With the vigorous development of mass fitness in China, outdoor exercise, as a new form of fitness, is gradually becoming familiar and recognized by the public. Moreover, outdoor sports can not only help people keep fit and enjoy themselves, but also meet the different psychological needs of participants because of its unique nature, adventure and emerging characteristics. In recent 30 years, foreign psychologists have done a lot of research on the motivation of participating in outdoor sports, and the conclusions are not consistent. In China, outdoor sports are carried out late, and the form and degree are different from those in Europe and America. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to study the psychological motivation, environmental characteristics and behavioral characteristics of local participation in outdoor sports. In this study, 654 primary and middle school students, aged 1 1- 18, were tested by self-made outdoor sports participation motivation scale, participation climate scale and persistence scale. The study comprehensively considered the demographic factors of different genders, age groups and family locations, and adopted statistical methods such as exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, T test, variance analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and structural equation model path analysis, and reached the following conclusions: First, after exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, this study determined that the outdoor sports participation motivation scale was 16,16. Moreover, the reliability and validity of these three scales meet the measurement requirements, and the participation motivation of boys is higher than that of girls in all dimensions of motivation; Pupils' learning motivation is stronger than that of middle school students; Suburban students are better than rural students. Thirdly, in terms of participation atmosphere, the survey shows that boys feel more factors that hinder their participation in outdoor sports than girls; Pupils get more support and guidance, and urban students feel more support. Fourthly, in persistence, boys are significantly stronger than girls, primary school students are significantly stronger than middle school students, and suburban students are stronger than rural students. Fifth, the path analysis of the relationship among teenagers' motivation, atmosphere and persistence shows that both motivation and atmosphere have a direct decisive role in persistence, in contrast, motivation plays a greater role. In addition, participation motivation can be predicted by participation atmosphere. The results of this study can provide theoretical and evaluation methods for improving and promoting the development and popularization of outdoor sports for teenagers in China.