How does cancer come about? Cancer is a new organism in the human body (that is, something that should not exist under normal circumstances). This new creature is composed of a group of cancer cells that do not develop freely with physiological needs. Cancer cells do not have the function of normal cells. Because of its rapid and irregular growth, it not only consumes a lot of nutrients in human body, but also destroys the organizational structure and function of normal organs. The process of transforming normal cells into cancer cells is called "canceration". So far, the cause and process of canceration are not fully understood, but most scientists think it is the result of "gene mutation" or "gene dysfunction". There is a natural gene in human cells that can cause cancer. Under normal circumstances, oncogenes are not only harmless to human body, but also play an important role in cell growth. However, when oncogenes are repeatedly influenced by external carcinogenic factors (such as rays, viruses, chemicals, etc.). ), the static oncogene in the cell is activated, the gene structure is mutated, the normal cell function is rebelled, and the cell becomes cancerous. In addition to invasive growth, cancer cells can also spread to other organs and tissues through other ways, causing the same tumors in these tissues and organs. This situation is called "transfer". Second, what factors can lead to cancer? The symptoms of cancer are various, but there are only two factors that cause cancer. (1) External factors Physical carcinogenic factors: mainly ionizing radiation, ultraviolet rays, fibrous substances (such as asbestos mesh and glass fiber), thermal radiation, long-term chronic mechanical stimulation, chronic inflammatory stimulation, trauma and long-term foreign body stimulation. Chemical carcinogens: Up to now, more than 1 100 chemicals have been found to have carcinogenic effects on experimental animals, and 20 of them have carcinogenic effects on humans. Biological carcinogenic factors: mainly the following: mold: the occurrence of some tumors is related to mycotoxins in food. Viruses: It has been found that viruses above 150 can cause nearly 30 kinds of animal tumors. Parasites: primary liver cancer and colorectal cancer are related to schistosomiasis; Primary liver cancer is related to liver fluke disease; In Egypt, bladder cancer is associated with schistosomiasis. Bacteria: It is generally believed that bacteria themselves are not carcinogenic factors, but some bacteria can reduce nitrate to nitrite, which may be converted into ammonium nitrite. (2) Internal factors 1. Genetic factors: According to the genetic law of Mendel, a great biologist, scientists conducted repeated research and finally came to the conclusion that only retinoblastoma is heritable among many malignant tumors, and only about 40% of all retinoblastomas are heritable. 2, secretory factors: the human body has many endocrine glands that secrete hormones, and they secrete various hormones to maintain the normal activities of the human body. When these hormones are secreted too much or too little, endocrine disorders will occur, causing related diseases. 3. Immune function: Simply put, immune function is the ability of human body to resist diseases. People with congenital immunodeficiency are more likely to get cancer than normal people. Because of the long-term use of immunosuppressants in kidney transplantation, the incidence of cancer is 100 times higher than that of normal people. Everyone is exposed to carcinogens more or less all the time, and cell canceration is possible. 4. Mental factors: The American Anti-Cancer Association pointed out that mental factors have an important impact on the immunity of patients who rely on anti-cancer; Chinese medicine believes that breast cancer is related to "depression" and esophageal cancer is a "disease of fatigue". 3. What are the early signs of cancer? It is generally believed that cancer lacks aura and has no obvious symptoms, but clinical practice has proved that early cancer still has many aura symptoms: unexplained emaciation, weakness, irregular pain in the upper abdomen, loss of appetite, especially anorexia to meat. Non-pregnant women and lactating women have pus on their nipples or can squeeze out juice. Any part of the body, such as the breast, neck or abdomen, will have a growing lump. Dry cough, bloody sputum, chest tightness and chest pain, which can not be cured for a long time. For women over middle age, vaginal bleeding is small after sexual intercourse, or irregular vaginal bleeding at ordinary times, or menstruation and leucorrhea increase obviously after menopause for several years. Jaundice gradually deepened, with a mass in the upper abdomen and no abdominal pain. Hepatomegaly is rapid and accompanied