The French Revolution and the leaders of various political parties, such as Bahners, Dandong, Kano, Bjord and Valen, all joined forces to offer sacrifices to one person. In his speech, robespierre, the leader of jacobins, highly praised this man, saying that he was a mentor of the revolution, and ordered his body to be buried in the Pantheon. In the US Congress Hall, the bust of this man faces Franklin and Washington. The German philosopher Kant was fascinated by reading his works, saying that he "made my eyes shine". All the geniuses during the German hurricane movement, from the pioneers Lessing to Hurd, as well as Goethe and Schiller, were admirers of this man. Tolstoy, a great Russian writer, wore a commemorative medal engraved with his portrait around his neck when he was a teenager.
Who has such great charm and attracted the nerves of so many great men? This man is Rousseau, a great French thinker and writer.
Jean Jacques Rosso was born in 17 12. My father was a watchmaker, and my mother died shortly after he was born. Due to the hardships of life, Rousseau became a servant from an early age, and later worked as an apprentice, handyman, sculptor, secretary, tutor and music scribe, and lived a wandering life. He had several interesting romances with ladies, including an affair with Treize Levaseux. They were not married, but they had five children, but Rousseau sent all five children to the nursery.
1750 Rousseau became famous at the age of 30. It was the Dijon Academy of Sciences that initiated the prize-winning essay activity entitled "On whether science and art corrupt or enhance morality". Rousseau's paper demonstrates that the final result of scientific and artistic progress is not conducive to human beings. He won the first prize and made him a celebrity all of a sudden. Later, he wrote many other works, including On the Origin and Basis of Human Inequality, The Story of Arrow, Emile, The Theory of Social Contract and Confessions, which all enhanced his reputation and had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
Rousseau is a radical bourgeois democrat. He believes in the theory of natural human rights and thinks that people are equal in the initial natural state, and this equality is natural human rights. The establishment of private property ownership eventually leads to inequality. Rousseau thinks that the legal basis of political society is social contract. People entrust their rights and powers to the society according to the social contract, and unify their individual will into the general will. This is the law. People conclude social contracts and have the right to abolish them. If a tyrant ignores the existence of public will and arbitrarily disposes of the safety of his subjects' lives and property, the people have the right to abolish him and conclude a new contract. Rousseau also put forward the idea of people's sovereignty and advocated that everyone is equal before the law. He hates the disparity between the rich and the poor, but does not advocate the elimination of private ownership; He condemned the darkness and hypocrisy of the church, but opposed atheism and advocated deism.
Rousseau's thoughts had a great influence during the French Revolution, and his works were widely read, known as the "revolutionary Bible". No wonder Napoleon said that without Rousseau, there would be no French Revolution. Rousseau left a rich cultural heritage to mankind, but for himself, he received less honor and more persecution in his life. His books were burned many times before his death, and he was forced into exile, leading a long life of seclusion and vagrancy. At the age of 58, Rousseau was allowed to return to France, but a few years later he was unfortunately involved in a car accident. 1778, when the giant Rousseau died, there were no relatives around him.
In Rousseau's contacts, although several writers of the French Enlightenment were friends of Rousseau at first, including Diderot and D'Alembert of the Encyclopedia School, his thoughts soon began to have serious differences with others. Rousseau opposed Voltaire's plan to build a theater in Geneva, pointing out that the theater was an immoral school. As a result, he turned against Voltaire. In addition, Rousseau advocated emotionalism all his life, which is in sharp contrast with the rationalism of Voltaire and members of the Encyclopedia School. From 1762, Rousseau had a serious dispute with the authorities because of writing political articles. Some of his colleagues began to alienate him, and at this time, he obviously became paranoid. Although some people were friendly to him, he took a suspicious and hostile attitude and quarreled with each of them. The last 20 years of his life were basically spent in pain.
Stories about loneliness of celebrities: Liu Tong.
In many people's eyes, "loneliness" may have nothing to do with Liu Tong: Liu Tong, who is 1.78 meters tall, is "handsome" in his own words, and has published books. At the age of 33, he became the vice president of the light and media business department, and his work was quite successful. He is a standard "Gao Shuai rich man". But like most post-80s generation, he also experienced the confusion of youth and hesitation in choosing a job. Although I have been pretending to be smart for a long time, I always feel that I am out of place in this world.
Talking about high school, Liu Tong said it was a time of insecurity and existence. Male students have ADI and Nike's sportswear and sneakers, but he doesn't. When boys play basketball, he helps buy water and puts it aside. "At that time, I wanted to join the discussion of my classmates and want to get a word in, but nobody cared. I am very lost. " Liu Tong once did the most "250" thing. In order to make friends, he wrote a small note to the physical education Committee in his class: Hello, can I be your best friend in my life? After reading it, the other party threw it directly into the trash can.
Apart from no friendship, Liu Tong and his father had little communication in high school. To his father, Liu Tong is a person who watches TV all day, but he still watches it when there is no TV program. On the contrary, for Liu Tong, he is a child who finishes his homework at 8: 30 every night and watches TV sleepily until midnight 12 in order to wait for his father to come back and chat with him.
