1. Organization: government agencies, administrative agencies in China, trading companies, economic organizations, associations and other institutions.
Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery: agriculture: grain, beans, vegetables and products, fruits and products, nuts, miscellaneous fruits, dried fruits, coffee, cocoa and products, cotton, hemp, oilseeds, nuts, seeds, edible fungi, tobacco, flowers, trees, bamboo, rattan reed, hay, charcoal, plant extracts, animal extracts and animal and vegetable oils. Feed, feed additives, fertilizers, pesticides, gardening tools, agricultural products, agricultural machinery, forestry equipment and tools, animal husbandry equipment and tools, fishery equipment and tools, grain and oil processing machinery, feed processing machinery, slaughtering and meat primary processing equipment, agricultural and sideline products processing, wood processing, furniture manufacturing machinery, and others.
3. Medical care: health care products, weight loss and weight gain products, personal care, medicinal materials, Chinese herbal pieces, rehabilitation products, pharmaceutical equipment, medical device manufacturing equipment, family planning products and others.
4. Building materials: real estate, municipal engineering: municipal road construction, municipal public facilities construction, tap water transmission engineering, central heating, heating and gas supply engineering, cultural, educational, health, sports, music and other public welfare facilities construction, memorial building facilities construction, various construction projects, wooden boards, stones, cement and products, lime, gypsum, concrete and products, architectural glass, ceramics, enamel, etc. Refractory materials, fireproof materials, thermal insulation materials, sound absorption materials, thermal insulation materials, special building materials, building materials, bricks, tiles and blocks, wall materials, ceilings, floors, doors and windows, wallpaper, locks, building decoration hardware, pipe fittings, kitchen facilities, bathroom facilities, paints, adhesives, operation protection, mobile homes, stacking and handling machinery, buildings and related equipment, ceramics.
Metallurgical minerals: metallic minerals, nonferrous metals, nonferrous metal products, nonferrous metal alloys, nonferrous metal alloy products, rare earths and rare earth products, ferrous metals and products, ferroalloys and products, steel and products, castings and forgings, wire mesh, powder metallurgy, magnetic materials, scrap metal, nonmetallic minerals, nonmetallic mineral products, graphite and carbon products, mining equipment, metallurgical equipment, metal wires and pipes.
6. Petrochemical industry: 1, petroleum and its products, coal mines, natural gas, gas mining equipment, and other special machinery and equipment for petroleum 2. Chemical industry: inorganic chemical raw materials, organic chemical raw materials, resins, other polymers, chemical fibers, food additives, feed additives, chemical reagents, catalysts and chemical additives, daily chemicals, spices, essences, dyes, pigments, coatings, etc. Glass and products, laboratory supplies, instruments, meters, plastic production and processing machinery, rubber production and processing machinery, glass production and processing machinery, chemical equipment, chemical waste, chemical product design and processing, and others.
7. Water conservancy and hydropower: water conservancy and thermal power generation equipment, water conservancy and flood control projects and supplies, river dredging projects, dams, reservoirs, gates, flood discharge projects, farmland water conservancy projects, river and lake management projects, power projects, electric power, solar energy and renewable energy, other water conservancy and hydropower equipment and other water conservancy and hydropower facilities.
Eight, transportation:
1, tires and automobiles: cars, off-road vehicles, jeeps, trucks, buses, station wagons, bus parking lots, minibuses, other buses, special-purpose vehicles, engineering vehicles, tool vehicles, fire engines, police cars, ambulances, communication broadcast vehicles, pickup trucks, sprinklers, road sweepers, garbage trucks and so on.
2. Bicycles, tricycles and accessories, railway and subway equipment, ships and accessories, elevators, cable cars and accessories, airplanes and accessories, containers, second-hand traffic products and appliances, tires, waste gas treatment facilities, traffic safety facilities, transportation and storage, and others. Airport, aviation engineering, port engineering, railway engineering, roads, bridges and culverts.
Nine, the information industry:
1. Computers and software: computers, consumables, cards, host accessories, computer peripherals, chassis, UPS and power supply, network equipment, accessories, computers, electronic notebooks, notebook computers, servers, workstations, used computers and consumables.
2. Software: network engineering, computer-related supplies, computer product manufacturing equipment, software development, etc.
3. Communication products, communication product accessories, lithium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, magnetic cards, IP cards, ic cards, incoming call displays, dialers, chargers, antennas, control and adjustment equipment, telephones, videophones, mobile phones, group telephones, switches, fax machines, pagers, walkie-talkies, network communication products, communications, voice communication systems, GPS systems and communication cable related products.
