China was a thinker in the Southern Song Dynasty. Dark personality, dark numbers. Huizhou Wuyuan (now Jiangxi) people. In the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (1 148), he was a scholar, who lived in the four dynasties of Gao Zong, Xiao Zong, Guang Zong and Ning Zong, and died in the sixth year of Qingyuan. In the second year of Jiading (1209), he wrote a letter of goodwill, wrote an obituary, found a Chinese medicine practitioner, and awarded him a bachelor's degree in Mo Bao Pavilion. In the third year of Li Zongbaoqing's reign (1227), he gave it to a surname, chased lord protector, and changed his emblem to lord protector.

all one's life

Zhu went in and out of Buddhism and Taoism in his early years. At the age of 3 1, Dong Li, a disciple of Cheng Yi's three biographies, officially started his career and joined Confucianism, becoming an important figure in Confucianism after Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi. In the second year (1 175), Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan met at the Ehu Temple in Qianshan, Shangrao, Jiangxi Province. This was a famous meeting of the Ehu Lake, and the differences between Zhu and Lu were more obvious. On the basis of Bailuyuan Sinology, Zhu Jian established Bailudong Academy, formulated "learning rules", lectured and taught. The main purpose of restoring Yuelu Academy in Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan) is to gain knowledge from poor management, oppose worship and practice, and respect. He inherited Cheng Zhu and developed independently, forming his own system, which was later called Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism. During his tenure as a local official, Zhu advocated resisting gold, loving the people and saving taxes, reducing labor force, limiting land merger and high-interest exploitation, and implemented some reform measures, and also participated in activities to suppress peasant uprisings. During his education, Zhu dabbled in or wrote about Confucian classics, history, literature, Buddhism, Taoism and natural sciences, and his works were extensive and rich.

Philosophical thinking

On the theory of regulating Zhu Qi, Xi inherited Zhou Dunyi and Er Cheng, and absorbed the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism, forming a huge philosophical system. The core category of this system is "reason", or "Tao" and "Tai Chi". Zhu's so-called rationality has several interrelated meanings: ① rationality is a metaphysical person who precedes natural phenomena and social phenomena. (2) rationality is the law of things. ③ Rationality is the basic principle of ethics. Zhu, also known as Tai Chi, is the sum of the principles of all things in the world, that is, the principle of total truth. Tai Chi is just a word. Taiji contains the principle of everything, and everything can embody the whole Taiji alone. This is that everyone has the spirit of Artest, and everything has the spirit of Artest. Everyone and things take abstract rationality as the basis of their existence, and everyone and things have a complete rationality, that is, rationality is different. Qi is the second category in Zhu's philosophical system after relay theory. It is tangible, affectionate, tangible and traceable; It has the characteristics of cohesion and artificiality. It is the material for casting everything. Everything in the world is the product of the unity of reason and matter. Zhu believes that the relationship between reason and qi has its main and secondary aspects. Anger is the main thing, and qi is the guest. In the afterlife, qi is the secondary thing.

The dynamic and static view of Zhu advocates that reason depends on qi, and from qi, the movement of living things is divided into two parts, and the movement is endless. This is that one qi is divided into two qi, the movement is yang, the quietness is yin, and it is divided into five qi (Jin Mu fire, water and soil), and the dispersion is everything. Split into two is an important movement form in the process of gas differentiation into matter. Zhu believes that the unity of opposites makes things change endlessly. He discussed the causes of things and regarded motion and stillness as an infinite continuous process. The infinity of time and space is manifested in the infinity of motion and static, which are inseparable. This shows the dialectical view of Zhu's thought. Zhu also believes that the dynamic and static are not only mutually exclusive, but also unified. Zhu also discussed two forms of movement: relative stability and significant change, which he called "change" and "transformation". He thinks that sudden change permeates gradual change, and gradual change permeates sudden change. Gradually accumulate and realize mutation.

