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The National Aquatics Center, also known as the Water Cube, is located in Beijing Olympic Park. It is the main swimming pool built by Beijing for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, and it is also one of the landmark buildings of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Its design scheme is the "Water Cube" ([H2O]3) scheme produced by the global design competition. Construction started on February 24th, 2003 and was completed on October 28th, 2008. It and the National Stadium (commonly known as the Bird's Nest) are located on both sides of the northern end of Beijing's central axis, which together form a relatively complete image of Beijing's historical and cultural city. The planned construction land of the National Swimming Center is 62,950 square meters, with a total construction area of 65,000-80,000 square meters, of which the underground construction area is not less than15,000 square meters, and the length, width and height are177m× 30m respectively. Up to now, more than 350,000 compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese in10/countries and regions have donated 850 million yuan. Among them, Zheng Yutong, Zheng Jiachun and his son and their subordinate enterprises donated 50 million yuan.
Architectural memorabilia
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In July 2003, the architectural design scheme of the National Swimming Center was formally confirmed.
On February 24, 2003, 65438, the foundation-laying earthwork and foundation treatment project of Water Cube started.
On April 7, 2004, the earthwork and foundation treatment project was completed.
On July 17, 2004, the general contract for the construction and installation of the National Swimming Center was formally signed.
In the first quarter of 2005, all major concrete structures were built.
April 2006 10, the main structure of the national swimming center was capped and the steel structure was installed.
On June 6, 2006, the steel structure support system was successfully unloaded.
On August 1 day, 2006, the first membrane structure air cushion was installed in the membrane structure of the National Swimming Center.
Installation of membrane structure was completed on February 26th, 2006 +65438.
In March 2007, the equipment installation was completed and online debugging began.
It was officially completed on June 28th, 2008.
use
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During the 2008 Olympic Games, the National Swimming Center will undertake swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and other competitions, which can accommodate 17000 people, including 6000 permanent visitors. During the Olympic Games, 65,438+065,438+0,000 temporary seats will be added (removed after the Games). After the Olympic Games, it will be built into an international advanced center integrating swimming, sports, fitness and leisure.
design
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The design scheme of the National Swimming Center is the "Water Cube" ([H2O]3) scheme produced by the global design competition. The scheme was jointly designed by China State Construction Engineering Corporation, Australian PTW Architects and ARUP Australia Limited. The design embodies the design concept of [H2O] 3 ("Water Cube"), which integrates architectural design and structural design. The design is novel, unique in structure, coordinated with the national stadium, fully meets the requirements of the 2008 Olympic Games in function, and is easy to operate after the game.
Beijing State-owned Assets Management Company is responsible for the construction, management and operation of the National Swimming Center, which was started at the end of 2003, completed and put into trial operation before the end of 2007, and accepted the inspection and acceptance by the International Swimming Federation and the International Olympic Committee.
"Water Cube" is the national swimming center of Beijing Olympic Games, and its membrane structure has become the highest in the world. It is designed according to the arrangement of cells and the natural structure of soap bubbles, which has never appeared in architectural structures. Creativity is really strange.
The wall and roof of the "Water Cube" are divided into two layers: inside and outside. The designer designed more than 30,000 steel members with three-dimensional coordinates, and none of these 30,000 steel members have the same position. These technologies are the scientific and technological achievements of China's independent innovation, which fills the blank in the history of world architecture.
design concept
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"Water Cube" is located on the west side of Zone B of the Olympic Park, echoing the National Stadium' Bird's Nest' across the road, with a building scale of about 80,000 square meters. The most striking thing is the ETFE membrane (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene * * * polymer) with a bubble-like periphery. ETFE film is a kind of transparent film, which can bring more natural light to venues. Its interior is a multi-storey building, with symmetrically arranged stands with a wide view, and the ivory buildings in the museum are in contrast with the blue pool.
The design scheme of the National Swimming Center is the "Water Cube" ([H2O]3) scheme produced by the global design competition. The scheme was jointly designed by China State Construction Engineering Corporation, Australian PTW Architects and ARUP Australia Limited. Among them, Chinese designers are Zhao Xiaojun, President and Chief Architect of China Construction International (Shenzhen) Design Consulting Co., Ltd. and Mao Hongwei, Chief Engineer. The two main designers of PTW Architecture Office are John Boleyn and Toby Wang.