by pain in the liver area. Painless hematuria of unknown cause. The skin festers and cannot heal for a long time. The nevus suddenly increases, accompanied by burning pain, ulceration, bleeding pain or hair loss. Recurrent fever and intractable tooth bleeding, subcutaneous bleeding and progressive anemia. Recurrent unexplained high fever. Oral mucosa, or female vulva or male penis glans appear white spots, which quickly expand and burn itchy discomfort. Progressive weakness, paresthesia, dyskinesia or incontinence of both lower limbs. There is no obvious fracture of femur and humerus caused by external force. When eating and swallowing, there is a foreign body infarction behind the sternum, stinging or conscious food passing slowly. Nasal congestion, frequent nosebleeds or nosebleeds, accompanied by migraine, dizziness, tinnitus and lymph node enlargement in the upper neck and lower earlobe. The habit of stool changes, or diarrhea and constipation often appear alternately, and stool often carries pus and blood, or stool becomes thin and flat. Headache worsens with sudden and temporary visual impairment and vomiting. Teenagers have severe pain and swelling in elbow or knee joint, but it is ineffective to treat with anti-rheumatic drugs or antibiotics. The above 20 representative items can be suspected to be symptoms of malignant tumors. Anyone who finds these symptoms should pay enough attention and go to the hospital for diagnosis as soon as possible. Fourth, the early warning signal of various common cancers (1) Esophageal cancer: there is a feeling of coughing when swallowing food. Pain behind the sternum, esophageal pain when swallowing. Foreign body sensation in esophagus. Food delivery is slow and there is a sense of detention. My throat feels dry and tight. There is a feeling of tightness behind the sternum. (2) Gastric cancer: middle-aged or above, no previous history of stomach trouble, sudden loss of appetite, epigastric pain or persistent dull pain. Have a medical history, especially the ulcer of stomach angle and minor curvature. The previous law of mild pain suddenly changed, and the treatment effect was not good according to the primary disease. Had gastrectomy, postoperative gastric stump cancer. The original atrophic gastritis, recently appeared wasting anemia, aversion to oil and indigestion symptoms aggravated. No history of stomach disease and liver disease, sudden vomiting, anemia, or stool occult blood positive for more than two weeks. Unexplained progressive wasting and anemia. For people over 40 years old, the ulcer is located in the small curvature of gastric antrum, and there are intestinal metaplasia and multiple gastric polyps in pylorus, especially adenomatous polyp. We should strive for early treatment to avoid canceration. (3) Breast lump of breast cancer: The disease is asymptomatic at the early stage, and breast lump is often found during dressing, bathing, physical examination or self-examination. Nipple discharge: often bloody, but also milky white, serous, watery and so on. And most of them are unilateral mammary gland secretions. Nipple changes: according to the location and depth of the lesion, there are different degrees of changes. The first symptom of individual patients is axillary lymph node enlargement. (4) Liver cancer The frequency of liver cancer symptoms is as follows: epigastric pain, anorexia or anorexia, emaciation, fatigue, abdominal mass, epigastric fullness and fever. The first symptoms of liver cancer can generally be divided into the following six groups: a history of hepatitis and cirrhosis, stable condition for many years, no chills and fever, sudden dull pain or severe pain in the liver and bile area. For adults over 30 years old, the right upper abdomen can be lumpy, hard and uneven, and the continuous observation shows an obvious increasing trend, but the patient has no obvious discomfort. Dry mouth, irritability, insomnia, gingival bleeding, nosebleed, accompanied by fullness of the stomach and liver discomfort. Physical and joint pain, especially back pain, accompanied by anorexia, irritability and liver discomfort. Anti-rheumatic treatment has a poor effect. Recurrent diarrhea, accompanied by indigestion and abdominal distension, is not effective or incurable according to gastroenteritis, and the liver area is gradually wasting away. Family history of cancer, especially those with close relatives of liver cancer. (5) Lung cancer 1, cough 2, blood sputum 3, chest pain 4, shortness of breath 5, fever 6, and other extrapulmonary symptoms except the above symptoms. (6) Contact bleeding of cervical cancer: manifested after sexual intercourse or during gynecological examination in Shuanghe town. Irregular vaginal bleeding: manifested as a small amount of non-menstrual vaginal