X. Electromechanical:
1, machinery and industrial products: instruments, meters, industrial special machinery and equipment, abrasives, abrasives, general parts, welding and cutting equipment and materials.
2. Tools: hardware tools, pneumatic tools, power tools, reducers, gearboxes, pumps and vacuum equipment, hydraulic machinery and parts, fans, exhaust equipment, compression and separation equipment, other industrial control equipment and accessories, heat exchange, refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, generators, generator sets, internal combustion engines, energy-saving devices, wires and cables, mechanical design and processing, household appliances manufacturing equipment, measuring instruments and others.
Xi。 Light industrial food: beverages, alcohol, tea and its products, coffee, cocoa and its products, aquatic products and its products, livestock meat and its products, canned food, quick-frozen food, convenience food, snack food, bean products, egg products, honey products, dairy products, sugar, starch, edible oil, condiments, cake bread, noodles, vermicelli, cigarettes, food additives, food and beverage.
Twelve, clothing and textiles:
1, clothing, clothing accessories, hats, ties, scarves, headscarves, gloves, socks, shoe materials, knitted clothing, woven clothing, brand clothing, men's wear, women's wear, baby clothing, children's wear, underwear, pajamas, bathrobes, T-shirts, shirts, sweaters, suits, jackets, coats, overcoats.
2. Clothing processing equipment, ironing and washing equipment, footwear processing and repair equipment, clothing, shoes and hats design and processing, leather processing machinery, textile equipment and equipment, textile waste, leather waste, textile design and processing, leather and products design and processing, and others.
3. Textiles: leather, textiles, leather raw materials, yarns, threads, textile accessories, cotton fabrics, linen fabrics, silk fabrics, wool fabrics, chemical fiber fabrics, blended fabrics, grey fabrics, yarn-dyed, tie-dyed, printed fabrics, knitted fabrics, industrial fabrics, non-woven fabrics, fabrics, 4. Stretched yarn and other craft textiles, carpets, towels, bath towels.
Professional services: self-adhesive products, advertising materials, printed publications, audio-visual products and electronic books, radio and television programs, typesetting, plate-making equipment, printing equipment, second-hand printing equipment, printing and publishing services, media and communication, professional consulting, engineering supervision, engineering design, information technology, information management software development and design, maintenance, insurance, leasing, meetings, training, property management, etc.
14. Safety protection: locks, safes, doorbells, visual doorbells, anti-theft facilities, alarm devices, monitoring and monitoring equipment, lightning protection products, bulletproof equipment, riot prevention equipment, self-defense equipment, military materials, life-saving equipment, fire fighting equipment, operational protection equipment, traffic safety, sports protection equipment, safety equipment, police equipment, emergency services and others.
15. Environmental protection and greening: waste metal treatment facilities, textile waste treatment facilities, leather waste treatment facilities, chemical waste treatment facilities, waste gas treatment facilities, water and sewage treatment facilities, waste recycling, noise reduction equipment, public health facilities, public sanitation machinery, landscaping supplies and machinery, landscaping works, garbage disposal, barren hills greening, natural forest protection, sand prevention and control, etc.
16. Tourism and leisure: tourism supplies, hotel supplies, pet supplies, souvenirs, poker, chess, musical instruments, fishing, fitness, entertainment facilities, tourism services and others.
17. Office culture and education: books and materials, optical and photographic equipment, consumables, stationery, calculators, office paper, notebooks, books, envelopes, folders, floppy disks, selenium drums, ink cartridges, toner, ribbons, teaching models, appliances, teaching facilities, laboratory supplies, telephones, videophones, group telephones, fax machines and photocopiers.
Electronic electrician: magnetic materials, semiconductor materials, insulating materials, electrical ceramics materials, electronic components, components, batteries, lighting lamps, plugs, sockets, chargers, motors, power tools, optoelectronics and laser instruments.
Instruments, meters, optical instruments and accessories, wires and cables, power distribution devices, switch cabinets, lighting boxes, power transmission equipment and materials, display equipment, electric heating equipment, industrial automation devices, seismic equipment, antennas, radar and radio navigation, radio and television, telecommunications equipment, electronic and electrical products manufacturing equipment, electronic and electrical products design and processing and others.