The design embodies the design concept of [H2O] 3 ("Water Cube"), which integrates architectural design and structural design. The design is novel, unique in structure, coordinated with the national stadium, fully meets the requirements of the 2008 Olympic Games in function, and is easy to operate after the game.
This seemingly simple "square box" was "created" by China's traditional culture and modern science and technology. China people believe that Fiona Fang cannot be achieved without rules, and the overall harmony and unity can be achieved only by doing things according to the established rules. In the traditional culture of China, the design idea of "a round place" gave birth to the "Water Cube", which echoes and complements the circular "Bird's Nest"-the National Stadium. Square is the most basic form of ancient urban architecture in China, which embodies the social life rules represented by Confucian ethics in China culture. And this "square box" can best reflect the multi-functional requirements of the National Swimming Center, thus achieving the perfect combination of traditional culture and architectural functions.
In China culture, water is an important natural element, which can arouse people's happy mood. The National Aquatics Center will become the largest water park in Beijing after the competition, so designers aim at people of all ages, explore all kinds of entertainment ways that water can provide and develop all kinds of uses of water. They call this design concept "Water Cube". I hope it can inspire people's inspiration and enthusiasm, enrich people's lives and provide people with a memory carrier.
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In order to achieve this goal, designers have deepened the concept of water, using not only the decorative function of water, but also its unique microstructure. Based on the design inspiration of "foam" theory, they wrapped the "square box" with a layer of architectural skin, which was covered with geometric shapes similar to water molecules. The ETFE film covered on the surface gives the building an ice crystal-like appearance, which makes it have a unique visual effect and feeling, the outline and appearance become soft, and the charm of water is perfectly reflected in the building. The lightweight "Water Cube" won the championship because it embodies many characteristics of science and technology and environmental protection. The rational organization of natural ventilation, the rational development of circulating water system and the wide application of high-tech building materials have all added more flavor of the times to the National Swimming Center. Many innovative designs have also been applied to swimming pools, such as introducing outdoor air into the swimming pool surface, the end pool shore with holes, visual and sound departure signals, etc. This will make the competition pool the fastest swimming pool in the world.
Innovative external materials
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"Water Cube" is not only a beautiful and complex building, but also can inspire people's inspiration and enthusiasm, enrich people's lives and provide people with a carrier of memory. Therefore, in the design, not only the decorative function of water is utilized, but also its unique microstructure is utilized. The ETFE membrane (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene * * * polymer) wrapped inside and outside the whole building is a new lightweight material, which has effective thermal performance and light transmittance, can adjust the indoor environment, keep warm in winter and dissipate heat in summer, and can also prevent the building structure from being eroded by the internal environment of the swimming center. Even more amazing, if there is a hole in the ETFE film, it doesn't need to be replaced. Just stick a patch, it will heal itself, and it will return to its original appearance after a while!
When the membrane structure is used in buildings internationally, PTFE membrane is widely used. It is a kind of fiber material, which is characterized by opaque light, but its application technology is relatively mature. "Water Cube" uses ETFE film, which is a transparent film that can bring more natural light to the venue. The theoretical research on this thin film structure in China is almost blank.
The Allianz Stadium in Munich, one of the main venues of the 2006 World Cup in Germany, also adopted ETFE air cushion exterior wall, but compared with the Water Cube, the difference between them is that the air cushion coverage area of the Allianz Stadium in Germany is 60,000 square meters, while the Water Cube is 6,543,800 square meters. Allianz sports ground is a single-layer air cushion, which is arranged regularly, while the water cube is a double-layer air cushion, and almost no two air cushions have the same shape.
According to the design scheme, the membrane structure of the inner and outer facades of the Water Cube consists of 3,065 air cushions (minimum 1-2 square meters and maximum 70 square meters), covering an area of 654,380+10,000 square meters and a development area of 260,000 square meters. It is the largest membrane structure project in the world and the only large-scale public building completely enclosed by membrane structure. It is a great challenge to design, construction and use, and it also poses a very difficult task to ETFE membrane materials, ventilation and air conditioning, fire control, sound, light and electricity control.
