The problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers affect the hearts of hundreds of millions of people. As the saying goes, there is no wealth without work, and there is no stability without agriculture. So I went deep into Zhuyuan Village, Niutang Town, Wujin District, Changzhou, and did some preliminary investigation and research, and found some problems and methods. First, show the main problems and solutions in rural areas in general, and then discuss some hot issues in the form of special topics.
After a period of investigation, these long-standing problems are preliminarily obtained: the infrastructure construction is lagging behind and the village house planning is unreasonable. The social security coverage rate is low and the medical insurance problem is serious. Economic development is not synchronized with social development, and cultural and entertainment facilities and personnel are scarce. Abandoning agriculture to industry and commerce is too fast, farmland is barren, and agricultural output is declining. Family planning work is difficult and the education level is low. There is a big gap in related agricultural science and technology talents. The construction of rural democratic politics is backward, and the relationship between cadres and the masses is cold.
In view of the problem, I have some solutions and related ideas: rationally plan the construction of village houses, standardize the construction of rural houses, strengthen the construction of public health facilities and spiritual and cultural facilities, and make the rural environment better and more beautiful. In particular, we should strengthen the popularization of science, curb superstition and completely reverse the village style. Vigorously cover the social security mechanism and effectively strengthen the rural medical construction, so that farmers can have comprehensive and meticulous protection in all aspects of their lives. Strengthen the construction of rural education system, proceed from the reality of farmers, hold more evening classes and amateur training classes, and do a good job in the education of different groups of people. The compulsory and legal publicity of family planning work should strengthen publicity and education, so that farmers can really feel that the difference between having more children and having more children not only increases the family burden, but also increases the social burden. The huge population is a big obstacle to social development. It is necessary to establish a new mechanism for introducing and cultivating rural scientific and technological talents, start with the system, increase financial input, and earnestly take care of the practical interests of rural scientific and technological talents. As for the construction of rural democratic politics, it is still a long-term and complicated systematic project.
Problems of economic development model
Which is right or wrong, intensive or extensive? The direction of agricultural development in China has always been a hot topic. Obviously, high-tech and high-tech talents are the key to the prosperity of any industry and any department, and intensive and efficient is also the hope of every industry. For China agriculture, through the development of intensive agriculture, it can also promote the development of agricultural science and technology, increase agricultural output, and do a good job in the added value of agricultural products. By developing agricultural intensification, we can also vigorously promote rural infrastructure construction, promote agricultural industrialization, and gradually transition from traditional agricultural economy to modern county economy. But these are not the only problems. The population problem in China has always been a problem that policy makers must consider. The level of urbanization in China is still very low, even where it has been urbanized, its level of urbanization is far from satisfactory. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the employment and food problems of the huge peasant team. Every year, a large number of migrant workers have overwhelmed major economically developed cities, and the labor disputes and social security problems brought by migrant workers into cities have to be paid attention to. Therefore, it is very necessary to vigorously develop the agricultural economy and place a huge employment force in the nearby countryside. Although China has a vast territory and abundant natural resources, there is less cultivated land and less land with high utilization value. Before the state's financial resources are insufficient to afford comprehensive social security and medical insurance in rural areas, farmers must be assured to stay on rural land. Perhaps intensive cultivation and small-scale peasant management are the important reasons that have restricted the development of commodity economy, urbanization level and urban-rural trade in China for thousands of years, but we will never accept them more. The vast number of farmers have no more land to plant, and their lives are getting harder and harder, struggling for survival. Therefore, although urbanization and agricultural economy intensification are the general trend and the only way for rural development in China, the specific problems that exist objectively show that the extensive management of small-scale peasant economy will still be a predictable and inevitable painful choice in China. Behind the choice of economic development mode is a long-standing population problem that has to be paid attention to.
population problem
Although there is no mention of population in the questionnaire, I still think that the rural population problem is a major problem. The most vivid thing about the population problem is the well-known public service advertisement. A reporter interviewed a baby who was herding sheep on the grassland. The conversation between the two is intriguing. The reporter said: "Why do you want to stock?" The little boy said, "Make money." The reporter said, "What is the money for?" The little boy said, "marry a wife." The reporter said, "What will you do after you marry your daughter-in-law?" The little boy said, "Have a baby." The reporter said: "What should I do after the baby is born?" The little boy said, "herding sheep." It can be seen that the population situation in China, especially in the vast rural areas, is very severe without more comprehensive and detailed fertility wishes and plans. Many children are blessed, boys are preferred to girls, and the rural population growth is still very abnormal. The imbalance between men and women is bound to form more and more serious social and ethical problems. However, this problem did not arise in a short time. China's values are that there are three kinds of unfilial, and there is no need to be great. Simple reproductive purpose is often the most troublesome and difficult to solve. For rural areas, the most important thing is to establish a correct view of men and women and a sense of social responsibility. Obviously, on the one hand, we should actively popularize the awareness of the legal system, establish the concept of human rights, and have a true and thorough understanding of male and female issues. Men and women are completely equal. Abandoning a baby girl casually is not only immoral, but also makes serious illegal acts subject to legal sanctions. On the other hand, we should make more detailed and thorough publicity. Pay attention to strategy, we must start small and do it with heart. For the expenditure of farmers' families, the change of per capita expenditure should form a basic and regular report material, so that farmers can really feel that having more children may not be more blessed. As the status quo of the times, it is getting poorer and poorer. Therefore, reducing fertility is entirely beneficial to farmers themselves. In the countryside I investigated, there is a popular practice of buying power with wealth. I want to have children, but you can also get a fine. I think this is a serious judicial discrimination. No law has ever thought that paying a fine can rationalize illegal acts! The root of this problem is that there are loopholes in the law, so the relevant legislative departments should further improve the legislation, and the administrative law enforcement departments should never be fined. They should do their own thing well, and the rural census should be as comprehensive and rigorous as the city. Popularizing real family planning in rural areas is conducive to alleviating the pressure of urban employment, promoting rural economic development and narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas. However, the implementation of fewer children and better children will directly affect the current situation in rural areas and the production and living problems of farmers.
