According to statistics, there are 5 1 cultural relics protection units in Yiwu. Among them, there are 2 national cultural relics protection units, 5 provincial cultural relics protection units and 44 Yiwu municipal cultural relics protection units. There are 2 provincial historical and cultural blocks and villages and towns. Most of these historical and cultural sites are well known, whether young or old. In addition, there are 29 1 municipal cultural relics protection sites in Yiwu, which are all over the city. The specific distribution in towns and streets is as follows:
Chian Town: 33 ancient buildings, 2 ancient tombs, 2 stone carvings 1 and 2 ancient kiln sites.
Yiting Town: 20 ancient buildings.
Fotang Town: 50 ancient buildings, stone carvings 1, ancient ruins 1.
Suxi Town: 13 ancient buildings, 2 ancient tombs and 2 revolutionary memorial tombs.
Shangxi Town: 20 ancient buildings, celebrity tombs 1 and stone carvings 1.
Chen Da Town: 16 ancient buildings and two revolutionary memorial tombs.
Beiyuan Street: 19 ancient building.
Jiangdong Street: ancient buildings 10, 6 ancient tombs, stone carvings 1.
Houzhai Street: 19 ancient buildings, 1 ancient ruins, 1 revolutionary memorial tomb.
Twenty-three Li Street: 24 ancient buildings, ancient kiln site 1, stone carving 1.
Choucheng Street: 13 ancient building, 1 ancient tomb.
Chengxi Street: ancient buildings 15, inscriptions 1.
Choujiang Street: 1 1 ancient buildings.
We can't avoid a grim reality: due to historical storms and various human factors, some ancient buildings left by our ancestors are drifting away from us.
Yes, every place will face the problems of development and protection in the process of modernization. Whether the historical relics with important value are regarded as wealth or the burden of economic development and urban construction reflects whether the value orientation of historical and cultural heritage is respected. If the value orientation is deviated, the faster the economic development, the more serious the destruction of historical and cultural heritage may be.
In the current construction of a new socialist countryside, the rescue and protection of cultural heritage such as ancient buildings and residential buildings in rural areas are more prominent. Some people have misunderstandings in their ideological understanding and have not fully realized the benign interactive relationship between cultural heritage protection and new rural construction and economic development. They believe that the protection of ancient buildings will directly affect the construction of new countryside and economic development. Therefore, the protection of ancient dwellings has not attracted enough attention. In many ancient buildings, firewood and sundries are piled up at will, wires are connected at will, and most of them live in the elderly. Some are rented out to migrant workers, and fires are made at will, which is very prone to fire and has many security risks. As for daily management and maintenance, it is even more impossible to talk about it. In particular, the implementation of village renovation and old village reconstruction planning poses the greatest threat to the protection of ancient buildings and houses. With the acceleration of the construction of new rural areas in cities, many rural areas have begun to implement the planning of demolition, renovation and renewal of old villages, and many ancient buildings and houses are facing the fate of demolition and destruction.
Facing the grim reality, some people of insight shouted loudly: our new socialist countryside construction needs reinforced concrete and profound historical and cultural heritage. The construction of new countryside urgently needs to do a good job in the protection of historical and cultural relics.
It is gratifying that Lou Guohua, secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, has repeatedly stressed this, and Wu Weirong, deputy secretary of the Municipal Party Committee and mayor, has repeatedly instructed that the municipal government has recently issued "Several Opinions on Strengthening the Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage". The municipal government and relevant departments put the protection of historical relics on the important agenda and incorporated it into the economic and social development planning and urban and rural planning. The spring of historical and cultural heritage protection in our city has quietly arrived.
Here, the whole society needs to further form * * * knowledge. Ancient architecture is the crystallization of history and culture, and it is a bridge connecting the past and the future. Every ancient building bears the crystallization of ancestors' struggle, witnesses the vicissitudes of human life and records the rise and fall of history. Due to the infiltration of history, culture and folklore, the existing ancient buildings are increasingly emitting magical and confusing charm. Today, with the construction of a harmonious socialist society and a new socialist countryside, it is of great and far-reaching significance to fully tap the historical and cultural connotation of ancient buildings, bring forth the new and carry forward the past into the future, enrich the historical and cultural heritage, enhance the taste of modern culture and strengthen the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.
Rare Ancient Street in China Buddhist Temple Town
Known by experts as "Zhouzhuang, Zhejiang", the ancient town of Fotang has won great interest from Chinese and foreign archaeologists for its mysterious street layout and patches of ancient buildings and residential buildings integrating architecture, painting and sculpture.