New environmental protection design
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Many innovative designs have been applied in the swimming pool of the swimming center, such as introducing outdoor air into the pool surface, the end pool shore with holes, and visual and sound signals. There are also some high-tech equipment, such as optical devices to determine the relative position of athletes, multi-angle three-dimensional image projection systems and so on. These devices will help the audience watch the game better.
In the design, the needs of environmental protection are also fully considered. In order to reduce the generation of carbon dioxide, electricity consumption is reduced in the design. Use solar cells to provide electricity. A large number of new materials are used to reduce the air conditioning and lighting load by 20%-30%. In addition, 80% of the water consumed by the swimming center will be collected from the roof and recycled, which can weaken the dependence on water supply and reduce the sewage discharged into the sewer. The system recovers waste heat, and the application of heat recovery refrigerator will save 600 thousand kwh of electricity a year. There are also modern fire-fighting devices tailored for buildings, which save 74% compared with conventional facilities.
In terms of building energy efficiency, the design of "Water Cube" is also unique. In the "Water Cube" with a total construction area of 80,000 square meters, the roof of 30,000 square meters will make the rainwater collection rate reach 100%, which is equivalent to the annual water consumption of 100 households; In terms of light utilization, the "Water Cube" adopts special membrane materials and corresponding technologies, which enables the venues to utilize natural light for 9.9 hours every day. A year later, the 80,000-square-meter "Water Cube" will save a lot of power resources.
Scientific and technological innovation is a highlight of the architectural design of "Water Cube". Its special membrane material, steel structure and indoor environment design are all blank in the history of Olympic venues. Therefore, scientific innovation has become the highlight of the construction of "Water Cube". Through the joint efforts of all parties, the relevant state departments have approved more than 65,438+00 scientific research projects.
Humanized design details
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The design of "Water Cube" pays attention to details, fully considers the needs of athletes and spectators, and embodies the three concepts of "Green Olympics, High-tech Olympics and People's Olympics" of Beijing Olympic Games.
As the competition venue of the Olympic Games, the National Aquatics Center must first meet the competition demand during the Olympic Games. The design of "Water Cube" will make the athletes feel comfortable here and the audience feel comfortable as much as possible. And this comfort often comes from small details. "Water Cube" has diving pool, competition pool and warm-up pool. The water temperature of these swimming pools is not much different from that of their halls, which creates good conditions for athletes to play stably.
In addition, the "Water Cube" has also spent a lot of thought on the design of the ground. Because there is a certain distance between the competition pool and the warm-up pool, athletes often shuttle back and forth between the two pools barefoot. The "Water Cube" has done a particularly detailed treatment on the ground at this distance. At that time, "athletes will be very comfortable to walk over" and will not feel cold hands and feet.
Lightning protection design:
The "Water Cube" is similar to the "Bird's Nest" and also adopts traditional lightning protection technology. The underground and foundation parts of "Water Cube" are reinforced concrete structures, and the above-ground parts are steel grid structures. The steel bars in the steel structure and the reinforced concrete structure are connected by welding, and together they form a cubic cage. On the roof, the inflatable pillow is embedded and fixed with trough-shaped steel members. The trough-shaped steel members are wide and thick, and welded with the steel mesh on the four walls of the "Water Cube" to support the whole roof. In thunderstorm weather, these steel members play a more serious role. On the one hand, they are used as drainage ditches to collect and remove rainwater from roofs; At the same time, it acts as a lightning arrester to guide lightning current to the "cage lightning protection network" in time to protect the safety of the whole building. This is an ideal "cage lightning protection network", which depends entirely on the materials in the building's own structure, and does not need to erect lightning rods, make down leads or grounding bodies separately. There is no prominent lightning rod or lightning belt on the roof, which is economical, beautiful, safe and reliable.