One day, Liu Tong wrote a proposition on a piece of paper: whose 17 years old is worse than me? He also listed the "worst" things one by one: he never had pocket money; Always wear the same clothes; Boys don't treat me like a boy; Girls don't treat me like a boy; My parents ignored me; The teacher ignored me.
He looked at these six things and suddenly found a connection. Finally, he came to a conclusion that teachers, parents and classmates ignored him and had no pocket money because of his poor grades. "At that time, I was really enlightened, as if I had seen through the essence of life."
After finding the source of his troubles, Liu Tong began to try to change. "I want to feel what it feels like to get good grades." .
Try to change
At that time, Liu Tong was a senior three, and he began to study mathematics that he had not studied since high school. Following the teacher's review rhythm, he bought three sets of problem sets, and each time he reviewed a section, he asked himself to finish all the problems. After a while, Liu Tong ranked in the top three in the math summary exam.
Liu Tong attaches equal importance to Chinese and other subjects. The Chinese score has improved from the original 80 points to the best 137 points, and the worst is not lower than 120 points. When the teacher said to Liu Tong, "Come to me if you have any questions in the future," he felt respected. "I really don't want to laugh, I want to cry." .
Through such an attempt to change, he understood a truth: a person must rely on ability to do something. If you doubt your ability, everything will be different just by changing your way of thinking a little.
When he was a freshman, Liu Tong kept a diary every day, and every diary would discuss a question he couldn't figure out. When he writes all the questions in his diary, a conclusion will be formed in the diary-these things will be handled like this in the future. Solving one problem every day, more than 300 problems a year, four years in college is 1000 problems. Young people don't have that many problems. At most, there are four or five aspects: family, friendship, love and future. Each category may have 100 questions. "Four years in college, as long as you focus on yourself and solve problems every day, many problems have been solved once or twice by you after four years in college. When you face a lot of confusion in life, including the interviewer giving you a hard time, you can answer him quickly. "
Since then, with the increase of experience, Liu realized that all kinds of loneliness are actually invisible and selfless growth. As written in the new book, loneliness is one of Liu Tong's most recognized emotions. After experiencing loneliness, there will be new strength.
Information * * * Enjoy the platform "Stories about Loneliness of Celebrities" (). He explained: "The feeling of loneliness is great. That is not a failure, but the best time to talk to yourself. "
The charm of writing
The 33 stories told in Your Loneliness, although failed, cover many sectors of your life, including emotions. Not only did I recall my tossing and turning on the eve of the university graduation ceremony, but I also pretended to be chic on the graduation day. So, at the moment you pick up your suitcase and turn around, your emotions gush out. Liu Tong said that writing a book by himself is not to show off one's privacy, but to give readers another angle of thinking. "Only responsible for analysis, not responsible.
In his view, writing a book is more about summing up opinions and telling yourself what to do next. The development of some things may not be clear enough before, but after I have reached a self-dialogue through writing, I can slowly find a solution: "The final conclusion may be' Yes, why don't I do this?' When I face the same problem again, I will have a code of conduct and will not waste more time. "
Writing is of great help to Liu Tong's work. I participated in the program Otawa Entertainment in my early years, and occasionally I was bored. Writing a book is a very cool thing for him. Only by writing something every day, finally compiling it into a book, or sending a column, can he know what is left over this year. He concluded: "TV is an art of regret, and writing can leave many precious things."
The process of naming the new book also took a lot of trouble. "At the beginning, I thought the current name was very melodramatic. At first, they designed more than 200 names for the book, and the discussion lasted so long that the participants almost collapsed. I want to name it' a person, are you okay?' Something like that With emotion, I wrote some feelings about loneliness in Weibo, which coincided with the World Cup. At the end of almost every game, someone mentioned the word "although defeated, it is glorious", and later it was simply named "Your loneliness, although defeated, it is glorious". "
In his view, the book "Your Loneliness, Although Defeated" is suitable for reading in a person's state. "For example, when you want to talk to yourself, feel confused or have problems that are difficult to think clearly. Because some sentences in the book can easily arouse readers' emotional resonance. "
a peaceful state of mind
As far as Liu Tong is concerned, the first few years of integration into the new environment are lonely, such as the first two years of college and the first five years of work. "At that time, I didn't know if I would fit in, and I didn't know which group you liked."
"Everyone will face loneliness when they grow up." Liu Tong said that his solution to this problem is to devote his energy to what he likes, such as work and writing. These two things can make him settle down quickly. Besides, I will keep fit, listen to music or hang out, and even go on business trips.
"I have been in the light 10 years, and I have hardly traveled before. It takes three years from the age of 30 to 33 to control your life and have the opportunity to go out. " Liu Tong said with a little regret.