Toys and gifts: wooden toys, plastic toys, plush toys, electronic toys, electric toys, toy beads, balls, dolls, toy cars, toy guns, model toys, educational toys, baby carriages and accessories, toy accessories, Gongmei gift toys design and processing, other embroidery and other crafts textiles, wooden handicrafts, plant weaving handicrafts, stone handicrafts, gemstone handicrafts and ceramic handicrafts. Plastic handicraft, resin handicraft, clay sculpture, paper handicraft, natural handicraft, needle hook and knitting handicraft, sculpture handicraft, antique handicraft, bionic handicraft, religious handicraft, folk handicraft, sculpture, calligraphy and painting, antiques and collectibles, jewelry, gold and silver products, fashion accessories, lighters, smoking sets, clocks and watches, photo frames, picture frames, candles and candlesticks, incense and incense burners, etc.
Household appliances: household appliances, household computers, household air conditioners, household televisions, water purifiers, water dispensers, juicers, mixers, coffee makers, soymilk makers, electric cookers, electric cups, electric frying pans, rice cookers, microwave ovens, dishwashers, disinfection cabinets, range hoods, refrigerators, freezers, humidity regulators, air purifiers, heaters, water heaters, hair dryers, etc.
Household paper products, household plastic products, household glass products, household ceramics, enamel products, household metal products, fashion accessories, jewelry, gold and silver products, lighters, smoking sets, clocks and watches, photo frames, picture frames, incense and incense burners, personal maintenance, daily chemicals, tableware, cookers, heat preservation containers, kitchen facilities, bathroom facilities, cleaning utensils, gardening tools, furniture, etc.
Materials: disaster relief materials, flood control materials, drought-resistant materials, agricultural special materials, reserve materials (including grain), fuel, boilers, heating equipment, funeral and cremation equipment and other materials; Labor insurance supplies, veterinary supplies and other materials.
22. Packaging supplies: paper pulp, cultural paper, packaging paper, household paper, wallpaper, waste paper, other paper, labels, signs, tapes, rigging, trays, packaging materials, paper packaging supplies, wood packaging supplies, hemp packaging supplies, plastic packaging supplies, glass packaging supplies, metal packaging supplies, paper processing machinery, packaging related equipment and packaging.
Sporting goods: sports equipment, special materials for sports venues, sports venue construction projects, rehabilitation equipment, competition clothes, sports facilities and other sporting goods.
24. Office furniture: office wood products, other materials, hospital furniture such as sickbeds, theaters, cinemas, laboratory furniture, desks, chairs, safes, filing cabinets, compact shelves and other office furniture.
Classification and characteristics of occupations
Social division of labor is the basis of occupational classification. In every link of the division of labor system, labor objects, labor tools and labor expenditure forms have their own particularity, which determines the differences among various occupations.
I. Classification of occupations
Different countries in the world have different national conditions, and the standards for dividing occupations are also different.
1, according to the theory put forward by some scholars in western countries, foreign countries generally divide occupations into three types:
(1) According to the nature and level of mental and manual labor. This classification divides employees into two categories: white-collar workers and blue-collar workers. White-collar workers include: professional and technical posts, managers and administrators outside the farm, salespeople and office workers. Blue-collar workers include craftsmen and similar workers, non-transport technicians, transport equipment workers, off-farm workers and service workers. This classification method clearly shows the hierarchy of occupations.
(2) Classification according to individual psychological differences. This classification method is based on the "personality-occupation" type matching theory founded by Holland, a famous American career guidance expert, and divides personality types into six types, namely, realistic type, research type, artistic type, social type, career type and routine type. Corresponding to it are six types of occupations.
(3) According to the main responsibilities or "jobs" of each occupation. This classification method is common, and there are two representative examples. One is the international standard occupational classification. The international standard occupational classification divides occupations into four levels, namely, 8 categories, 83 subcategories, 284 subcategories and 65,438+0,506 occupational items, totaling 65,438+0,886,5438+0 occupations. Among them, eight categories are: ① experts, technicians and related workers; (2) government officials and business managers; (3) trading workers and related workers; 4 sales personnel; ⑤ service personnel; 6. Workers, fishermen and hunters in agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry; ⑦ Production and related workers, transport equipment operators and laborers; (8) Workers who cannot be classified by occupation. This classification method is convenient to improve the comparability and international exchange of international occupational statistics. The second is the classification of the Canadian dictionary of job classification. It divides the main industries in the national economy into 23 categories, 8/kloc-0 subcategories, 489 subcategories and more than 7,200 occupations. This classification has a definition for each occupation, which explains the content of each occupation one by one and the requirements for employees in general education, vocational training, ability tendency, interest, personality, physique and so on, and has great reference value.
