hometown of Liu Bang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, where there is a strong Chinese culture. Xuzhou belonged to the State of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty, and the tomb of the King of Chu excavated here may be the most valuable historical relic in Xuzhou.
Generally speaking, Chu refers to south-central Hunan and Hubei, but at the end of the Warring States period, the territory of Chu was very vast, covering most of southern China and many places in eastern China. After the demise of the Song Dynasty, Xuzhou was also returned to the State of Chu.
The anti-Qin war led by Xiang Yu, a Suqian from Xuzhou 100 km, overthrew the Qin Dynasty. Someone advised Xiang Yu to dominate Guanzhong, but Xiang Yu wanted to go back to Xuzhou. He said: "riches and honour are like embroidered clothes at night. Who knows! " (Historical Records) Not going back to your hometown is like getting dressed and walking at night. Nobody knows. His persuader said: "It is said that the people of Chu people bathe in monkeys and crown their ears. Sure enough. " (Historical Records) People say that Chu people are monkeys in hats, and it really happens. Xiang Yu got angry and cooked the man. Xiang Yu was based in Xuzhou, near his hometown Suqian, and became the hegemon of the West.
Four years later, Han Xin, a Huai 'an native who is 0/80km away from Xuzhou/KLOC, defeated him in this area, helping Liu Bang, a Xuzhou native, to unify the whole country. Liu Bang is also nostalgic. After his success, he was reluctant to go back to his hometown, but his heart was even bigger. Although he doesn't give up his homeland, only by living in Guanzhong can he dominate the world. Han Xin, who defeated Xiang Yu, became the new king of Chu in the Han Dynasty. His name is Wang Zhiyi and he has seven different surnames. Later, in the process of cutting off the half surname Wang in the Han court, Han Xin was demoted to Huaiyin Hou and was later killed. Liu Jiao Ji Cheng, Liu Bang's younger brother, lost his position as the king of Chu. In the next 400 years of the Han Dynasty, the Chu State with Xuzhou as the core existed for about 220 years, during which Pengcheng State and Xiapi State also appeared in this area.
Inside the pyramid-shaped mound (with a huge courtyard above)
2. Among the tombs of Chu King excavated in Xuzhou, the tomb of Chu King in Lion Mountain should be the most famous. It is the largest tomb of the Han Dynasty in Xuzhou, with the largest number of cultural relics and the highest historical value. When I took a taxi, I said I was going to the Han Tomb in Lion Mountain. The driver reacted and said, "Hello, Wang Chuling". The locals directly call it the tomb of the king of Chu, almost ignoring other tombs of the king of Chu here. There are many articles and pictures on the Internet detailing the ancient tombs. I try not to pick a stereotype.
Graves are considered valuable. Personally, I think it is nothing more than three points: first, the identity of the tomb owner is important. For example, the tombs of important people are relatively more valuable than the tombs of ordinary people, because important people have a greater impact on history; Second, the unearthed cultural relics have high value, such as more funerary objects and clothes; Third, the tombs have a special shape, which can reflect the funeral system and engineering construction ability at that time.
The richer the contents of tombs, the more helpful it is for future generations to understand and study what happened in the past. On the other hand, the contents of tombs can prove people's existing cognition and judgment, which is a process of mutual argumentation.
A paved road leading to the main hall or grave.
In my opinion, the primary value of the tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain should be unearthed objects, such as a large number of terracotta warriors and horses in the tomb pit and jade articles in the tomb.
This is one of the few Han tombs where Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been unearthed. Small aspect ratio of unearthed terracotta warriors and horses
Jade clothes and coffins have also been unearthed here. Jin Yuyi is one of the funeral symbols of emperors and senior nobles in Han Dynasty. According to different levels, there are similar silver jade clothes and copper jade clothes.
The gold thread jade clothes unearthed here are superior among similar objects unearthed in China. In addition, jade coffins wrapped with jade pieces are rare.
erect
The second is the shape of the tomb. From south to north, the mausoleum consists of 12 tombs, including the pyramid-shaped mound, patio, tunnel, wing, front room and back room. The total length of the tomb is116.2m, the total usable area is 85 1 m2, and the total amount of excavated rocks exceeds 5000m3.