The streets and lanes of Fotang ancient town are small in scale, but the layout planning is very clever and scientific. Straight street and horizontal street, width and width combined, clear division of labor. According to the research of experts and architectural planning and design experts, the street layout of Fotang ancient town is very similar to that of Beijing. At present, the remains of more than a dozen docks along the river are well preserved. The new and old market bases, which are called farmers' markets in modern times, are the firewood markets and rice markets formed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and their layout is very appropriate, scientific and reasonable. The main street, auxiliary street, horizontal street and street houses near the city base in the ancient town are all two-story wooden buildings, which are rare ancient buildings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
On both sides of the street, woodcarving galleries line up. All lanes connect straight street, east street and west street in a narrow and curved way, so the layout is convenient for the diversion, transportation, evacuation and communication of people and goods. At the western ends of the four crosswalks are four or five hundred meters long stone dikes and a row of riverside piers, with a peak of 16. The wharf runs through West Street, reaches Zhijie, and transports the landed goods to Zhijie's shop in West Street. It is also the center of tea houses and hotels. These teahouses and wineries are two-story wooden storefronts. There is a row of small balconies on the second floor facing the street, which is 50 cm wide, neat and antique. They are all equipped with woodcarving panels about 50 cm high, or "beauty thin" assembled with logs. It constitutes the unique street landscape of the ancient Buddhist temple street. When I came here, I saw things and thought about the scenery, as if I heard the melodious piano sound from the beauty inside, which was euphemistic and fascinating.
The layout and structure of the ancient streets and lanes in Fotang Town are simple and elegant, and it is rare for the whole country to preserve them so completely. As early as 1989 1 1 years ago, when the national traditional residential architecture research society was held in Yiwu, experts such as Dai Nianci, then vice minister of construction, and Wang Gong, president of China Institute of Building Research, visited the residential buildings and streets in Fotang Town on the spot and wrote with amazement and relief: "We want to protect Fotang Street". Now, both the Yiwu Municipal Government and the Fotang Town Government have done a lot of work to protect the buildings in the ancient town of Fotang and organize people to study and develop them. In the near future, the ancient town of Fotang will be presented as "Zhouzhuang, Zhejiang".
The ancestral temple has become the center of rural culture.
During the Spring Festival, the most lively thing is the dragon lantern dance. Moreover, there are ancestral halls in the village, and most of the leading figures are enshrined in the ancestral halls. At this time, the ancestral temple has obviously become the most sacred place in the eyes of the villagers.
In recent years, the once-declining ancient ancestral temple has given new vitality. A considerable number of ancestral temples in our city have been repaired and protected. Xiangbei Village, Shangxi Town invested more than 400,000 yuan to redecorate the 12 ancestral hall that has been idle for many years, and set up cultural fitness centers such as chess room, reading room, table tennis room, gym and elderly association. In the world-famous Chongshan Village, after the village spent a huge sum of money to repair the ancestral temple, the Yiwu Exhibition Hall of Bacteriological Warfare of Japanese Invaders was built, which not only became the center of local patriotism education, but also received many international friends from the United States, Japan, Canada and other countries, and became an international window to expose fascist war crimes.
In the local traditional buildings in Yiwu, many ancestral temples are the political centers of a village, which contain ancient and simple traditional cultural connotations and are important places for villagers to meet and communicate daily. It plays an irreplaceable role in building a harmonious society to fully explore the profound rural civilization of ancestral halls and guild halls and use them to carry out active political, cultural and educational activities in rural areas.
Many ancestral halls and halls transformed in Yiwu have now become offices of village organizations, activity rooms for the elderly, activity rooms for party member or table tennis rooms, chess and card rooms, libraries and other places for political, sports and cultural activities. As science and technology classrooms, some have set up scientific research training rooms, distance education rooms, broadcasting rooms and popular science reading rooms. Timely release the information of getting rich to farmers and teach them planting and planting techniques, so that farmers can obtain technical knowledge and market information at their doorstep. Some rural areas also use ancient houses and villages to organize rural leisure tourism, further enriching the spiritual and cultural life of urban and rural residents.
The back of drifting away
In the long river of history, the disappearance of an ancient building is only a flick of a finger.
Although ancient buildings are non-renewable historical treasures, they can't escape the historical cycle of birth, illness and death. Even if it is "a copper door and an iron wall", it is not as good as wind and rain. Tongmen, known as "Tongmen Iron Wall Watershed", is located in Chian Village, Chian Town, an important town in the southwest of Yiwu. It was built in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 500 years. The most important thing in bronze doors is the front wall and doors. The door was made of pure copper by 18 most developed copper shops and 18 iron shops in China at that time, hence the name "Copper Hall". The wall is made of water mill bricks, and there is no gap at all. It seems to be a whole piece, so it is called "iron wall".
