Horticulture is an integral part of agricultural planting, which is of great significance to enrich human nutrition, beautify and transform human living environment. Horticultural crops generally refer to small-scale intensive cultivation crops with high economic value. Mainly divided into three categories: fruit trees, vegetables and ornamental plants.
Translation of technical terms in scientific English
Scientific and technological terms should properly reflect the conceptual connotation of the things referred to and the contents of specific things in some disciplines. Such as the medical term hemoglobin (hemoglobin). In addition, the meaning of the same word in general English and professional English is also very different. For example, taxi in aviation refers to the plane taxiing on the water (ground), and average in insurance refers to the average. Different words with the same concept and connotation are used in different occupations. For example, "brain" is used in general English and medical English respectively. Finally, EST has different meanings in different disciplines. For example, bit is a "drill bit" in petroleum specialty, a "saber and cutter" in machining industry, a "binary number" in mathematics and a "byte" in computer specialty. "Function" refers to the meaning of "function" of machinery and equipment. If it appears in articles of mathematics or computer language, it means "function". The disciplines and specialties of modern science and technology permeate, influence and connect with each other. This leads to the flexibility of meaning and the cross-use of words. A word can have different professional colors, can be dissolved in the same major, and can also be included in an article. For example:
The (1) electrode potential depends on the ion concentration.
The electrode potential depends on the ion concentration.
(2) The determination of trace mercury concentration in mineral materials is described.
This paper discusses the determination of trace mercury in minerals.
(3) Since high-grade ore may be exhausted, mineral processing technology is very important.
As the commercial grade ore may be exhausted at present, the enrichment process is important.
In the above three cases, the same word has different meanings: in the sentence (1), "concentration" is a chemical concept; The word "quantity" in sentence (2) is a general term for physically calculating the size of a substance; Example (3) is "enrichment", which is a metallurgical term.
2.2 Nominalization translation of action nouns
Due to the differences in sentence structure and expression between English and Chinese, nominalization is widespread in scientific and technological styles. When translating these nominalized action nouns, in order to better convey the ideological content of the original text and make the translation more in line with Chinese expression habits, it is often necessary to convert parts of speech, that is, a certain part of speech in English does not have to be translated into the corresponding part of speech in Chinese, but should be properly converted to translate nominalized action nouns in English into verbs in Chinese. For example:
Rockets have been used to explore the universe.
Rockets have been used to explore the universe. The nouns application and exploration are translated as "use" and "exploration" respectively.
(2) Plating of nickel, gold, silver or chromium gives articles a beautiful and shiny appearance, making them look more expensive.
Plating on nickel, gold and silverware can add luster to these devices and make them feel luxurious. The noun coat is translated into the verb "coat".
(3) Correct selection of bearing materials is an important design consideration.
Choosing the appropriate bearing material is an important issue to be considered in the design. Noun choice is translated into the verb "choice".
(4) The main reason against long-term vegetarianism is that it is difficult to get enough fitness ingredients in protein ... food.
The main reason against long-term vegetarianism is that it is difficult to get enough protein, and protein is a fitness element in food. The noun objection is translated into the verb "objection".
2.3 Translation of non-predicate verbs
For brevity, non-predicate verbs are widely used in EST, including past participle, present participle, gerund and infinitive. Non-predicate verbs make sentences rigorous and logical, but they also deepen the difficulty of understanding and translation. When you encounter this kind of sentence, you must clarify the context and analyze its components, so that you can accurately understand the meaning of the sentence and translate it correctly. For example:
(1) PPK is the first surgical operation to reshape cornea by carving and using laser. LASIK and PRK usually use exactly the same laser. The past participle phrase of renewing cornea by carving and using laser is used as the postattribute of the process. Refractive keratectomy uses laser shaping, which is the earliest surgical operation to reshape the cornea. Usually, laser-assisted photorefractive keratoplasty and photorefractive keratectomy use exactly the same laser.
(2) The manufacturing process can be divided into unit production of small batch production and mass production of a large number of the same parts. Preposition phrases of small-scale production and large-scale production are used as postattributives of unit production and large-scale production respectively. The manufacturing process can be divided into single-piece production and batch production. One-piece production is to produce a small number of parts; Mass production means producing a large number of parts.
2.4 Translation of Passive Voice
English uses the passive voice more than Chinese. Because the main purpose of EST is to express scientific findings, scientific facts, experimental reports and various explanations. This makes EST mainly focus on objective statements, and passive voice is used more, which reflects the scientificity and objectivity. For example:
(1) Once the flowers are pollinated and fertilized, the plants provide nutrients for the newly formed seeds, which are needed for their own germination.
Once the flowers are pollinated and fertilized, plants will provide food storage for new seeds to prevent them from sprouting in the future.
(2) Once the overall program strategy has been clearly established, the syntactic details of the language can be considered. This method is often called "top-down" programming.
Once a comprehensive programming strategy is clearly formulated, the grammatical details of the language should be considered. This method is usually called "top-down" programming method.
(3) When the virgin land was reclaimed, this balance was completely destroyed.
Once uncultivated soil is planted, this balance is completely destroyed.
(4) Several methods are tried to solve the problem of ladle slag or deoxidation scum removal.
Several methods to solve the problem of crust, slag or deoxidation scum removal in tanks are being tested.
In addition, in passive sentences, by phrases sometimes express ways, methods or means, not just actors. For example:
(1) The temperature of the liquid is increased by heating.
Heating can raise the temperature of liquid.
(2) Useful facts can be collected through careful observation or experiments.
Useful data can be collected through careful observation or experiment.
Finally, the passive voice sentence pattern with "it" as the formal subject is a typical sentence pattern in EST. Pay attention to translation. For example, it is said/reported/to be discussed that ... is translated as "It is said ... and ..." to be discussed separately.
2.5 Translation of Long Sentences
Long sentences are often used in scientific and technological style, which can make the expression rigorous and logical. This is mainly due to the need to use a large number of clauses (especially attributive clauses) and prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, participle phrases or adverbs as post-attributives when expounding the internal relations of scientific facts, scientific phenomena and other things and explaining some scientific terms or nouns, while participle phrases represent accompanying situations, which makes translation difficult. In order to achieve accurate translation, we must carefully study the original text, analyze the sentence structure, find out the relationship between the components and understand the original text as a whole. For example:
(1) The central idea here is that it is possible to build a "universal assembler" one day, which can be programmed to build anything composed of atoms and conforming to the rules of chemical stability.
The central idea is that one day in the future, a "universal assembler" may be built, which can make anything composed of atoms according to the program and in line with the principle of chemical stability. This sentence is very long, but it is actually a simple sentence with a main table structure. "The central idea here is …". "that" leads to an predicative clause. In the predicative clause, "it" is the formal subject, and the real subject is "building a universal assembler", which can be programmed to quietly and literally build anything that is composed of atoms and conforms to the rules of chemical stability ". Among them, "which" leads the attributive clause and modifies "a universal assembler", while the attributive clause led by which contains an attributive clause led by that, which modifies what.
When translating long sentences, we should recognize the trunk, straighten out the side branches, analyze the basic components of the sentence, grasp the trunk, and then gradually analyze the meaning of each word and the logical and grammatical relationship between them. On the basis of fully understanding the original text, break the structural framework of the original text, reconstruct and reproduce the meaning of the original text in the translator's mind in the form of translation language, and form a translation.