Seismic design:
"Water Cube" is a typical soft outside and rigid inside. Only inflatable membranes are seen outside, which look very fragile. These membranes are supported by solid steel structures, and the auditorium and indoor buildings are reinforced concrete structures. The wall and ceiling of "Water Cube" are composed of 6,543,800+0.2 million reticulated steel pipes connected by load-bearing joints, which evenly share the weight of the building and make it strong enough to withstand the strongest earthquake in Beijing. The underground part of the Water Cube is a reinforced concrete structure. When pouring concrete, embedded parts (upper steel blocks) shall be set at the position of each steel laurel, and the steel columns of steel structure shall be welded firmly with these embedded parts. In this way, the steel structure on the ground and the reinforced concrete structure in the underground part form a solid whole. It is precisely because of its superior structural form and good integrity that the "Water Cube" has a "perfect shape" and has reached the standard of seismic intensity of 8 degrees.
Green venues
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As the three core concepts of Beijing Olympic Games, Green Olympics, Hi-tech Olympics and People's Olympics have programmatic guiding significance for all the work of Beijing Olympic Games. Among these three concepts, the first one is the Green Olympics. From the definition of green Olympics in Beijing Olympic Action Plan, it is not difficult to see that every link of realizing green Olympics needs people's high-standard ecological literacy to ensure that all work should be carried out according to standards.
The main advanced energy-saving technologies in the construction of the National Swimming Center include the selection of heat pump, the utilization of solar energy, the comprehensive utilization of water resources, advanced heating and air conditioning systems, control systems and other energy-saving and environmental protection technologies, such as the use of internal and external wall insulation to reduce energy loss; Adopt efficient and energy-saving light source and lighting control technology. The adoption of these new standards, new technologies and new materials has played a good demonstration role for China's future building energy-saving construction, and can further promote and promote the development of China's building energy-saving technology industrialization.
The ETFE membrane material used for the first time in the Water Cube can best represent the "Water Cube". The shape of "Water Cube" looks like a blue water box, while the wall looks like a group of irregular bubbles. The material used for this bubble is "ETFE", which is what we often call "polyvinyl fluoride". This material has good corrosion resistance, heat preservation and strong self-cleaning ability. Foreign anti-aging tests prove that 15 can be used for 20 years. Moreover, this material is also very strong, and it is said that people jumping on it will not be damaged. At the same time, because of its water repellency, it can be cleaned by natural rain, and it is a new type of environmental protection material. An ETFE film such as "Water Bubble" has good compression resistance, and its thickness is only as thick as an air pillow made of paper ETFE film, and it can even bear the weight of a car. According to the position of the air pillow, there are uneven plating spots on the outer film, which will effectively block the direct sunlight in the museum and play a role in shading and cooling.
Water cube water saving scheme
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Automatic control of changing water in swimming pool
In order to ensure that the water quality of "Water Cube" meets FINA's latest hygiene standards, the water in the swimming pool will be purified by sand filtration-ozone-activated carbon, all of which will be disinfected by ozone. According to reports, ozone disinfection can not only effectively remove the odor of pool water, but also eliminate the stimulation of pool water to human body.
In addition, automatic control technology will be adopted in the whole process of changing water in the swimming pool to improve the operation efficiency of the water purification system, reduce the consumption of water purification agent and electricity, and save more than 50% of the water supply of the swimming pool. In addition, the swimming pool and water recreation pool will use impervious concrete to prevent leakage.
Bath water is used for flushing toilets and irrigation.
Besides swimming pool water, other water used by the water cube is also very economical. After biological contact oxidation, filtration, activated carbon adsorption and disinfection, bath wastewater is used for toilet flushing in venues, garage floor flushing and outdoor greening irrigation. This alone can save 44530 tons of water every year. In addition, in order to reduce water evaporation, the outdoor green space of "Water Cube" will be irrigated at night, using Israeli micro-irrigation nozzles, which can save water by 5% after completion.
Sanitary ware is equipped with a water meter to measure water.
In order to reduce people's waste of water as much as possible, "Water Cube" uses inductive flushing valves for toilets, bath faucets, basins and other equipment to reasonably control the water output of sanitary ware, and sets water meters at various centralized water consumption points to measure water consumption. It is estimated that through these measures, water can be saved by about 10%.
In addition to bath water, the Water Cube will also set up a drinking place in the competition hall to provide drinking water for athletes and spectators. In order to avoid secondary pollution and waste of drinking water, the drinking water of "Water Cube" will be treated by terminal direct drinking water treatment equipment.