Zhu discussed the theoretical problems in the field of cognition with the proposition that "knowledge lies in knowledge" in "University". On the issue of the source of knowledge, Zhu talked about the apriorism of human innate knowledge, and did not deny the knowledge of knowledge. He emphasized that poverty cannot be separated from things, that is, things can be poor. Zhu expounded the relationship between knowledge and action. He believes that knowledge comes first, and then knowledge is light. From the source of knowledge, the prophet; From the perspective of social effect, knowledge is light and behavior is heavy. Moreover, knowledge and practice are mutually transmitted. "The more you know, the more you will do it; Then you will know. "

On the theory of human nature, Zhu gave full play to the views of Zhang Zai and Cheng Yi on the nature and temperament of heaven and earth, and thought that "the nature of heaven and earth" or "the nature of destiny" refers to reason, which is perfect and perfect; On the other hand, "temperament" is based on the principle of miscellaneous qi, both good and bad, which are unified in the human body, and no one can't be a man. Related to the nature of destiny, there is also the theory of "Tao's heart and people's heart". Zhu believes that "Tao's heart" is based on righteousness or the meaning of life, and it is endowed with benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom. Just show compassion, shame, right and wrong, and resignation. "People's heart" is based on selfishness, which refers to hunger and thirst for food. If so, a saint can't be ruthless. However, saints focus not on people's hearts, but on the hearts of Tao. He believes that the relationship between "Tao Xin" and "people's heart" is both contradictory and related, and that "Tao Xin" needs to be solved through "people's heart", and there is a master-slave relationship between "Tao Xin" and "people's heart", which must be obeyed. Based on the theory of mind and nature, Zhu discussed the issues of justice and human desire. He believes that people have selfish desires, so there is danger; The heart of Tao is the principle of nature, so it is subtle. To this end, Zhu put forward the idea of "restraining human desires and preserving justice" Zhu acknowledged people's legitimate desire for material life, and opposed what Buddhism generally advocated. He opposes material desires beyond the conditions of continued existence.

Zhu's philosophical system contains the theory of beauty and art. He believes that beauty is the unity of aesthetic feeling and moral goodness. From the viewpoint that beauty is the unity of external beauty and internal goodness, Zhu discussed the problems of literature and quality, literature and Tao. It is considered that the harmony and unity of literature and quality, literature and Taoism is perfect. Zhu also talked about music many times. He connected music with ceremony, which infiltrated the basic spirit of Neo-Confucianism to incorporate music into ceremony to maintain the ruling order. Zhu's solution to the relationship between "Wen" and "Tao" surpassed the predecessors in the depth of philosophical speculation. His research on The Book of Songs and Songs of the South often shows keen aesthetic insight.

affect

Zhu is a master of science and one of the main representatives of feudal Confucianism in China. His academic thoughts, in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties in China, have always been the official philosophy of the feudal ruling class, marking a more complete ideology of feudal society. In the second year of Yuan and Qing Dynasties (13 13), the imperial examination was resumed, and Zhu's Notes on Four Books was ordered as the textual research. In the second year of Zhu Yuanzhang's Hongwu reign (1369), Zhu et al. took "Chuan as the Sect" in the imperial examination. Zhu Xue became a powerful spiritual pillar to consolidate the ruling order of feudal society. It strengthened the "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and hindered the later changes in feudal society. Zhu's academic thought also has an important influence in the history of world culture. Zhu's main philosophical works include Notes to Four Books, Four Books or Topics, Illustrations of Taiji, Interpretation of General Books, Interpretation of Mingxi, Original Meaning of Zhouyi and Enlightenment of Yijing. In addition, there is "Zhuyu Subclass", which is a record of questions and answers between him and his disciples.

supplement

Zhu (1 130~ 1200) was born in Wuyuan, Huizhou, and was a poet and philosopher in the Southern Song Dynasty. The master of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty inherited the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty and completed the system of objective idealism. It is believed that reason is the essence of the world, "reason comes first, and qi comes later", and it is proposed that "justice should be preserved and human desires should be destroyed". He is knowledgeable and has studied Confucian classics, history, literature, music and even natural science. His lyrics are beautiful in language and handsome in style, and there is no disease of heavy color or allusion. It can be seen that the language of many works is well thought out and more particular. However, the artistic conception of his ci is a little more rational than emotional, which is because he pays attention to the philosophical thought of Neo-Confucianism. His representative works include Bodhisattva Man (I), Shuidiao Getou (I), Nanxiangzi and Qin Yi E (II). Among them, Bodhisattva Man (1) is the most distinctive. The word palindrome is used, every two sentences are reversed, and eight sentences are * * * four pairs. It is very natural and harmonious, not far-fetched, quite artistic and exquisitely conceived, which shows that Huian has the ability to control language. Besides words, he is also good at writing poems, among which Spring Day and Reading Thoughts are his most popular poems. His lyrics are Huian Ci.