Infrastructure construction and farmers' production and life problems
As mentioned in the general program, rural infrastructure construction is a long-standing problem. In fact, the most difficult thing is that there is no detailed and specific operation plan. According to the survey, more than 70% farmers are dissatisfied and disappointed with the lack of various facilities around them. Obviously, the disorderly spread of rural factory construction and the lack of cultural facilities and environmental protection garbage facilities need to be solved urgently. Here, we might as well put forward the following four suggestions: First, do a good job in village and town layout planning with high starting point, high quality and high standard, realize full coverage of village and town planning, and gradually concentrate scattered and disorderly natural villages into new rural communities with obvious regional characteristics and complete infrastructure; Second, vigorously develop township industrial concentration areas. The new round of rural secondary and tertiary industries should focus on the construction of parks and industrial concentration areas, and promote industrial clusters and agglomeration through industrial chains. Third, in accordance with the requirements of coordinating urban and rural development, coordinate urban and rural areas, give play to the role of cities in promoting and radiating rural areas, encourage qualified farmers to move into cities and towns, and gradually incorporate housing, employment, medical care and schooling for their children into the overall urban construction plan. The fourth is to strengthen infrastructure construction such as rural roads, garbage disposal, village greening and rural river regulation. Guide enterprises and social capital at all levels to invest in agriculture and rural areas and participate in rural infrastructure construction and agricultural development.
What has to be mentioned here is the construction of toilets in rural areas. For a long time, there is no unified and clean toilet in rural areas. Although it may be convenient to provide fertilizer for agricultural production, dirty and unsanitary village appearance is also a huge obstacle to agricultural investment and farmers' improvement of living standards. Therefore, based on the specific situation of Changzhou, the following suggestions are put forward: the construction of rural public toilets should start from scratch, with government investment as the main factor, and some simple but clean and convenient toilets should be built to strive for the next decade.
According to the data provided by the local village committee about a well-off society in an all-round way, the per capita net income of rural residents in Zhuyuan Village, Niutang Town in 2006 was 7,002 yuan, up by 12.3% year-on-year, but it only reached 70% of the target value. The Engel coefficient in rural areas was 39.8%, down 2.2 percentage points from the previous year, reaching 4.8 percentage points. The Gini coefficient in rural areas is 0.323, which has reached the standard, but it is 0.008 percentage point higher than the 0.3 15 in 2004, and the gap between the rich and the poor in rural areas is widening. In 2006, the coverage rate of rural cooperative medical care in this village was 93.4%, and it is expected to reach 95% in 2007. However, according to the questionnaire survey, at least 70% farmers are very dissatisfied with their income, and they also directly point the finger at the government's dereliction of duty and inaction, arguing that the government's transfer expenditure is not in place and the agricultural support is insufficient, which is an important reason for the agricultural dilemma. Obviously, further increasing agricultural investment has a bearing on the overall situation and must be implemented quickly. In this process, the central government still needs to play a more important demonstration and leading role. Increasing farmers' income is the difficulty and key to realize a well-off society in an all-round way, and it is also the core link to promote the construction of a new socialist countryside. Land joint-stock cooperatives are mainly established by means of land contractual management rights, etc., to ensure farmers to obtain long-term and stable income, and at the same time, a reasonable market-oriented transfer price mechanism for non-agricultural land is established to greatly increase farmers' share in distribution. Vigorously develop all kinds of farmers' professional cooperative economic organizations to drive farmers to carry out agricultural production and increase their income. It is necessary to strengthen the guidance to farmers about the market, not only to grow grain, but also to promote agricultural cash crops with high added value. Improve the rural social security system and increase farmers' social security income. Further improve the rural minimum living security, improve the level of new rural cooperative medical care, actively explore new rural endowment insurance, and finally realize the merger of "rural insurance" and "urban insurance"; Incorporate land-lost farmers into the social security system, and properly solve the living security of land-lost farmers over the years through government maintenance or basic living subsidies. Increase the government's transfer payment to rural areas, so that farmers can increase their income from support. It is necessary to strengthen the popularization of agricultural science and technology for children and use the great power of science and technology to dispel the haze of rural backwardness. However, it seems inevitable that agricultural science and technology popularization will encounter strong resistance.