bleeding between menstruation and postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. Abnormal leucorrhea: mostly manifested as the increase of leucorrhea, followed by the change of color and smell. (7) Abdominal discomfort and abdominal pain (tumor can compress bile duct and pancreatic duct), painless yellow staining of skin and sclera gradually deepens, and generally there is no chills and fever. Loss of appetite, fatigue and progressive emaciation. Gallbladder enlargement caused by obstructive jaundice can be palpated in the right upper abdomen. [Back to the top] 5. Who is easy to get cancer? People who are allergic to drugs or chemicals are more likely to develop cancer than those who have no allergic history. People who often stay up late, it is the most vigorous period of cell fission, sleep is not good, it is difficult to control cell mutation and form cancer cells. Obesity research data show that obese women have twice the risk of colon cancer as ordinary women. Women who are particularly obese above the waist are 4-6 times more likely to develop breast cancer than normal people. People with vitamin deficiency and vitamin A deficiency have a 3.5-fold increase in the risk of gastric cancer and a 2-fold increase in the risk of other cancers. Among people with vitamin E deficiency, the prevalence rates of lip cancer, oral cancer, pharyngeal cancer, skin cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, intestinal cancer and lung cancer all increased. Cholesterol is an important force to resist diseases, but the lower the cholesterol, the better. British researchers report that an important factor in the death of middle-aged and elderly women is low cholesterol, especially when it is less than 5 mmol per liter, which is the most dangerous. There is a carcinogen in the urine of people who suppress defecation, which will invade the muscle fibers of the bladder and promote cancer; There are many harmful substances in stool, such as indole, hydrogen sulfide and other carcinogens. 6. the relationship between cancer and occupation according to some survey results, comparing people in the upper class with those in the lower class, cancer is not a civilized disease in general. Because in the so-called upper class, people who live a more civilized and progressive life have a low cancer mortality rate; On the contrary, the lower the social class, the higher the cancer mortality rate. According to statistics, people suffering from colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer and pancreatic cancer are not divided into classes, and the incidence of each class is roughly the same. However, an informal report pointed out that the death rate of teachers, general technicians, people engaged in specialized occupations or management occupations was low due to gastric cancer, lung cancer and leukemia. Including medical-related health care technicians, such as doctors and nurses, there are fewer people suffering from gastric cancer and more people suffering from lung cancer and leukemia. As for artists and entertainers, the lung cancer rate is quite high, second only to metal material manufacturing and mining. The industries prone to stomach cancer, lung cancer and leukemia are: metal material manufacturing, mining, agriculture, forestry and fishery. Surprisingly, the incidence of cancer in general workers is slightly higher than that in managers or professionals, while the incidence of lung cancer or leukemia is much higher than that in sales staff. It can be seen from this statistics that people engaged in the primary industry, such as metal material manufacturers, miners, farmers, forestry and fishermen, are most likely to get cancer. As for the secondary industry, such as silk making and textile, the cancer rate is much less. The technicians who use metal materials to make motor products or install machinery have a lower cancer rate than other simple workers. In addition, the cancer rate of service providers is also low. However, people engaged in printing, chemical industry and food are more likely to suffer from lung cancer and may inhale toxic substances during operation. 7. What are the bad habits of walking with Cancer? (1) Eating meat. Experts from Harvard University in the United States found that the proportion of women who eat livestock meat such as pigs, cows and sheep every day is 2.5 times higher than that of women who eat vegetables and bean products every day. Because too much fat intake can easily lead to the decline of immune function, so that cancer cells can take advantage of it. (2) Drinking hot strong tea and drinking high-temperature (above 80℃) tea often may burn the esophagus, and tannins in tea are deposited in the injured part, which constantly stimulates esophageal epithelial cells and makes them mutate. Mutant cells can become cancer tissue after massive proliferation. (3) Don't eat vegetables, don't like to eat vegetables, which will easily lead to the lack of vitamins and cellulose in the body. Vitamins are the power to maintain life, while cellulose can clean the intestines and prevent the invasion of gastric cancer, colon cancer and rectal cancer. 