In the forty-seventh year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (four years of the mandate of heaven in the late Jin Dynasty, 16 19), in the war between Ming Dynasty and the late Jin Dynasty, Nurhachi defeated the four-way attack of the Ming army in Salhu (now Fushun East, Liaoning Province) and nearby areas, which was an important counterattack in the war between Ming Dynasty and the late Jin Dynasty in Liaodong.

In the forty-six years of Wanli, castles such as Fushun, Qinghe City, Dongzhou and Magendan fell one after another, and the ruling and opposition parties shook. The Ming court then mobilized soldiers to launch a large-scale military attack on Houjin. 1February, 947, various military forces arrived in Liaodong one after another, totaling more than 88,000 people. Together with a North Korean army led by the upper leaf of the Yalu River, there are more than13,000 people, and * * * is about 1 100000 people, which is called 470,000. In the Ming Dynasty, the governors of Hebei, Liao, Wang Keshou, Zhou Yongchun and Chen Dou agreed on a general program: in the future, we will attack Hetuala, the capital of Jin Dynasty (now Xinbinxi, Liaoning Province) in two ways and attack in four ways in an attempt to annihilate the enemy in one fell swoop. The specific deployment is as follows: led troops and Ye * * * about 15000 people, leaving Kaiyuan (now Liaoning) and passing Sancha' Bauer (now northern Fushun, Liaoning), entering the upper reaches of Hunhe River and attacking from the north, which is called the North Road Army; Sabina vulgaris led about 30 thousand troops as the main attack, from Shenyang (now Liaoning) to Fushun Pass (now Fushun East, Liaoning) to Suzihe Valley, and attacked from the west, which was called marked army. Li Renlian, with a rate of about 25,000 people, passed through Qinghebao (now the north of Qinghe in Benxi County, Liaoning Province) and Raven Stork Pass (now the southwest pass of Xinbin, Liaoning Province) and attacked from the southwest, known as the South Road Army. Liu Wan, the company commander, led more than 65,438+10,000 people, joined the North Korean army of about 20,000 people, crossed Kuandian (now Liaoning) and went north along Dongjiajiang (now Hunjiang, Jilin), and attacked from the southeast, which was called the East Route Army. There are also mobile units to ensure rear traffic. Levin is in power in Shenyang. It was originally planned to send troops on 2 1, and it snowed heavily on 16, so it was changed to the 25th. At the same time, the fourth soldier of the Ming army was ordered to attack Hetuala on the second day of March. Levin believed that the army would attack and win. Twenty-four days before departure, he was stupid enough to send someone to deliver the gauntlet to Hou Jin. This is equivalent to informing the enemy of the date of March. Nurhachi has successfully attacked Ming for many times, judging that the Ming army must make big moves, and has already stepped up preparations for attack and defense. After receiving the news that the Ming army was attacking in two ways, Nurhachi accurately judged Juniper and others as the main force, so he adopted the operational policy of "relying on several roads, I only have one road", concentrated his forces and smashed them one by one. Accordingly, he assembled 654.38+10,000 troops near Hetuala to prepare for the battle. This movement has roughly gone through three stages:

The first stage is to hit Salhu and Jilin Cliffs. On February 29th, the marked army left Fushun Pass and arrived in Salhu on the first day of March. The cypress branch was divided into two parts, and the main force was stationed in Salhu Mountain, leading ten thousand people to cross the river and attack Jilin Cliff. At that time, Jilin Cliff was only defended by hundreds of late Jin soldiers, with steep terrain and solid facilities. Juniper leads the team and won't attack. Nurhachi urgently ordered Baylor Daishan and Four Baylor Huang Taiji to lead two flag soldiers to reinforce Jilin Cliff; I personally led about 45,000 soldiers from Six Banners to attack the main force of juniper in Salhu area. On March 2, the two armies fought in Salhu. By noon, the sky was overcast and indistinguishable. The Ming army used torches for lighting and shelling, but the losses were minimal. Jin Bing Ming, who was behind, used torches to light up from the dark, and shot vertically, and most of them hit. Nurhachi took the opportunity to launch an onslaught with superior troops. Under the cover of fog, he crossed the trench, pulled out the fence and broke into the Ming army camp. The main force of the juniper army suffered heavy casualties, unable to fight back, scattered and defeated, and the Salhuying collapsed. The Ming army, which is fighting under the cliff in Jilin, heard that the camp had been lost and its morale was shaken. The Juniper DuDu team fought hard, was surrounded by the late Jin Bing, and finally got an arrow, and fell off the horse and died. Wang Xuan and Zhao Menglin were killed one after another, and more than 65,438+10,000 soldiers were killed. The main force of the Ming army west road was completely annihilated, and the north and south roads were isolated and helpless. The situation was extremely unfavorable.

The second stage is the battle between Shangjian Cliff and Feifen Mountain. Nuerhachi wiped out the marked army and turned to the north to concentrate on dealing with the northern army. On the night of March 2, Beilu Ma arrived at Shangjian Cliff (near Hada, Fushun County, Liaoning Province). Hearing that Juniper was defeated, he was afraid to move forward. He divided his troops into three places: one was stationed in Wohuihe (now Dahuofang Reservoir in Fushun County, Liaoning Province) to the west; A southeast, camping fly powder mountain; Since the rate of the main force stationed on the cliff, ordered the army to dig three layers of trench, put firearms outside the trench, followed by cavalry local defense. On the morning of the third day, Nurhachi gathered his troops and went straight to the cliff. According to the characteristics of the horse being divided into three places, the soldiers are divided into two ways: one is to lead the troops by Si Beile and Huang Taiji, and directly take Wohui, Hubei, Henan and Anhui; First, lead the main force by yourself, with the big Baylor Daishan as the pioneer and the sword cliff. On that day, the two sides fought. Later, Jin defeated Marin's main force in Shangjian Cliff and wiped out the Ming army in Feifen Mountain. At this point, the Northern Route Army was completely annihilated.

In the third stage, we fought in Abu Daligang and Fu Cha. The East Route Army led by Liu Wan set out from Kuandian on February 25th. Due to the rugged mountain roads along the way and the three roadblocks set up along Nurhachi, the March was very difficult. It was not until the fourth day of March that I entered Fu Cha (now northeast of Kuandian, Liaoning). I didn't know that both West Road and North Road were defeated, but Liu Wan went ahead as planned. After Nurhachi defeated Ma on the North Road, he immediately went south. On the one hand, the main force ambushed in Abu Darigang (Hutu Aranan); On the one hand, he lied that the juniper army was approaching Hetuala, and asked Liu Wan to enter quickly and lead him to ambush. Liu Wan didn't know the truth, so he immediately ordered to go into battle lightly and arrived at Abdali Hill on March 5. Later, the ambush suddenly broke out, Liu Wan was shot dead by an arrow, and most of the troops were wiped out. The rest were evacuated to Fu Cha and put out by Nurhachi. The south road army has been in crow pass since March 1, but it has been delayed and stayed behind to wait and see. Levin, who was in Shenyang, led a mobile unit and made no response to the Ming Road Third Army. Juniper and Marin were defeated, so he quickly returned to Li. Li trampled on himself on his way back, killing and injuring thousands of people. More than 10,000 troops in the Ming Dynasty ended in fiasco.

In this war, Nurhachi fully demonstrated his outstanding military talents. He concentrated his forces in the battle, fought continuously, made a quick decision, and conquered one by one, creating a famous example in the history of China War and occupying an important position in the history of China War.