The pyramid-shaped mound is divided into three sections, among which there is a courtyard above the inner pyramid-shaped mound, which constitutes a cliff-point tomb combining vertical and horizontal points. Some people think this is a reflection of the development of tombs from vertical to horizontal at that time.
Of course, the huge excavation and excavation project reflected the ability of engineering construction at that time, and also reflected the determination of the rulers to put all their resources into the mausoleum construction.
Cavalry statue
Third, the owner of the tomb. It is generally believed that the owner of this tomb is Liu Wu, the king of Chu. This man was the mastermind of the rebellion in the Seven Kingdoms at that time, and committed suicide after failure.
It is said that people around them were worried that they could not be buried after conviction, so they were buried hastily. Judging from the rough excavation traces in the tomb and the unfinished part of the tomb, the excavation of the tomb is somewhat anticlimactic, which seems to indicate that the tomb was not completed when it was buried.
Of course, this statement is also debatable. After all, rebellion is a great sin, and you can continue to be buried according to the regulations of C Jun, so some people think that the owner of the tomb is Liu Yingke, the second generation of the King of Chu.
But no matter who the owner of the tomb is, after all, it is the king of Chu, and his tomb can enrich and correct the existing cognition at that time.
Liuwuchuxiang
The pyramid-shaped mound is blocked by sixteen big stones in groups of four. Each stone is 2.5 meters long, 0.9 meters wide, 0.9 meters high and weighs 5-6 tons, so the blocked part is 10 meter long. Such a strict sealing method should be enough for the tomb owner and his descendants to sit back and relax. But less than a hundred years after burial, the tomb was stolen.
In the face of grave robbers' thirst for wealth, any obstacle is pale. The demand for technology has spawned. In a narrow and cramped space, grave robbers still have a way to achieve their goals. They cut a "bull's nose eye" at the outer end of the stone plug, then pulled out the four stone plugs in the upper right corner and entered the underground palace. This is a terrible job. Drilling holes is difficult. Each stone is 0.9 meters wide and 0.9 meters high. Except for the first stone, I'm afraid only one person can drill a hole in his stomach. It takes time and labor, but it doesn't take effort.
Tombstone (with a bull's nose left by a grave robber)
The high-end engineering level required for the construction of the mausoleum and the luxury and richness of the funerary objects are amazing. Similarly, the technical level of grave robbers is admirable. Both sides are trying their best to give full play to their intelligence and wisdom, and deduce the offense and defense to the extreme.
As we all know, the royal mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dongling Mausoleum, was excavated by the warlord Sun Dianying on a large scale in 1928. At present, the Qingming Mausoleum is a 5A-level tourist attraction and an official institution that can earn profits. Safety is not only to protect tombs, but also to protect tourism resources. Even so, some people can continue to work under the eyes of modern security guards and realize grave robbery. In recent years, there has been a theft of the Queen's Tomb. Grave robbers dig holes to pump water, rest during the day and work at night. They struggled for more than ten days to achieve their goal. They really regard grave robbery as a profession. Of course, the Qing Dongling Mausoleum occupies too much land and is understaffed, which is really unbearable.
Even though the tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain has been stolen for a long time, there are still more than 2,000 pieces (sets) unearthed in the tomb, which shows the luxury of the tomb. Among them, there are a large number of jade articles, which are generally considered as symbols of status and status. Ordinary people can easily see through it, but gold and silver can be melted, so the grave robbers didn't take much.
Among jade articles, what attracts me more is an S-shaped jade dragon. The symbol of the Han cultural scenic spot where the Chu Tomb is located is an S-shaped Yulong, and the symbol of Xuzhou Museum is also in this shape. If you don't look carefully, you will think it is the same constellation, but if you look closely, you will find that the two jade dragons are very similar, but not the same. But then I saw two S-shaped jade dragons in Xu Bo's exhibition hall, one of which was the shape adopted by Xu Bo, and the other was not the symbol of the Han cultural scenic spot. The pattern used in this scenic spot should be one of the best products, but I didn't see it on Xu Bo.