Construction technology of water cube
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Membrane structure architecture is the most representative brand-new architectural form in 2 1 century, and has become one of the main forms of long-span space architecture so far. It combines architecture, structural mechanics, fine chemical industry, material science and computer technology, and constructs a symbolic spatial structure. It not only embodies the beauty of the structure, but also fully shows the architect's vision and enjoys the romantic space of nature. In the architectural design of the 2008 Olympic Games, the application of membrane structure has been perfectly reflected.
"Water Cube" is the largest membrane structure project in the world, and the most advanced environmental protection and energy-saving ETFE (tetrafluoroethylene) membrane material is used outside the building. Tan, general manager of the National Gymnasium Project, revealed that the life of this material is more than 20 years, but it will actually be longer than this, and people can walk on it, which feels particularly good. At present, only three companies in the world can complete this membrane structure.
The whole building of "Water Cube" consists of more than 3,000 air pillows of different sizes and shapes, covering an area of 654.38+10,000 square meters, ranking first in the world. In addition to the ground, the exterior adopts membrane structure. The successfully installed air cushion will be inflated into "bubbles" through the inflation pipe installed on the steel frame in advance, and the whole inflation process will be intelligently monitored by the computer, and the "bubbles" will be kept in the best state according to the air pressure, lighting and other conditions at that time.
This kind of film material similar to "bubble bag" has self-cleaning function, which makes the film surface basically dust-free. Even if there is dust, natural precipitation is enough to make it clean as new. In addition, the membrane material has good compression resistance, so that people can "play trampoline" on it, and "it will not be crushed if a car is put on it normally". Once the adventitia breaks, according to the emergency plan, the damaged adventitia can be repaired or replaced within 8 hours. The glittering and translucent coat of "Water Cube" is also dotted with numerous white bright spots, called plating spots, which can change the direction of light and have the effect of heat insulation and astigmatism.
In addition, the "Water Cube" covers an area of 7.8 hectares without using a steel bar or a piece of concrete. Its wall and ceiling are connected by thin steel pipes, with1.2000 nodes. Only 2.4 mm thick membrane structure air pillow covers the whole building like skin. The largest air cushion is about 9 square meters, and the smallest is less than 1 square meter. Compared with glass, it can penetrate more sunlight and air, thus keeping the swimming pool at a constant temperature and saving electricity by 30%.
Perfect embodiment of membrane structure
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Membrane structure architecture is the most representative brand-new architectural form in 2 1 century, and has become one of the main forms of long-span space architecture so far. It combines architecture, structural mechanics, fine chemical industry, material science and computer technology, and constructs a symbolic spatial structure. It not only embodies the beauty of the structure, but also fully shows the architect's vision and enjoys the romantic space of nature. In the architectural design of the 2008 Olympic Games, the application of membrane structure has been perfectly reflected.
"Water Cube" is the largest membrane structure project in the world. In addition to the ground, it is made of membrane structure -ETFE material. The blue surface is unexpectedly soft but full. Tan, general manager of the National Gymnasium Project, revealed that the life of this material is more than 20 years, but it will actually be longer than this, and people can walk on it, which feels particularly good. At present, only three companies in the world can complete this membrane structure.
"Considering the energy-saving standards of the venue, the membrane structure has strong heat insulation function; In addition, the maintenance of this structure is also very convenient. For example, after a gun or a sharp object is poked in, the monitoring computer will automatically appear. If a hole is broken, stick it with adhesive. The membrane structure is also very light, with good self-cleaning, dust is not easy to stick to it, and dust can also be discharged with rainwater. " Tan said that the membrane structure itself has the functions of drainage and sewage discharge, dehumidification and fog prevention, especially the function of dew prevention, which is particularly important for swimming.
As a building depicting water, the complex and free structure of the water cube stems from the ingenious and simple changes in the planning system. Simple and pure figures talk modestly with parents, and the contrast of different temperament makes their spirituality interesting. Coconut trees, beaches and artificial waves … sublimate the Olympic Arena into an eternal water park in the eyes of the world.