It is mainly distributed in the northern slope of Kunlun Mountain in shache-Tashkurgan, Hotan-Khotan and Qiemo County, Xinjiang, stretching 1500 km. * * * There are 9 producing areas. Hetian jade is mainly tremolite-actinolite, and contains a small amount of diopside, serpentine, graphite, magnets and other minerals, forming white, turquoise, black, yellow and other different colors, mostly monochromatic jade, with a few variegated colors. Jade is translucent, greasy and shiny after polishing, and its hardness is between 5.5 and 6.5 degrees. Hetian jade is sandwiched between rocks at an altitude of 3500 meters to 5000 meters. After a long period of weathering, it was stripped into pieces of different sizes, collapsed on the hillside, and then washed by rain and flowed into the river. When the river dries up in autumn, the jade pieces collected in the river bed are called seed jade, and those mined in the rock stratum are called mountain materials. The earliest Hetian jade has been found from Fu Hao's tomb in Yin Ruins. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hetian jade gradually became the main jade material, and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that the mountain material was mined. Yushan, carved during the reign of Qing Qianlong, weighs 10700 Jin, which is taken from Maitreya Mountain.
The economic value of Hetian jade is evaluated according to the purity of color and texture. Its main varieties are:
1. white jade: It contains tremolite above 95%, with white and pure color, fine texture and moist luster, and is a high-quality variety of Hetian jade. During the prosperous period of jade-making in Han, Song and Qing dynasties, great attention was paid to the selection of materials, and high-quality white jade was often carved into "heavy objects".
2. Sheep fat white jade: the top grade of white jade, pure and delicate in texture, containing tremolite as high as 99%, and white as fine as jelly. The economic value of jade with the same weight is several times that of white jade. Sheep fat white jade was highly respected in Han Dynasty, Song Dynasty and Qing Qianlong period.
3. Blue white jade: There is no obvious difference between the texture and white jade, but the jade color is white with a hint of turquoise, which is the third-class jade material in Hetian jade, and its economic value is slightly lower than that of white jade.
4. Sapphire: Light blue, turquoise and gray are called sapphires. Uniform color, fine texture, tremolite 89%, actinolite 6%, oily luster, rich reserves. It is the main variety of jade collected or mined in past dynasties.
5. Topaz: the matrix is white jade, which has been infiltrated by iron oxide in surface water for a long time, forming a yellow tone in cracks. According to the color change, it is named as: dense wax yellow, chestnut color, okra yellow, yellow flower yellow, egg yolk, etc. Close wax yellow and chestnut color are extremely rare, and their economic value can reach sheep fat white jade. In the Qing Dynasty, topaz homophoned "emperor", which was extremely rare, and its economic value once exceeded that of white jade with sheep fat.
6. Sugar jade: iron oxide permeates tremolite to form red skin shells with different shades, with deep red as "sugar jade" and "tiger skin jade" and white with pink as "powder jade". Sugar jade often forms a two-color jade material with white jade or plain jade, which can be used to make "pretty jade". The snuff bottle made of sugar jade shell seed material is called "gold-coated silver", which should be able to add value.
7. Moyu: Tremolite containing graphite and magnets is black. The jet is mostly gray or gray ink jade with black stripes, hence the name "dark clouds, light ink, golden sable whiskers, beauty temples, etc." . Pure lacquer ink with dense black spots is more valuable than other jet varieties. Jet has a waxy luster, which is not suitable for carving patterns because of uneven color. It is mostly used to make utensils inlaid with gold and silver thread.
8. Jasper: produced in Junggar jade mine, also known as Tianshan Jasper. It is grayish green, dark green and dark green, with pure dark green as the top grade. The quality of black spots, black spots or jade tendons is one grade worse. Jasper contains more than 85% tremolite, with delicate texture, translucency and oily luster, belonging to mid-range jade.
lantian jade
Archaeological data prove that lantian jade is one of the earliest jade species developed and utilized in China, with a history of more than 4,000 years. Lantian county is located in the southeast of Xi, 40 kilometers away from Xi. Except for the Qinling Mountains in the east and south of the county seat, the rest are all hilly areas of Chuanyuan. Bahe River and Chanhe River in Bashui, which flows through Chang 'an, all originate from here, and the famous Bailuyuan is sandwiched between Ba and Chanhe. During the Warring States Period, Qin set Lantian County, which was named Lantian because the beauty of jade was blue and the county produced beautiful jade.
Lantian jade was first seen in History of Han Geography, and beautiful jade was produced in Lantian Mountain in the north of Beijing (now the north of Xi 'an). Later, there were records of Lantian's jade production in ancient books such as Biography of consorts in the Later Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng's ode to Xijing, Guangya, Notes on Water Mirror and Yuanhe County Records. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Song said in "Heavenly Creations": "The so-called Lantian is the alias of jade in Qingling (Kunlun Mountain), which was later mistaken for the Lantian of An. "Since then, it has caused disputes for later generations. Some people say that Lantian doesn't produce jade at all, and some people say that even if it produces jade, it may be laiyu (green jade with a color like a vegetable leaf).
There are jadeite, jet, colorful jade, white marble and topaz in lantian jade, and most of them are colorful jade, with distinct colors, good color and peculiar patterns. According to the recent survey, lantian jade's reserves exceed 6,543,800 cubic meters, mainly distributed in Yuchuan Township and Hong Men Temple Township. In the past, local folk jade craftsmen used to collect jade by hand, but in recent years, they began to use mechanical quarrying to make various decorations and handicrafts. Such as jade cup, jade inkstone, jade bracelet, fitness ball, etc. Many jade products show natural landscape images, which are inexpensive handicrafts.