The S-shaped Jade Dragon recently seen in Xu Bo Exhibition Hall.
Recently, I saw the S-shaped Yulong II in the exhibition hall of Xu Bo (this design has also become the symbol of Xu Bo).
Later, I asked Xu Bo official Weibo and explained that the best S-shaped Jade Dragon was indeed in Xu Bo, but it was recently exhibited in the United States, together with the silver jade robe. So in Xu Bo, I saw that silvery jade dress was not put in the exhibition hall because it was lent out. Of course, Guan Wei also said that these Jade Dragons were exhibited by turns, not necessarily at the same time.
S-shaped Jade Dragon Sign on the Glass of Xuzhou Museum
This tomb of the King of Chu still conforms to the burial style of the Han Dynasty, but the Lion Rock where it is located is very short, with an altitude of only 50 or 60 meters, almost as high as the street outside.
Compared with Mancheng Han Tomb, which was dug at the top of the mountain, this tomb gives the impression that it was dug underground. Perhaps more than 2000 years ago, this area was a highland, but with the passage of time, the landform has changed.
The Tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain and its vicinity have now become a scenic spot of Han culture, featuring Han culture and a statue of Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty.
This is the largest China cultural theme park in China. In addition to the Han tombs, there are unearthed cultural attractions such as the Terracotta Warriors Museum and the Stone Relief Exhibition Hall, such as Chigulin Temple, the first Buddhist Dojo in China (which was not entered due to time constraints) and Liu Ancestral Hall. Stone reliefs are also special relics of the Han Dynasty, and they often appear in funeral ceremonies, such as tombs.
The terracotta warriors, tombs and stone reliefs of the Han Dynasty in Xuzhou are called "the three wonders of the Han Dynasty".
Xuzhou has a strong Han school, from the Chu State in the Warring States to the Chu State in Xiang Yu, Xi, to the Chu State in Han Xin, and then to the Chu State in the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty. Also called Chu land, they inherited their own Chu rhyme. Most of the artifacts that can prove the culture of the Han Dynasty come from the tomb of the King of Chu.
"Chu" and "Han" are doomed to be inseparable, just as Liu Bang and Xiang Yu are lifelong opponents, and both of them are more dazzling because of each other's existence. This is also mapped to the chessboard, becoming the Chu River Han boundary. Neither of them can be used as a chessboard, and they are perfectly integrated in Xuzhou. Now Xuzhou is also trying to create a cultural label similar to "Han Feng Chu Rhyme".
6. So where is Gao Di Liu Bang from? There is no doubt that he is from Xuzhou. Is it Pei County or Feng County?
055-79000 said that "Pei Fengyi, Li Zhongyang's great-grandfather" was a member of Pei Jun Fengyi. Pei Jun is a large administrative unit, including Pei Yi (Pei County) and Fengyi (Feng County). Liu Bang, also known as Pei Gong, once worked in Pei County and then began to work. He can easily be regarded as a Peixian native.
According to historical records, Liu Bang pacified Ying Bu and passed by his hometown on his return trip, where he gave a big banquet. He had a meeting with his elders and sang heartily, "The wind is blowing and the clouds are flying. He was exempted from corvee in Pei County, and later his elders begged him to be exempted from corvee in Fengxian County. Liu Bang said, "When the phoenix dance grows up, I will never forget my ears. I especially feel that Yong Chi and I have turned against each other. "
Fengyi is the place where I grew up. I will never forget it. I was exempted from labor only because the Fengyi people helped Yongchi resist the enemy and took refuge in Wei. Finally, of course, Fengxian's corvee was exempted.
So what do Xuzhou locals think of this problem?
I took a taxi in Xuzhou, and when I passed by a few days later, I asked nine taxi drivers, including at least one female driver. The universality of this data sample should be reasonable.
I asked them the same question, whether Liu Bang belongs to Fengxian or Peixian, because there are many sites and memorial halls related to Liu Bang in both places.
As a result, four people said