It is said that the ancestor of this bronze hall was an important official of the imperial court. Later, he retired in his later years and built this bronze hall. Due to the large layout of the hall and many rooms in the house, it is suspected of committing a crime. An official villain made a scene with the emperor. The emperor listened to rumors and sent people to raid the property. After the owner of the bronze temple knew it, he smoked Liang Zhu with smoke, saying that it was left by his ancestors a long time ago, and this just escaped. However, avoiding man-made destruction cannot avoid natural erosion. Today, the bronze door is nowhere to be found. Later, people made a wooden door and nailed large copper nails on the facade as a copper door. The south wing has also collapsed, and the central hall was destroyed by fire a few years ago. The majestic appearance of bronze doors is disappearing before people's eyes.
In the process of urbanization in Yiwu, such stories are repeated constantly. The Bajiao Tomb (the tomb of Liu Xiu's great-grandson of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the tomb of Liuhui in Wang Yiyang, whose fief was in Yiwu that year) was destroyed, and the Dacheng Hall, a rare Confucian temple in Zhong Yi, Zhejiang Province, was demolished, and two Chen Da ancestral temples comparable to Dongyang Luzhai were demolished, all of which are needless to mention. Today, it is extremely necessary to reflect on the demolition of Chaoyangmen ancient city building. If Chaoyangmen New Street moves a few tens of meters to the south, Maojia Lane will get through and Huangyuan Road will extend to the west. In this way, there will be no two broken roads (Huangyuan Road and Xianqian Street) now, and Chaoyangmen Historic Site will be protected, which has the best of both worlds, but now it has become a pity.
This story is also continuing in the construction of new socialist countryside. On June, 2005 1 1, Jixu Hall, an ancient building in Dongxinwu Village, Jiangdong Street, was auctioned. The reverberation of the heavy hammer in Xutang auction is still shocking in the literary and historical circles of the mall. Not long ago, another ancient building in our city was sold at a price of 240 thousand, and people sold 800 thousand as soon as they changed hands.
How worried are you? Hometown can't bear the bright moon looking back. Many ancient buildings left by our ancestors are drifting away from us!
The Living Environment of Twilight
Witness one:
Youyutang, Tangtang and Cunhoutang in Beiyuan Street Village were jointly built by three generations of Yang's grandparents and grandchildren. The main buildings are Youyu Hall and Jingchu Hall. The front and rear five buildings are divided into three quadrangles, separated by an alley, and the layout is regular. The building materials are huge and exquisite, and the columns, beams and carved components are all camphor wood with exquisite carving. Beams, purlins, bucket arches, sparrows, buckets, doors and windows are all exquisitely carved, which provides a material basis for studying the architectural structure of Zhejiang Zhongqing Ganlong and the development of Dongyang woodcarving technology.
The building was originally intended to be demolished in the transformation of the old village. After listening to and adopting the opinions and suggestions of the cultural relics department, the two village committees paid attention to and preserved them. However, Youyoutang rents out factories and piles things everywhere, resulting in poor ventilation and ineffective protection and management measures, which is not conducive to the protection of cultural relics and is prone to fire.
Witness 2:
Tang Yixin (Houcaotang) of Beile Ancient Street was built in the 51st year of Qing Qianlong (1786). It is divided into three compartments and two corridors, covering an area of 1000 square meters. The facade is decorated with five-room brick arches, which looks magnificent. The theme of the content is the blessing, auspiciousness, longevity and happiness of the folk tradition, and the patterns such as dragons, phoenixes, cranes, geese and peonies are carved beautifully with exquisite craftsmanship. Beams, purlins, purlins, brackets, sparrows, buckets, doors and windows in the foyer and hall are covered with carvings, which are the essence of Dongyang woodcarving. It is also a major feature to use the bluestone sill wall on the front eaves of the wing.
The property right of this building belongs to more than ten families, but only a few people live in it. In the process of use, there is no proper protection and management, and the phenomenon of dirty, chaotic and poor is serious. The beam frame is decayed and the cornice falls off locally. The living conditions of cultural relics are worrying and need to be repaired urgently.
