British scientists have recently discovered that women are jealous for physiological reasons.

Women have a long-standing reputation for jealousy, so is it our in our nature or the world that misunderstood their jealousy habits? A research report from York University in Canada shows that it is really possible that women are jealous for physiological reasons.

The report, published in Biology Weekly published by the Royal Society, said that women's jealousy is directly related to their physiological cycle. Usually, during ovulation every month, women's jealousy will reach its climax unconsciously. In order to win over their spouses or men they like, they often directly or subconsciously refuse and belittle the attraction of other women.

At the same time, the report also shows that this "jealousy tide" will gradually recede with the end of women's ovulation period, and women's evaluation of other same-sex people will gradually turn positive.

Fisher, the author of this research report and a doctor of psychology at York University in Toronto, said that although people always give positive comments on women such as "meekness" and "cooperation", in some special circumstances, women do appear more competitive. During the physiological estrus, women are likely to use the method of "belittling" more frequently to reduce the physiological evaluation of other people of the same sex. Interestingly, women will take the initiative to care about the appearance of the same sex during the physiological period or jealousy period, but pay less attention to the appearance of men.

According to Fisher's analysis, this shows that "jealousy" is also an instinct for women to adapt to society in natural selection. That is to say, the intense jealousy in physiological estrus, just like the survival instinct of the animal kingdom in the courtship period, is a physiological feature caused by natural selection and also conforms to the explanation of biological evolution. (According to Beijing Science and Technology News)

Second, sexual physiology is a strong motive for jealousy.

Several famous tragedies in the history of literature, especially Othello, are described clearly.

Sexual jealousy (sexual jealousy)

Resentment for competitors who are better than themselves in reality or imagination. When people of the same sex appear and their sexual partners are likely to be possessed or taken away, they can have all kinds of complicated emotional experiences and behaviors, which first turn into hatred, hostility and even violence.

These emotional reactions and behaviors may be external manifestations or extensions of sexual jealousy. The primitive form of sexual jealousy can be seen in the cruel struggle between male animals when the territory of the animal kingdom is violated and the sexual object may be occupied. Among human beings, sexual jealousy is one of the important causes of domestic violence, wife abuse, murder and crime.

From the perspective of individual psychological development, sexual jealousy began in infancy. In order to compete for maternal love, babies can show their attachment to other children who are close to their mothers, and young children can enuresis again, which is degenerated into baby behavior.

In adolescence, young men and women who are in love with each other have generally experienced jealousy when approaching the opposite sex they like, feeling sad because of being ignored by the opposite sex, or sneering and verbally attacking the jealous object. This kind of jealousy will turn into suspicion, misunderstanding, quarrel between lovers and all kinds of entanglements between people, which will make the love process tortuous and even the relationship break down. Generally speaking, the deeper the two sides love each other, the more serious the consequences of sexual jealousy will be. Lack of self-confidence and single-minded requirements for love are two important reasons for jealousy. Before and after marriage, the emotional discord between father and son-in-law, mother and daughter-in-law is another form of sexual jealousy.

There are various psychological explanations about the causes of sexual jealousy. LucianFreud divided jealousy into three types: 1, competitive jealousy and normal jealousy; 2. Projective jealousy; 3. Fantasy jealousy. He believes that jealousy originated from the "Oedipus complex" in the early emotional development of children. Men not only have to bear the pain of the woman they love, but also hate their same-sex competitors. Projective jealousy originates from self-doubt, and projects jealousy on others through defense mechanism. Fantasy jealousy is a continuation of residual homosexuality, only in a paranoid way.

Rogers opposed Freud's point of view. He believes that young people lack self-confidence, feel the threat and contradiction of self-cognition, and become jealous. According to A.H. Maslow, jealousy is caused by insecurity at the level of "the need for friendship and love". Dependent love and selfish love are the roots of jealous behavior. Millard J. Erickson believes that jealousy exists in all stages of life, and the possessiveness of adults to the opposite sex leads to sexual jealousy. Behaviorists believe that jealousy is a kind of learning behavior, which is closely related to society and culture.

There is also a theory that jealousy is based on instinct. The analysis of sexual jealousy behavior of animals and babies is mainly dominated by biological instinct. With the growth of age, personality, social and cultural factors and traditional gender role concepts are more important to the generation of sexual jealousy.

In a highly developed civilized society, everyone enjoys sexual freedom, and at the same time, everyone respects the sexual freedom of others; Anyone with noble sentiments does not pay attention to possession or acquisition in sex, but puts "giving" in the first place. In this way, jealousy will naturally fade or disappear.

Third, the latest research shows that psychological phenomena and physiological phenomena are sometimes not completely separated or separated from each other, they are interactive. Psychophysiological medicine, also known as psychosomatic medicine, is a subject that studies the relationship between body and mind and related diseases. Broadly speaking, it is a subject that studies the relationship between biological, psychological and sociological factors in the process of human health and disease. It involves many disciplines such as medicine, psychology and sociology, and is an interdisciplinary marginal science. Psychophysiological medicine in a narrow sense studies the pathogenic factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of psychological diseases, and expounds the role of psychological factors in the occurrence, development and prevention of diseases. A special field related to psychophysiology medicine is called contact psychiatry in the United States. Psychiatrists provide counseling and guidance for clinical departments of general hospitals on psychological and physiological diseases, and sometimes participate in research with doctors, nurses and non-psychiatric medical workers to promote the faster development of this discipline.

Mental stress can cause a series of changes in autonomic nerve and visceral function, which are reversible and physiological, and are called psychophysiological response. When some susceptible individuals have these psychological and physiological changes, these changes can develop continuously and form pathological changes, which are called psychological and physiological diseases.

At present, it is generally believed that psychological and physical diseases should meet the following basic conditions: ① Psychosocial stress plays an important role in the onset and development process; ② Physical symptoms, organic diseases or known pathophysiological processes; ③ Mental disorder that does not belong to body form.

Psychophysiological diseases are closely related to social psychological factors and emotional reactions. With the change of medical model, people begin to understand the relationship between psychology and physiology in a broader sense, so the scope of psychological and physiological diseases is also expanding. According to each system, it can be divided into: (1) Digestive system: peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, intestinal irritation syndrome, anorexia nervosa, obesity, etc. (2) Cardiovascular system: essential hypertension, hypotension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, tachycardia and myocardial infarction; (3) Skin diseases: itching, urticaria, allergic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata; (4) Endocrine system: hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and diabetes; (5) Urinary system and reproductive system: menstrual disorder (abnormal menstrual cycle, pregnant woman's menopause), impotence, no sexual desire (female), sexual intercourse difficulty, sexual intercourse pain (caused by female vaginal spasm), dysuria (enuresis, dysuria, frequent urination, urinary incontinence), etc. (6) Respiratory system: bronchial asthma, hyperventilation syndrome, chronic hiccups, nervous cough; (7) Musculoskeletal system: painful spasm (neck, shoulder, waist, leg and head muscle tension and pain), rheumatoid arthritis; (8) Others: eating disorders (hunger), sleep disorders, etc. ?

The emergence of psychological and physical obstacles

(1) Social factors

In the society where human beings live, social factors play a certain role in human health and diseases. People's adaptation to the environment is not only passive, but also actively transform the environment in practice to meet their own needs. In a person's life, the surrounding environment changes greatly, such as the relationship and contradiction between leaders, family members, neighbors and colleagues. However, people are often powerless to the change of living environment, and it is irresistible whether they adapt passively or actively. Good adaptability, physical and mental health; Poor adaptability, resulting in psychological and physical diseases.

The results of epidemiological investigation can explain the influence of social factors on psychological and physical diseases. The prevalence of gastric cancer and esophageal cancer is higher in Japan, the highest in the United States and Finland, and the lowest in Nigeria. There are ethnic differences, eating habits, population age composition, physical labor and other factors. But in general, the prevalence of these diseases is higher in developed countries than in developing countries, higher in cities than in rural areas, and higher in mental workers than in manual workers; People who live in crowded places, have poor living conditions and have to work harder have a higher prevalence rate. Another group with higher prevalence of mental and physical diseases is immigrants. In China, the incidence of immigrants from countries with good conditions, such as the United States or Western Europe, is higher. The prevalence of immigrants from the Middle East is low.

(2) Psychological factors

Psychological factors refer to the individual's own psychological quality, psychological development and psychological reaction. Biological factors and social factors are mediated by psychological factors and act on the human body. Bad psychological stimulation often leads to physical or psychological reactions. Generally speaking, psychological stimuli that make people feel lost and insecure are the most likely to cause diseases.

Life events can cause people's psychological reaction, accompanied by obvious physiological stress. Research shows that many diseases, especially psychological and physical diseases, are often induced by stress caused by life events.

(3) Physiological factors

Physiological origin and physiological intermediary mechanism are two important aspects of psychological and physiological diseases.

Physiological origin refers to the physiological characteristics of patients with psychological and physiological diseases before they get sick. Different physiological origins make individuals have different susceptibility to corresponding psychological and physiological diseases. For example, when ulcer occurs, due to the increase of pepsin, the mucosa of the stomach is digested, causing ulcers. The high content of pepsinogen, the precursor of pepsin in patients with ulcer, is the physiological origin of ulcer disease. Only the physiological origin of ulcer disease will not directly lead to ulcer disease. Psychosocial stimulation plays a "trigger" role in people with physiological ulcers. It is also found that triglyceride is the physiological starting point of coronary heart disease, and high protein combined with iodine is the physiological starting point of hyperthyroidism.

Psychosocial factors and various information affect the function of cerebral cortex, which affects the internal environment balance through physiological intermediaries such as autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, neurotransmitter system and immune system, causing pathological changes of various target organs.

To sum up, in the pathogenesis of psychological and physiological diseases, social factors, psychological factors and physiological factors are intertwined, which jointly affect the stability of the internal environment of the body and make the body's defense mechanism collapse, thus affecting the body's health and leading to the occurrence of diseases.

What psychological and physiological obstacles are related to personality?

Personality, also called personality, refers to the sum of various psychological characteristics of people with personality as the core. The development of personality is influenced by many factors such as physiology, psychology and social environment. If influenced by various unfavorable factors in the process of development, personality can develop or form a deviation from normal people, which will lead to individuals treating people or things around them in a bad way.

Different personality characteristics will have different effects on individual health, and even directly or indirectly promote psychological and physical disorders. Studies have shown that the following psychological and physiological diseases are related to certain personality characteristics:

(1) coronary heart disease: most of them are busy, time-conscious, competitive, excitable, irritable and good at grasping the environment.

(2) Essential hypertension: Most people have personality characteristics such as ambition, irritability, fear and depression.

(3) Peptic ulcer: it has the characteristics of hostility, strong dependence, emotional frustration, depression, ambition and courage.

(4) Bronchial asthma: Most patients are overly dependent on others, hoping to get help from others, naive, and have vague feelings about others and themselves.

(5) Chronic low back pain: Most of these patients have personality characteristics such as depression, escape and personality contradiction.

(6) Urticaria: generally manifested as self-punishment, guilt and emotional satisfaction.

(7) Chronic ulcerative colitis: Most of these patients are indecisive, lacking independence and flexibility, feeling inferior and insecure, obedient and conformist.

(8) Migraine: Most patients are rigid, emotionally unstable, argumentative, jealous and have the personality characteristics of pursuing perfection.

Principles of prevention and treatment of mental and physical diseases

The concept of modern health is not only the dynamic balance of the internal environment, but also the steady integration of individual physiology, psychology, natural ecology and social ecology. In other words, individuals are not only free from disease or weakness, but also must maintain a sound state of physical, psychological and social adaptation. This is an important link to prevent psychological and physical diseases.

For the treatment of psychological and physiological diseases, effective physical therapy should be taken first to relieve symptoms and promote rehabilitation, such as giving acid drugs to ulcers and lowering the blood pressure of hypertension, and treating bronchial asthma with bronchodilators. If lasting curative effect is needed, it is necessary to combine other treatment methods to reduce recurrence. Please invite clinical psychologists and psychiatrists to participate in the joint diagnosis and treatment. The treatment method is as follows:

(1) Psychotherapy: including individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy and hypnotherapy. Individual psychotherapy is to understand the mental factors and personality characteristics of patients before and after the onset in detail, to help patients establish confidence and determination to overcome the disease, so as to better adapt to social and family life and eliminate adverse emotional reactions. Group psychotherapy is to gather many patients with the same or similar diseases together and treat them through lectures, discussions, questions and answers. * * * discuss with each other, understand the pathogenic factors and master the preventive measures, so as to achieve the purpose of curing the disease. Hypnotherapy is to adjust the physiological function of patients under the hint of words, so as to achieve the purpose of preventing and treating diseases.

(2) Biofeedback and behavioral therapy: Biofeedback therapy is to use modern electronic technology to track the physiological functions in the body and convert them into feedback signals such as sound and light, so that subjects can learn to adjust their involuntary visceral functions and other body functions according to the feedback signals, so as to achieve the purpose of treating diseases. Commonly used instruments are: EMG feedback instrument, temperature feedback instrument, skin feedback instrument and EEG feedback instrument. It is mainly suitable for psychological and physiological diseases such as hypertension, ulcer, migraine and sexual dysfunction. The basic idea of behavioral therapy is that abnormal behavior is learned like normal behavior, which means that non-organic mental disorder is the result of people learning to cope with life and environment. Common behavioral therapies include: systematic desensitization therapy, exposure or shock therapy, aversion therapy, marking reward method, demonstration therapy and rational emotion therapy.

(3) Psychotherapy: In psychophysiological diseases, changes in mood will cause changes in the condition, and then affect the disease itself. For patients with anxiety and depression, the use of antidepressants and anxiolytics can make their condition better, which is also beneficial to psychotherapy.

(4) Environmental therapy: People's adaptation to the environment is an important sign of mental health. Environmental changes sometimes cause mental symptoms and physical diseases. The internal and external environment should be properly adjusted during treatment. If it is caused by family factors, it is necessary to treat family members. If it is for work reasons, you can exchange views with the leader and ask the patient to change the environment or be hospitalized if necessary.

For example, children's jealousy has the value of basic research on jealousy motivation:

Today's children, because most of them are only children, their common problems such as femininity, pride, selfishness, willfulness and narrowness directly lead to the formation of their fragile psychology. When they come to the collective and lose their central position in the family, these personality defects will encourage the formation of their jealousy. For example, a female classmate in my class, for a period of time, has been lacking in good mental state, listless and not interested, which is in sharp contrast with her previous initiative. After some in-depth communication, she told me: Recently, her good friend Wang Moumou always plays with another female classmate and doesn't say anything to her. She felt left out, and Wang was "really not a friend". The performance of this female classmate is mild jealousy. It has brought distress to girls and affected normal study and activities. It can be seen that helping students correctly treat all kinds of jealousy in interpersonal communication is a problem that educators, especially class teachers, have to pay attention to and study.

harm

1, spreading rumors, sowing dissension, confusing right and wrong, and even doing immoral things against one's conscience, has a great negative impact. I once taught a student. She became good friends with another girl. They both like math. However, for some time, her math performance has declined, while that girl's performance has steadily improved, which has been praised by the teacher and admired by her classmates. She couldn't accept this reality, so she took some unfair competitive measures: speaking ill of the girl in front of other students, sometimes erasing the topic that the girl did well when collecting her exercise book, and so on. These practices of hers eventually brought her pain, hurt others and affected the unity of the class.

2. Most jealous people are narrow-minded and depressed for a long time. Over time, they will suffer from insomnia, loss of appetite, fatigue, listlessness, irritability and other symptoms, thus reducing human immunity and leading to a series of physiological diseases.

3. Jealousy will affect people's judgment, self-control, destroy mood, interfere with mood, form false, indifferent, grandiose, narrow-minded and other bad characters, hinder psychological balance, destroy mental health, and seriously lead to psychopathy and endanger life.

4. Jealousy can make people spend precious energy on how to belittle and slander others. Jealousy can make people regard friends as enemies and close friends as enemies. If this kind of psychological vicious development is allowed, it will violate the law.

I hope everyone will care about the physiological and psychological phenomena of jealousy and find good countermeasures, which will have great research and development prospects and needs in China in the future.

And thank you for letting me learn a lot.