2, China's occupation classification, according to the standard classification published by different departments in China, there are two main types:
(1) Class I: According to the occupational classification standard published by the National Bureau of Statistics, the National Bureau of Standards and the the State Council Census Office in March 1982. According to the identity of the working population, the standard divides the occupations in China into three levels: big category, middle category and small category, namely, 8 categories, 64 middle category and 30 1 small category. The order of its eight categories is: first, all kinds of professional and technical personnel; The second is the person in charge of state organs, party organizations, enterprises and institutions; Third, clerks and related personnel; Fourth, business people; Fifth, service workers, sixth, workers in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery; Seventh, production work, transportation work and some manual workers; Eighth, other workers who are inconvenient to classify. Among the eight categories, the first and second categories are mainly mental workers, the third category includes some mental workers and some manual workers, the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh categories are mainly manual workers, and the eighth category is other workers who are inconvenient to classify.
(2) The second category: Classification and Code of National Economic Industries approved by the State Planning Commission, the State Economic Commission, the National Bureau of Statistics and the National Bureau of Standards, published by 1984 and implemented by 1985. This standard mainly classifies enterprises, institutions, government organizations and employees according to the nature of their production or other social and economic activities, that is, according to the classification of their industries, the national economic industries are divided into four levels: large category, large category, medium category and small category. Category *** 13: ① agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and water conservancy; 2 industry; ③ Geological survey and exploration industry; ④ Construction industry; ⑤ Transportation, post and telecommunications; 6. Commerce, public catering, material supply and storage; ⑦ Real estate management, public utilities, residents' services and consulting services; (eight) health, sports and social welfare undertakings; (9) Education, culture, art and radio and television; Attending scientific research and comprehensive technical service industry; 1 1 financial insurance; 12 state organs, party and government organs and social organizations; 13 Other industries. These two classification methods are in line with China's national conditions, concise and practical, and also accord with China's professional status.
There are different classification methods according to different professional standards. For example, in terms of industry, it can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary industries; According to the characteristics of work, it can be divided into pragmatism (work with machines, tools and equipment), social service, culture and education, scientific research, art and creation, calculation and mathematics (money management, statistics), natural occupation, management and general service occupation 10. Each classification method has a clear explanation for the particularity of its occupation, which is instructive for us to better grasp the characteristics of a certain occupation and choose a suitable occupation.
Second, the basic characteristics of occupation
According to the development history of occupation and its influence on the development of human society, occupation has the following characteristics.
1, industry. A country and a society can be divided into three types of industries. The primary industry and the secondary industry are both material production departments. Although the tertiary industry does not produce material wealth, it is an indispensable department for social material production and people's life. In traditional agricultural society, the proportion of agricultural population is the largest; In industrialized society, the number of occupations and employed population in the field of work has increased significantly; In a society with highly developed science and technology and rapid economic development, the number of occupations and employed population in the tertiary industry has increased significantly.
2. industry. Industries are classified according to the goods produced by production units or the people who provide services. Classified according to the nature of production or other social and economic activities of enterprises, institutions, government organizations and individual employees. The working conditions, working objects, production tools and work contents of an industry are the same or similar. Because of the same environment, people will form the same behavior patterns and have the same language habits and moral norms. There are great differences in different occupations, working conditions, working objects and working nature. With the progress and development of society, new occupations (such as brokers, etc. ) will continue to emerge, and the differences between various occupations will continue to change.
3. location. The so-called position is a collection of certain powers and responsibilities. Power and responsibility are two basic elements of a position. The same power, the same responsibility, the same position. In the classification of occupations, every occupation contains the characteristics of the position. From the perspective of social needs, there is no distinction between high and low occupations. However, in real life, because of the different quality requirements for occupations, people have different views or public opinions on occupations, so occupations also have different grades. The different grades of such occupations are often determined by different professional physical strength, mental work, income level, the weight of work tasks, social prestige, power status and other factors.
4. groups. No matter what basis is used to divide occupations, they all have the characteristics of groups. For example, researchers include philosophy, sociology, economics, science, engineering, medicine and so on. , and consulting services include science and technology consultants, psychological consultants, career consultants, etc.
5. Time and space. With the development and progress of society, the occupation changes rapidly. In addition to abandoning the old and updating, the content and methods of activities in the same profession will also change, so the division of occupations has obvious characteristics of the times, and different times have different popular occupations. In China, there have been "enthusiasm for being a soldier" and "enthusiasm for being in politics", which later developed into "enthusiasm for going to the sea" and "enthusiasm for foreign companies", all of which reflected people's enthusiasm for a certain profession in a specific period.
At present, it is difficult to find China's detailed occupational classification on the Internet, only relevant books are available.
You can look here:/Ji Shu/zyfl.xls.
References:
/Ji Shu /zyfl.xls
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