Witness 3:
Dunhou Hall in Tangxiayang Village of Buddhist Temple, built in 1925, has three main rooms facing south and three left and right wings. Its plane is concave, covering an area of 304 square meters, and it is a front porch patio structure. The exquisite wood carving technology of this building is a major feature. The ceiling of the temple beams, purlins, sparrows, hats, hats, and front eaves gallery are all carved with patterns of civil and military officials, dark eight immortals, and auspicious eight treasures, such as the phoenix wearing peony, the crane and deer celebrating the New Year, the bat beaming, the official residence as a product, the immediate seal of Hou, and all the way connected. The wood carving of the wing door adopts bas-relief technology, and poetry, painting and calligraphy are integrated. The contents include "Farming Map" (telling children to get up early and work hard), "Reading Map Early" (teaching children to go to bed early and get up early to study) and "Drawing a Picture of a Talented Person and a Beautiful Woman" (drinking tea among flowers), which is very tasty. There are plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, Xiangyun peony, Sanduo and flowers and birds.
The building belongs to two families and Westinghouse is a retired teacher, so pay attention to the protection of the house. Households in the east are all used to run tower factories, so there are hidden dangers in fire prevention. In addition, it is a pity that the main hall is used by two houses to pile up sundries.
Financial subsidies for repairs will be increased.
The key to the protection of historical relics is the repair funds. In the "Several Opinions on Strengthening the Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage" issued by the municipal government at the beginning of this year, the strength of financial subsidies for the repair and maintenance of historical and cultural heritage such as ancient buildings is gratifying.
According to the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Cultural Relics, cultural relics protection units and property owners of sites are the first responsible persons for repair and protection. Property rights belong to the state or no property rights, which shall be repaired by the municipal government. Property rights belonging to enterprises, institutions or collectives shall be repaired and maintained by enterprises, institutions or collectives. Property rights owned by individuals shall be repaired and maintained by individuals.
According to the "Opinions on Strengthening the Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage" issued by the municipal government, the city began to carry out a rescue repair of cultural relics protection units and sites at or above the municipal level in about five years from 2007, and solved three urgent problems, such as rain leakage, structural reinforcement and wire aging, in order of priority, and equipped with necessary fire-fighting facilities. The required funds belong to cultural relics protection units at or above the municipal level, and the municipal financial subsidy is 60%.
Property rights belong to cultural relics protection units and sites above the municipal level owned by collectives or individuals. Collective or individual voluntary donations, the property rights of historical relics can be donated to the state free of charge, and the municipal financial allocation will be used to repair them after donation. The municipal government awarded honorary certificates to the donors in recognition. It is also possible to transfer the property rights of historical and cultural heritage to the state as a whole at the assessed price, without compensation for land use, and repair it with the municipal financial allocation. After signing the donation agreement or transfer agreement, the land ownership and house ownership of historical and cultural relics shall be owned by the state.
Property rights belong to collectives or individuals, and are planned to be protected in situ in cultural relics protection units and sites at or above the municipal level. If the collective or individual raises funds for overall renovation, an agreement can be signed between all property owners and the departments in charge of cultural relics, and the property owners promise to carry out renovation according to the renovation plan, manage them according to government investment projects, and invite public tenders. After the repair cost is audited by the Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Film and Television Press and Publication and the Municipal Finance Bureau, 40% of the total amount will be repaired by the municipal financial subsidy.
Where cultural relics protection units and sites at or above the municipal level need to be repaired, the competent department of cultural relics shall entrust the design unit to prepare the repair plan. The cost of preparing the repair plan shall be borne by the municipal finance.
Historical and cultural relics such as cultural relics protection units and cultural relics protection points at or above the municipal level shall be reserved or approved for relocation in urban construction, old village reconstruction, village consolidation or other road and water conservancy construction projects. When applying for homestead, the owner shall sign an agreement with the village collective. After replacement, the land use right and house ownership of the building shall be owned by the state or the village collective. The municipal finance arranges special funds for repair and protection every year and incorporates them into the fiscal budget.
Consultation and prescription of ancient buildings
At present, due to the large-scale construction of new countryside in the city, a large number of ancient buildings are in danger of being destroyed at any time. To this end, the Municipal Museum, the Municipal Construction Bureau Archives and other relevant departments invited experts from all sides to consult on ancient buildings, and gave a good prescription for protecting ancient buildings:
-It is suggested that the municipal administrative department of cultural relics shall, jointly with the construction planning department, delimit the scope of protection of ancient buildings, and delimit corresponding protected areas with coordinated characteristics according to actual needs. In areas where ancient buildings are relatively concentrated, the administrative department of cultural relics shall, jointly with the construction department, formulate an overall protection plan for ancient buildings, and reserve open spaces around ancient buildings in the planned areas; Construction in the coordinated protection area of ancient buildings or concentrated areas of ancient buildings shall not destroy the environmental features of ancient buildings. The construction plan must be approved by the administrative department of cultural relics and submitted to the administrative department of construction planning for examination and approval, and the construction around the ancient buildings shall be strictly controlled. If construction is really necessary, it shall be reported to the administrative department of ancient buildings for approval, and the architectural style of ancient buildings shall be fully considered to achieve coordination and unity.