Because of her poor English, Liu Tong often does not travel alone, but has also been to countries around China. Therefore, he had to treat every business trip as a trip. After finishing the work at hand, he went to a place for one day and left the next day. During this time, I will take the alley and eat food stalls. Where people are crowded, he said, "then I feel like a local, not a passing tourist."
Maybe that's why he can take the opportunity to relax. Liu Tong will be "very high" when he hears the business trip notice. In order to nourish his spirit, he usually sleeps mainly on the plane. When boarding the plane, he will bring a lot of equipment to sleep on the plane, including earplugs, eye masks, pillows and sometimes a bottle of water. He said that basically putting these four things in place, the journey on the plane can be spent quickly, and then you can write and listen to songs when you wake up.
If he spends more than two hours on the plane, Liu Tong will also use this time to write or revise the manuscript. Every time a book is published, the publishing house will print the first draft into a thick copy for him to revise on the plane. However, Liu Tong said that his writing work was mainly done at home. "After 12 pm, I will write for about an hour." .
"I still have some columns to write, but I am too busy to publish books too often." Liu Tong is very busy, but he still likes to separate his work from his writing.
Stories about loneliness of celebrities: Wang Shu
He was lonely when he was a child, because no one played with him. He likes painting and often doodles at home alone. When he was a little older, he used chalk to draw people, trains and houses on gray walls. Since primary school, he has felt that he is different from others. "Others say that the child is lofty. In fact, when I play with others, I always feel that there are two me, one is playing and the other is watching calmly. " He likes painting and reading, and wants to be a famous painter when he grows up.
After the college entrance examination, his parents resolutely opposed his artistic dream. He didn't argue, leaving his parents a sentence: if science and engineering can draw, he will study. It was just a deliberate escape. It never occurred to me that my parents really found a painting major called "Architecture Department".
What does an architect do? At that time, don't say he didn't know, and few people in China knew. Restoration of architecture department 1977. When he went to Nanjing Institute of Technology (Southeast University), it was 198 1 year. It's not just architecture. After the "Cultural Revolution", the university resumed classes, and the society was in a hungry adolescent atmosphere. He said that the principal at that time was Qian Zhongshu's cousin Qian Hanzhong. He studied in Europe for six or seven years and transferred to four or five schools. He came back without a degree. Qian Ceng said to him, "Don't be superstitious about teachers, learn by yourself. If you study hard for three days in a row, you will find that the teacher has not prepared lessons at all, and asking a few questions directly can make the teacher very embarrassed. "
So in his sophomore year, he began to skip classes and study. He often spent his time reading books in the library, staring at Chinese and Western philosophy, art theory, history and humanities. Recalling that time, he said: "After the reform and opening up, everyone has a strong thirst for knowledge about the outside world."
After graduation, he entered Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts. He wanted to do something like architectural education, but found that the art world knew nothing about architecture. In order to make a living, he worked in a subsidiary company of Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts, got married at the age of 27 or 28, and lived a quiet life. However, he always feels that he is not free, and the other party is watching coldly. A few years later, he finally chose to resign.
In the next ten years, the architects around him became rich, but he seemed to be isolated from architectural design and lived in seclusion, doing manual labor with craftsmen on the construction site all day, hanging around the West Lake, drinking tea, reading books and visiting friends.
Lonely, he didn't give up thinking about architecture. Do not encourage demolition, do not want to "repair the old as new", do not like landmark buildings, and hardly do commercial projects. In China, where the rural areas are rapidly urbanized and the architectural design is industrialized, he always keeps a certain distance from the trend, which makes him controversial, unique and great.
Although his preference for traditional architecture once made him rise and fall, he persisted in his ideal. "I want to walk alone in silence and see how far I can go." Based on this idea, in the past eight years, from Wu Sanzhai to Ningbo Museum, and then to the renovation of the Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Street in Hangzhou, he insisted on the "other". "My principle is that after the renovation, the building will smile at you."
His name is Wang Shu and he is 49 years old. He is the Dean of the School of Architectural Art of China Academy of Fine Arts.
20 12 On the afternoon of May 25th, the Pritzker Prize awarding ceremony was held in the Great Hall of the People, with Wang Shu on the podium. This weight is equivalent to the "Nobel" and "Oscar" international architectural awards, and it fell into the hands of China people for the first time.
"I have to thank those lonely years." Talking about the secret of success, Wang Shu said that when he was young, he had an interest in painting and an ignorant concept of architecture because of loneliness. After graduation, because of loneliness, I was able to calm down and think. Many design inspirations in the future come from that period.
Although Zhang Chu sang in the song: "Lonely people are shameful, life blooms like flowers, and we can't let ourselves wither." But we can't forget another sentence: "truly excellent people will feel lonely, and they also clearly realize that their Excellence comes from loneliness."
Wang Shu is lonely, but the formation of the first brand of China real estate should be attributed to this loneliness; Zhang Haidi is lonely. This writer in a wheelchair has accomplished works unimaginable to ordinary people with amazing concentration and persistence. Forrest Gump and Xu Sanduo are lonely, but they amaze the world with their unique sincerity and tenacity.