Physical tests in lantian jade show that it contains many trace elements beneficial to human body, such as calcium, iron, potassium, sodium, manganese and copper. Has the functions of relaxing muscles and tendons, activating collaterals, promoting blood circulation and caring skin. Lantian jade is regarded as a kind of health jade. Wearing jade often can make the trace elements contained in jade inhale into human body through skin, thus balancing the imbalance between yin and yang and qi and blood, making people get rid of diseases, protect health and prolong life.
Lantian jade has been regarded as a treasure by royal families and dignitaries. Qin Shihuang used lantian jade as a jade seal, and Yang Guifei's jade belt was also lantian jade. Legend has it that the token of love that Li Longji gave to Yang Yuhuan was lantian jade. Because its texture is like the tearing of ice, people later named it after Yang Yuhuan's nickname Furong, also known as "Ice Furong Jade". Water hibiscus, fresh and bright, symbolizes beautiful love, especially suitable for young people and fair-skinned people. Because it is located in the spring eye and receives a lot of hot spring water, there are not many soluble minerals. Soaking in water to wash your face has a good maintenance effect on the skin, which can sterilize, diminish inflammation and whiten the skin. Is the only kind of beautiful jade, the biggest feature is that it changes color quickly, so it is favored by the majority of girls! Jade articles made in lantian jade are crystal clear and full of charm, and some are like pines and cypresses, flowing like clouds; Some are like a hundred fish play; Some are like blooming peonies, chrysanthemums and tall and straight bamboos; Some are like pandas eating bamboo and roaring in the valley; Danhe flies, and birds fly towards the phoenix; There is heavy splash of ink; Some are as white as fat; Some are green as jade; Some are as yellow as gold. These products, which combine reality with reality and have different expressions, add infinite interest to natural beauty and are favored by consumers at home and abroad. Its products are sold all over the country and exported to Europe and America. Lantian jade and its handicrafts have become the pillar products of Shaanxi, enjoying high reputation at home and abroad.
dushan jade
Also known as "Nanyang Jade" or "Nanyu Jade", it is produced in Dushan in the north of Nanyang City. There are also "monologues" for short It is one of the four famous jade in China. Dushan jade is hard and dense, delicate and soft, with transparent luster and various colors. There are six kinds of pigments, including green, white, yellow, purple, red and white, and 77 kinds of colors, which are the first-class raw materials for jade carving.
As early as 6,000 years ago, the ancients had mined dushan jade, and there were many dushan jade products in the jade unearthed from Muhao's tomb in Yinxu, Anyang. Dushan was called "Yushan" in the Western Han Dynasty.
Dushan jade ranks among the "Four Famous Jade" in China because of its bright color and good transparency. The emerald variety of high-grade jade is similar to Burmese jade, so it has the reputation of "Nanyang jade". Generally, Duyu is mainly used to carve bracelets, rings, necklaces and other furnishings and ornaments.
Dushan jade is a kind of multicolored jade, which can be divided into eight varieties by color.
① Green dushan jade: green to emerald green, translucent, delicate in texture, similar to jadeite, with glass luster.
② Red dushan jade: also known as "Furong Jade". The color is light red to red, with fine texture and good luster.
③ White dushan jade: white or off-white, with fine texture and oily luster. Its varieties include cream white jade, permeable white jade and so on.
④ Purple dushan jade: The color is deep purple, with poor transparency.
⑤ Yellow dushan jade: Yellow-green.
⑥ Black dushan jade: The color is like ink, so it is also called "jet".
⑦ cyan dushan jade: The color is cyan and the transparency is poor.
8 Miscellaneous dushan jade: Miscellaneous dushan jade.
Dushan jade has the best color, high transparency, fine texture and no impurity cracks. Among them, hibiscus stone, permeable white jade and emerald are of high value. In addition, the use of jade blocks of different colors to imitate the natural beauty of jade carving has also been well received.
Dushan jade carving has a long history. 1959 The jade shovel produced in the Neolithic site of Huangshan Mountain near Dushan proves that our ancestors knew and used dushan jade as early as 5,000 years ago. The site of Yujie Temple at the foot of Dushan Mountain is the place where jade carvings were made in Han Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty's "Newly Built Nanyang County Records" records: "The residents in the north of the old county made a living by managing jade articles." In old China and Nanyang, jade carving has formed a big industry. There are more than 80 workshops in the city, most of which are located in the back, with shops in front, selling their own carvings. Jade carving products mainly include figures, flowers, birds and beasts, landscapes, statues, furnace smoke, jewelry and so on 120 varieties. Jade carving alone is crystal clear and exquisite, and it is a famous product in Nanyang.
Xiuyan jade
Xiuyan County, located in Xiuyan, Liaoning, China, is a place with beautiful scenery, rich products and hidden wind and gas. After thousands of years of natural evolution, it has condensed the essence of thousands of years of mountains and rivers, thus producing a world-famous national treasure-xiuyan jade.
Xiuyan jade is one of the four famous jades in China, with a large output and many materials, ranking first among the "four famous jades". However, because of its low hardness, jadeite is easy to be worn off in the cleaning process, which makes the original weak luster gradually dim, far less than the brightness of jadeite. So jade is a low-grade jade material. However, when making large jade carving seats and small and medium-sized ornaments, it is still a popular jade species because of its low hardness requirements.
Generally divided into two categories, one is old jade (also known as Hemo jade), which is a kind of precious original stone jade with simple and dignified texture and dark green color. The other is nephrite, which is solid and moist, delicate and round, mostly green, of which pure white and golden are rare treasures.
Jade is mostly green, so in addition to the above functions, it is of great significance to people who like the five elements of numerology. If I put the jade at home or in the office, or wear it myself, it will bring me good luck. If you can like it from the heart and get close to it from the heart, in the long run, it will be closely connected with Meiyu's heart, and your fate will change from now on.