-Continue to do a good job in the declaration of national and provincial key protected units, and intensify the work of including them into the cultural relics management objects in Yiwu. Declaring the grade of ancient buildings is the best protection and development of ancient buildings, and it is also a good thing to promote the local tourism economy. For example, Ximen Street, an ancient Ming and Qing architecture street in the urban area of our city, has many scenic spots, especially Yiwu conscription office of national hero Qi Jiguang, Tang Qi who trained sailors, Tongziming Loyalty Temple, a general who died in the Anti-Japanese War, etc., combined with many nearby ancient buildings, it is geographically connected into a line, running through ancient and modern times. Can you build a memorial hall for the spirit of Yiwu? All units protecting ancient buildings should fully understand the significance of applying for the protection of ancient buildings and the construction of historical and cultural cities in our city. At the same time, combined with the development of tourism, we can fully tap and integrate ancient architectural resources, increase the cultural connotation of tourism in our city, and serve the economic construction.
-on the basis of continuing to do a good job in the investigation of ancient buildings, put forward practical protection and repair measures according to different status categories. If the ancient buildings are identified as dangerous buildings, it is suggested to dismantle them, and the fragments and components after demolition should be piled up and managed in a unified way. Through the primitive accumulation of ancient building appendages, it is suggested that an "architectural museum" or an "ancient building museum" should be established when the time is ripe to protect and rescue these precious ancient building resources, so that future generations can know more about Yiwu's splendid history and culture and arouse people's awareness of protecting ancient buildings.
For the well-preserved and valuable ancient buildings at present, we should make great efforts to protect them and be willing to invest. At the same time, comprehensive investigation, mapping, filing and regular field investigation of ancient buildings can solve the problem, and practical protection measures should be formulated and implemented to prolong their life as much as possible.
For some damaged but valuable ancient buildings, effective measures should be taken, or the remaining parts should be preserved or protected in different places, and the valuable remaining parts should be preserved as much as possible. Where it is possible to repair, repair or protection in different places shall be considered in accordance with the principle of "repairing the old as before" when conditions permit. For example, when the old city was rebuilt in 2000, in order to protect the ancient residential buildings, the three-bedroom and three-hall "Yiyuan" building was moved to Xiaozi Temple Park together with the Dingshanling Dingtao Grand Ancestral Hall. The old house 18, which was originally located in Huqingmen, was also moved to the People's Farm in the north of the city during the transformation of the old city, which made the architectural features of the ancient dwellings more prominent and continued to exude unique charm.
"Stone" from all directions can attack jade.
In order to protect the ancient buildings in cities more effectively, France promulgated the Urban Protection Law, Britain promulgated the Urban Civilization Law, and Japan also added the protection of traditional buildings to the Cultural Property Preservation Law. It is precisely because of the strict protection of laws and regulations that when people travel to Europe and Japan today, they can stop in front of Gothic buildings, Renaissance museums and ancient streets in Kyoto.
Quanzhou Municipal Government of Fujian Province allocates 2 million yuan of special funds for the protection of ancient buildings to Quanzhou Construction Bureau every year, which is used to purchase components, fragments and appendages of ancient buildings, implement land for reconstruction planning, build an "architectural museum" and handle the relationship between demolition and reconstruction.
The relocation of Jiangsu Province from the former "Presidential Office" of the National Government not only brought about the relocation of office space, but also brought the concept and ideas of ancient architecture protection. The transformation of the "Presidential Palace" into China Museum of Modern History by the relevant departments conforms to the principles of "protection first, rescue first" and "effective protection, rational utilization and strengthened management". After the completion of the museum, it attracts a large number of tourists to visit it every year, becoming one of the key patriotic education bases and important tourist attractions in Jiangsu Province, achieving a win-win situation in cultural and economic benefits, and is a successful model for the protection of ancient buildings.
The transformation of old village in Hanling Village, Dongqian Lake, Ningbo is called "Old Village New Village Movement". According to the planning of the village, several particularly dazzling new houses in the village will be demolished, and 965,438+0.9% of the old buildings with local style in the village will be uniformly preserved and repaired. This unconventional choice of old and new buildings completely subverts the villagers' original literal understanding of the transformation of old villages. And this practice sends us a message: the construction of new countryside is not simply to build new ones. In the transformation of some ancient villages, protection is even more important than new construction.