Questions about agricultural science and technology and popular science
It can be said that this social survey has a direct and close relationship with the status of agricultural science and technology and the spiritual and cultural status of farmers, but the situation is not optimistic. According to the survey, less than 6% have college education, 70% have junior high school education and 20% have primary school education. But the illiteracy rate is relatively low, only about 4%. In the investigation, an uncle's words were quite lethal. He studies well. Who will farm the land? Obviously, in the vast rural areas, the lack of cultural knowledge is an important reason for many deficiencies. It is the lack of scientific and cultural knowledge that makes farmers superstitious. According to the survey, more than 90% of houses are built by geomantic omen, which seems abnormal. About 80% farmers believe that reading books and newspapers and writing commonly used practical articles are enough to cope with life. The lack of knowledge leads farmers to distrust the power of science and technology. At least 57% people have no enthusiasm for agricultural science and technology training, and even about 45% people think that agricultural science and technology is of little practical significance. It is a waste of time and energy to take part in agricultural science and technology study. As for the distribution of spare time, 70% people choose drinking tea and chatting, playing cards and mahjong, and no one chooses to study in their spare time. About 70% of farmers made it clear that agricultural problems can only be solved if the government increases its investment in agriculture. At least 80% farmers think that they are willing to participate in related activities only if the government bears the cost of popularizing agricultural science and technology. At the same time, most farmers think that for themselves, the motivation for re-learning is insufficient, and the cost of re-learning and lifelong learning is too high and the significance is limited. They also think that agricultural science and technology is useful, but it is useless to learn it. The phenomenon of following the trend is also widespread among farmers. More than 70% of the farmers said that they could only follow up if their neighbors in the same village adopted new technologies or methods.
Therefore, a clear question is before us. Popularizing agricultural science and technology and scientific and cultural knowledge among farmers is more complicated and difficult than investing in setting up factories and opening up new agricultural bases. At present, the popularization rate of twelve-year compulsory education in rural areas of our city is more than 95%, but the knowledge level of some elderly farmers is worrying, so how to solve the problems of re-learning and lifelong learning is particularly critical. As mentioned above, farmers lack initiative and enthusiasm, which are due to economic considerations and mental and psychological reasons. On the one hand, the government should increase effective investment, not only to gradually establish a sound rural social security and medical insurance system, but also to develop rural education and popularize relevant knowledge through night schools, loudspeakers and volunteer propaganda. On the other hand, like family planning, we should change farmers' mentality, gradually get rid of the theory of being tired of learning and useless in reading, and let the atmosphere of re-learning and lifelong learning sweep across the countryside. However, no matter how vigilant agricultural science and technology are, the construction of democratic politics in rural areas is still worrying. Perhaps, without the improvement and solution of this problem, the solution and discussion of many special problems mentioned above will become rootless trees and passive water.
Democratic political construction
Generally speaking, democratic construction is a long-term systematic project. For farmers, the vast majority think that the election of village cadres is a formality and has no practical significance. However, on the other hand, the sense of responsibility is not strong. According to the survey, when individuals or families have problems, at least 70% of farmers choose to find village cadres to solve the problems. But the problem is that the abstention in the election is impossible to bring protectors and judges who really safeguard their own interests. In China, a country with more than two thousand years of feudal monarchy, the consciousness of freedom and democracy has been suppressed for too long, and the idea of paternalism is still very serious, not to mention cadres. For those lords in the sky, love and fear, hate and fear, and the possibility of staying away from them is the more real psychological state of farmers. As a result, the relationship between the masses and leading cadres in rural areas is in a delicate and tense relationship. It is really not easy to solve the ideological problems of farmers, and we can only start from the perspective of cadres. However, the fact is that the author went to the village committee many times in order to complete this social investigation, but the relevant leaders were always on vacation or occupied, especially the two gentlemen of the Agricultural Institute, who went out for a week, Monday afternoon, Thursday morning and Friday afternoon. What keeps them so busy? Is it necessary to stay at home all day and do your own private affairs because the Chinese New Year is coming? Why do you only work five days a week? Why Friday afternoon is usually the so-called national fitness bath day? Perhaps the rural cadre system based on the official standard is difficult to cultivate people's public servants with dedication and high social responsibility. Perhaps it is beyond the scope of this article to solve the problem of democratic politics in rural areas, or perhaps it can not be solved and explained clearly by a book and a special discussion? !
The last fury: Gary Thyssen's escape
Through this social survey, I first contacted farmers, agricultural science and technology, and rural cadres. Through my own thinking, rich network resources, and some students' mutual discussion, I finally formed this report, which can be said to be the result of my more than ten days' labor. However, the more we think about the current situation in rural areas, the more we can't calm down, because as far as the current situation is concerned, the problems far outweigh the achievements, and there are really too many things we have to do. Solving the problem of agriculture, countryside and farmers is a basic project in China, which is emphasized by the central government in the form of document No.1 every year. Thus, I may not be able to make a complete comment on the rural situation, nor can I make tentative plans and arrangements for farmers' future, but all kinds of discussions and debates on the issues concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers in China will continue.