8. Is cancer contagious and hereditary? After years of medical research by many experts at home and abroad, the following conclusions are drawn: cancer is not contagious and will not be inherited! Although cancer cells can spread and metastasize around patients, they will not spread from one person to another like bacteria and viruses. For yourself, other people's cancer cells are a foreign body, and the body destroys cancer cells through strong immune rejection. So other people's cancer cells can't spread to their own bodies to survive. Infection and heredity are two completely different concepts. Infection is an infectious disease caused by bacteria or viruses, such as tuberculosis and hepatitis; Heredity is due to blood relationship, which makes many people in the family suffer from the same disease. According to the genetic law of the great biologist Mendel, after repeated research, scientists finally came to the conclusion that among many malignant tumors, only retinoblastoma is heritable, and only about 40% of all retinoblastoma is heritable. Nine, how to transfer cancer? What are the factors of transfer? Metastasis means that malignant tumor cells fall off from the primary tumor, reach the discontinuous part through various ways, and continue to grow to form new secondary tumors with the same properties. This feature of malignant tumor should be called diffusion. Diffusion should include infiltration and transfer, because transfer must be preceded by infiltration, so transfer is a serious consequence of infiltration. Malignant tumors metastasize through lymphatic channels, blood circulation and implantation. The main factors of cancer metastasis are: (1) the degree of tissue differentiation: the lower the degree of differentiation, the more obvious the infiltration and the earlier the metastasis occurs. (2) Characteristics of metastatic organs: Cancer is generally easy to metastasize to organs with rich blood supply, such as bone, liver, lung and brain. (3) Mechanical stimulation of primary cancer: The tumor formed by malignant tumor, especially vascular sarcoma, can make cancer cells enter the blood system and increase the risk of metastasis. (4) Physical condition: Patients are generally in poor condition or have low immune function. Will increase the chance of cancer metastasis. 10. What are the modes and routes of cancer transmission? Cancer cells spread in the human body, often in a variety. The main routes are direct reproduction and reaching distant organs through lymph and blood circulation system. These diffusion methods can be carried out separately or simultaneously. (1) The direct spread of cancer is a natural way of early development. (2) Lymphatic diffusion Cancer spreads through the lymphatic system, which is extremely common and important. The long-distance spread of cancer is mainly through the lymphatic system. (3) Tumor tissue with blood flow diffusion can infiltrate the blood vessel wall, form tumor embolism, and spread along the blood flow. Whether the blood supply around the original lesion is rich or not has a certain relationship with the spread of cancer. (4) Cancer Planting Cancer cells can be planted and grown in nearby organs and tissues, especially in places with wounds. In gynecological tumors, papillary ovaries are often implanted on the peritoneum after breaking through the capsule. XI。 What is primary cancer? What are recurrent cancer and metastatic cancer? Primary cancer refers to the normal cells of normal tissues and organs, which gradually turn into cancer cells under the long-term effect of various internal and external carcinogenic factors, and then form cancer cells, that is, "primary cancer" or "primary tumor". Recurrent cancer refers to the new tumor that grows on the organ where the primary cancer is located after treatment, and the new tumor is called recurrent cancer. Metastatic cancer is that cancer cells invade blood vessels, lymphatic vessels or body cavities from the primary site, run with blood or body fluids, and form the same type of cancer as the primary cancer in distant sites or organs. Metastatic cancer must meet two conditions: first, the site must be far away from the primary cancer; Second, the nature of cancer must be the same as that of primary cancer. Surgery is the first choice for tumor treatment, followed by chemotherapy, radiotherapy and traditional Chinese medicine conservative treatment. References: