About Cantonese, it is generally called vernacular, commonly known as Cantonese, and English is called Cantonese (Cantonese is for foreigners). The name "Cantonese" is a dialect with complicated linguistic phenomena among the seven major dialects in China. It retains the characteristics of archaic sounds and old words, with little internal differences. Located in most parts of Guangdong and southeast Guangxi, represented by Guangzhou. Cantonese can be said to be the earliest preserved "Mandarin".
Formation and origin
To discuss the formation of Cantonese, the first thing to do is not to understand Cantonese. Some people think that it originated from the ancient Guangdong Lingnan "Baiyue" language, which is incorrect. Cantonese does retain some elements of the ancient Lingnan language, but what is its main source? Elegant words of ancient Central Plains. Nowadays, with the widespread influence of Cantonese, many TV dramas have added many humorous plots in Cantonese, such as Legend of Wulin.
Elegant language is the foundation of the Yellow Emperor's tribal alliance, which was originally used by China in China. In the Zhou dynasty, they developed it? Zhongyuan district? The national common language can be said to be the first "Mandarin" in China. During the Spring and Autumn Period, vassal states of various dialects used elegant language in official exchanges, scholars' lectures and sacrificial activities. Confucius said. "Elegant speech, poetry is elegant speech, and salute is also", said Baiyue, the place where Qin conquered. It turns out that the six countries recruited a fugitive and her husband Jia Lingnan, and let them "risk their lives". These Kenyans "from all over the country" must communicate with each other in a polite way. But because Comeda died alone, their language was the only visit in the dock and did not spread to the whole Lingnan area. Zhao Tuo, South Vietnam, built Kang until the country, then adopted Baiyue indigenous dress customs and spoke Baiyue indigenous language. It can be seen that Yayan failed in Lingnan, but a small minority area "Yayan Island" appeared. The spread of elegant words in Lingnan began after the level of Yue in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Han dynasty, a "cross-toed and thorn history" supervision county was established, and the governor who withdrew from Korea was set to cross-toed. China's official communication channels must be elegant, because the two countries are the Han regime. Most of the time, elegant language is widely used in the first letter of The History of Cross-toed Thorns and the Inheritance of Jiaozhou. It is generally believed that the early commercial center of Lingnan. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent envoys from Xuwen and Hepu to open up the Maritime Silk Road, bought overseas treasures such as pearls, jade glasses and stones from the southern trade routes, and then transported them to the Central Plains through Hejiang and Xiaoshui. The elegant words issued by the central government are gradually introduced into this field through e-commerce.
It is generally believed that it is still the center of Lingnan culture. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of literati used this place as a place for sponsoring students to open specialty stores and cultural activities. Among them, the most prominent are literati Chen and Xie Yuanshi. Chen Yuan, known as "Linghai Confucian Sect", was later widely regarded as one of the pioneers of Lingnan culture. Xie used to be the magistrate of Jiaozhi County, at the age of 40, also known as "the leader of seven counties and one county". Many China literati began to appreciate and attach importance to them, and became famous for their teaching and widely trusted lectures. Of course, when these scholars spread China culture in the Central Plains, they used symbols recorded as elegant languages by China. During the period of aboriginal culture, I learned China and Chinese characters, and also learned Yayan. So these indigenous languages? There is no variance, no talking to each other, and no writing, so apart from communicating with foreigners in elegant language, tribes must refer to elegant language. In this way, elegant language has become the same language of indigenous tribes, just like the vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period used the same elegant language and bilingual form, used their mother tongue in their own tribes and communicated with the outside world in elegant language. At the same time, the ancient Baiyue language factor also absorbed the language of Han immigrants, thus gradually forming a Chinese dialect-Cantonese.
Cantonese has begun to take shape, and there is no significant difference with China Zhongyuan. After the Jin Dynasty, the first "Five Chaos in China", the next step is to divide and rule the north and south for 200 years. The northern nomadic people are in the Central Plains, where the culture and language with great influence have gradually disappeared, because Zhou has always been the national language. Here you are. During this period, while the Lingnan area remained relatively stable, the elegant changes of the Central Plains did not occur in Guangdong, China, because the development of the Central Plains maintained its original phonology. Because Professor Li Rulong said, "In the Middle Ages, there were three changes, namely, the differentiation of affricates, the confluence of nasal consonants, the weakening and shedding of occluded tails, and the return to the clouds. Cantonese is generally rejected in many dialects. " Therefore, Yayan has gone in today's north and central plains, and many factors have been preserved in today's Cantonese.
The stop sound in Fengchuan dialect: a living fossil of early Cantonese
Cantonese is an elegant language, and there are many factors that can control the confirmation of Cantonese and "Qieyun" phonology. Qieyun is China's earliest phonological work. Written in the Sui Dynasty, people in southern China have recorded the phonetic symbols, that is, the late Yayan Yinyun. Judging from the phonology of Qieyun and the seven dialects controlled by China today, the preserved phonology is the largest and most complete Cantonese in the world. Take an example. The ancient dialect of China is in the north. Due to the influence of nomadic language, coda usually stops, so now people don't know how it enters the sound. Other Chinese dialects have been preserved, but they are incomplete. Because Cantonese has been rejected for three times, it is full of ancient entries and neat nasal consonants.
When Guangdong forms a closed and open area, the preservation of the phonology of quaint language is more obvious. "Qieyun" is a group of voiced initials, which means that most of Chinese dialects have disappeared in Cantonese today, and there is no precipitation in Cantonese. However, this means that the complete consonants in Cantonese are cold-sealed. More importantly, when we open the sealed Cantonese, we should not only read the voiced mothers' words, such as harmony, prediction and group, but also read some voiced mothers' words, such as help, ending and watching. As we know, "Qinghua" is the law of the evolution of initials in China. According to this law, the more developed voiced consonants are, the older they are. Cantonese means to stop developing the phonology of Qieyun, which has an earlier phonology than Qieyun, and phonology is an elegant language of Han Dynasty. Therefore, it is a rare living fossil of China ancient literary language and early Cantonese, which witnessed the ancient form of Guangdong Guangxin.
The regional acquisition of Cantonese dialects centers on Guangdong, Guangxi and Guangzhou dialects. About 400,000 people are used. The access areas are as follows:
It is dominated by 47 counties, accounting for 1/3 of the whole province, namely Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing, Jiangmen and Shenzhen. , Maoming, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, China Nanhai, Panyu, Dongguan, Shunde, Long, Fogang, Zengcheng, Conghua, Huadu, Qingyuan, Lianxian, Yangshan, Mountain, Huaiji, Guangning, Surabaya, Gaoyao, Yunfu, Clever, Xinxing, Heshan, Fengkai, Yunan, Deqing and Luoding. In addition, Cantonese is spoken in Huizhou, Shaoguan, Zhanjiang, Haifeng, Boluo, Huiyang, Huidong, Renhua, Lechang, Yingde, Baoan, Dianbai, Suixi, Kang, Xuwen and Lianjiang 16 counties and some areas.
There are 24 counties in Cantonese in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, namely Nanning, Hengxian, Guiping, Pingnan, tengxian, Wuzhou, Yulin, Beirong, Bobai, Luchuan, Fangcheng, Qinzhou, Hepu, Pubei, Lingshan, Hai, Cangwu, Cenxi, Zhaoping, Mengshan, Hezhou and Zhongshan. In addition, many overseas Chinese and China people speak Cantonese as their mother tongue, mainly in Southeast Asia, South America, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. Overseas Chinese and China, the United States than almost 90% of their ancestors Cantonese dialect area. Cantonese Dialect Area-Danzhou-Maihua-Jiadan Dialect in Southwest Hainan, East-South Guangxi and Hong Kong and Macao. (Southeast Asia-North China and South America are mostly the mother tongues of overseas people, and Cantonese dialect is a dialect which is the largest national common language different from modern Chinese dialect). The number of Han people in China accounts for about 5% of the total population, with Guangzhou as the representative.
Baise-Nanning-Guiping-Wuzhou-Zhaoqing-Guangzhou is the golden waterway for Xijiang shipping to visit Guangdong. Guangdong dialect aborigines were formed in the Xijiang River Basin of Wuhu at the end of Tang Dynasty. When the vulgar Han Dynasty and Liao Dynasty melted away, the indigenous language was the product of the combination of China and Xijiang River in the Middle East. When this ancient Guangfu area was distributed, there lived three ancient people in Lingnan: Panyu (South Guangdong), Luoyue and Western Europe. Lingnan and Panyu combined nationalities and southern Qin; The Luo Yue family in Western Europe, Xijiang Road, remained relatively independent. The differences between Guangfu-Panyu-Shunde, Zhaoqing, then Xinxing County and Yunfu dialect in Nanhai, China today can be traced back to this time. It is generally believed that China's unification of Lingnan (now closed to the outside world, east of Wuzhou) has become the focus of Lingnan utilization. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the European Five Lakes in the west (a part of the development of Huangdong people in China in the Tang Dynasty), Luoyue Han people and the south * * * were all the evolution of Liao customs. Lingnan in China spread to a certain extent in Han Dynasty, but it was far from universal. During this period, the proverbs of the Xijiang River in Wuhu were inextricably linked with the Liao language in ancient China. It is the predecessor of Cantonese, but it has not yet become a Chinese dialect. After the "Five Chaos" in China, the southward migration of Han nationality in China is also increasing, but it is far less than the number of indigenous people, and it is indigenous assimilation. Restoring the ancestor of Wu Hanhu, the vulgar Liao Jia, is not a part of anything, but a part of the indigenous people. Therefore, Wu Hu-saying Liao is the mother tongue of the Zhuang and Dong ethnic groups today. Chen Liang's two generations of Guangzhou military government became the center of Gaoyao's promotion of China in Gaoyao (south of Zhaoqing). During the Southern Dynasties, the Han people at the end of the Han Dynasty, such as Ning Feng, Huang and Chen, became influential local heroes and played an important role in the integration of Chinese and local languages. ? This sub-region of Guangdong dialect distribution is linked by some links. Levin's words, such as distribution area, mainly focus on the range of frontal activity, then the distribution area of Qin is mainly distributed in the range of activity of Ning; Yongxun, then the distribution area, is mainly distributed in Mr. Huang's activity range, while Guangfu distribution area is mainly Chen's activity range.
From the Tang Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, Li Shuai was still quite strong and bilingual. English and indigenous languages are used simultaneously. After the late Tang Dynasty, China and the Central Plains produced a combined indigenous language-? Cantonese. Song Guangfu, through its own reabsorption, is closer to the production process in northern China. In the Yuan Dynasty, China Guangfu, located in the Central Plains, began to go their separate ways: in the north, the evolution of the former in the middle ages led to the development of the pre-initials and pre-finals and the evolution of the Middle East rhyme at the entrance of Guangfu, resulting in the development of abbreviations and RMB sounds; The ancient sounds of northern dialects merge, while the ancient sounds continue the division of Guangfu.
According to the geographical location, Cantonese is divided into different types:
Cantonese (Cantonese standard)
Guangzhou dialect: As a typical Cantonese, Guangzhou dialect is called "Guangzhou dialect", but the characters themselves are constantly changing and developing after recovery. Compared with 1949, Cantonese is simple and less influenced by northern dialects.
Divided into the following categories:
Fanshun Southern Dialect: Panyu District, Guangzhou, itself and a part of Nanhai, China, is a dialect of Cantonese, which can actually be regarded as a special Fannan dialect. Panyu dialect in Guangzhou is close to Nanhai, China, but many Shunde dialects are pronounced differently from other areas, such as "concave" reading instead of [circle] taking a nap, and "eating" is not called "rice" but "leaf [y ɑ: k] meters".
Luoguang dialect: located in Zhaoqing, Sixi, Luoding, Guangning, Huaiji, Fengkai, Deqing, Yunan, Yangshan, Lianxian and Shanshan counties. Zhaoqing dialect is the representative.
Although all the phonetics and vocabulary are closer to Guangzhou dialect now, they still retain the characteristics of color and are out of date. Because the tone of IA is significantly different from that of a flat tone, it is stressed in negative words (similar to the tone adjustment and the fourth tone of Mandarin). There are almost no thin-film Cantonese dialects where lazy sounds prevail, because all vowels that do not start with [i] are marked with initials [NG], ke [ngo 1], low [ngai2], Asia [ngaa3], love [ngoi3] and evil [ngok3] [n].
(Modern) Hong Kong Dialect: Before 1949, Hong Kong's passenger transport in Guangdong was very concentrated because of the mixed host and guest, with a mixed dialect accent (that is, the resumption of Hakka speaking affected its own tone and vocabulary, and vice versa). This is a representative word in Jintian dialect, but today, this accent only exists in old Hong Kong people.
After 1949, a large number of lazy sounds began to appear in Hong Kong dialect, among which nasal sounds disappeared (that is, n/L, regardless) and metaphorical sounds of watt sounds disappeared most significantly. Generally speaking, the new generation of young people, "You don't want men", "I" and "[NGO]" are obviously [thunder] and [o]. "Guo" [gwok] is misunderstood as "coke" [GOK], and "Guo" [gwoh] is pronounced as "one" [Wu]. This phenomenon seems to be related to a large number of foreign immigrants. For them, the pronunciation of N/L is not much different, and confusing the two will not lead to serious communication obstacles in most cases. Therefore, when they come to Hong Kong to learn this new dialect, they often take simple methods to dilute some difficult pronunciations. This is also called "China Theory", and this phenomenon also appears in the development of desktop Mandarin and American English.
However, before the 1980s, the mass media were still trying to avoid being lazy in radio and television programs. To this day, some linguists, Hong Wen, are lazy to swipe their cards again and again, but the lazy voice seems to have been in Cantonese cuisine. In most mass media, singers and lazy people's voices are considered as "trendy" and "fashionable" accents. But on the whole, the dialects of Hong Kong and Guangzhou dialect are still very close.
English is more popular in Hong Kong, and it is often fresher to meet foreigners for the first time than in the Mainland. In the past, poor Cantonese classes used the spelling of everyday English words, so Cantonese English loanwords are very common in Hong Kong. Such as "looper" and "word foreman"), the braking force is called power (brake), the bearing is called beer (bearing), it is called strawberry (strawberry), and so on. Many old people who still carry so-called stamps are called Yan comb insurance or something. These terms may lead to areas that real China users can't understand.
Siyi dialect (Taishan dialect):
Siyi dialect refers to Xinhui, Enping, Kaiping and Taishan dialect, representing Taishan dialect. Half of Zhuhai people speak four local dialects (especially Doumen District), while other areas use Xiangshan Cantonese. Cantonese dialect and pronunciation are completely different.
Levin dialect:
Levin dialect is mainly distributed in Yangjiang and Guangxi in the south of Leizhou Peninsula.
Sentence block (Cancerese):
Mainly distributed in southeastern Guangxi. The northeast of Nanning, Guangxi congratulates the south of Guangxi, with Pingxiang as the dividing line. The southeast line mainly speaks Cantonese, accounting for nearly one-third of the total area of Guangxi; Northwest tourism speaks Mandarin. The Cantonese dialects in Guangxi and Guangzhou are similar, and they can understand each other. However, there are also some touching elements of minority languages absorbed by minority areas. For example, the gap between Cantonese and Cantonese dialects has been formed since early Guangdong. Eternal training includes Cantonese, Wuzhou dialect, Cantonese, Cantonese and Qinlian Goulou Cantonese.
The classification is as follows:
Yongxun Cantonese (Nanning dialect): Wuzhou Cantonese and near. Mainly popular in towns with convenient transportation on both sides of Yongzhou and Zhou Xun, such as Nanning, Yongning, Chongzuo, Ningming, Hengxian, Pingnan and other parts of Liuzhou. Nanning is the representative point.
Wuzhou Cantonese (Wuzhou dialect): Guangzhou dialect is very close. They are mainly distributed in Wuzhou, Daan, Danzhu, Wulin Town, Jinguiping, Cangwu County, Hexian County (now Hezhou) and its vicinity. The internal differences are very small. Wuzhou dialect indicates that the initial consonant of the phonetic system is 2 1 and there are 46 vowels.
Goulou Cantonese (Yulin dialect): mainly distributed in 13 counties in Yulin and Guigang (except Pingnan and Guiping counties). The complexity of speech has 10 tones. Besides the voiced initials B and D, there are Cantonese dialects. Lost a lot of suffixes, such as two pronunciations [Lal]. And the vocabulary is also very distinctive. It is very different from Cantonese, so it is difficult to operate the language for dialogue and communication.
Guangdong Qinlian (Lin Zhenzi): Yongxun Cantonese is basically the same, but there is little internal difference. Focus: Buqin City, Hepu County (formerly Lianzhou), Pubei County, Fangxian County, Lingshan and Beihai.
Wuchuan dialect: distributed in Wuchuan City and Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province.
Danjia dialect: Danjia himself is a Cantonese native. Egg dialect is called water, and house boat usually refers to Guangdong and Guangxi.