The division of arts and sciences in Chinese mainland started with 1977 resuming the college entrance examination. But in fact, this system originated from copying the Soviet model. The Soviet Union lost a large number of intellectuals in World War II, and post-war reconstruction urgently needs to train all kinds of professionals through subject education.
After Chinese mainland 1949, there was an urgent need for professionals, so the pace of differentiation between arts and sciences began. First, eight earliest foreign language schools, including Xi 'an, Nanjing and Chongqing, were established, and the merger of universities began in the 1950s. At that time, industrialization was the main goal of economic construction. In order to meet the demand for professional talents, similar professional colleges were merged into professional colleges by 1952, and a university system adapted to the planned economic system was established. Such a merger has strengthened the professionalism of engineering colleges, but it has also caused a narrow scope of majors, and the separation of science and engineering, arts and sciences, grammar, finance and economics has also been cut.
However, before the end of the Cultural Revolution, there was no division of arts and sciences in senior high schools in Chinese mainland. 1977 after the college entrance examination system was restored, senior high school liberal arts departments began to classify and select talents.
The division of subjects is generally carried out in senior one and senior two. Although arts and sciences are divided into disciplines, they all include politics, history, geography, physics, chemistry and biology.
Compulsory courses: Chinese, mathematics, foreign languages.
Comprehensive liberal arts: politics, history and geography
Scientific synthesis: physics, chemistry and biology
However, the current system requires that the liberal arts still must retain the teaching of physics, chemistry and biology; Science only keeps political subjects. But at present, this is only a symbolic reservation in many schools, and it is more just to cope with exams or superior inspections. Teachers don't pay much attention to practical teaching, and most students despise these subjects. And if the school directly deletes these subjects from the curriculum after exams or other inspections. There are also differences in the textbooks of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology between liberal arts and science. These subjects are generally simpler in liberal arts than in science.
20 1 1 Shandong college entrance examination cancels the score line system.
2. Ask all the materials and materials for the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China-my motherland-to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Shenzhou VII successfully returned to the capsule, and three astronauts walked out of the capsule with smiles.
Shenzhou VII manned space flight was a complete success, achieving a landmark leap in the development of space technology in China. This is another great feat for China people to climb the world's scientific and technological peak, and it is also a precious gift and sincere blessing for the 60th birthday of the great motherland. The success of the Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games has realized the century-old dream of the Chinese nation.
China athletes won the first place in the total number of gold medals with excellent competitive ability and tenacious fighting spirit, creating the best result in history. The performances of the opening and closing ceremonies, the organization of the sports meeting, volunteer service, venue facilities and the mental outlook of the people of China left a deep and beautiful impression on the world, won high praise from the international community and gained rich material and spiritual wealth.
The Beijing Olympic Games made the world know more about China, and China also went further to the world. The successful hosting of the Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games indicates that the Chinese nation stands in the east of the world with a brand-new attitude, and the people of China are striding towards a better future.
Since the beginning of this year, major natural disasters have occurred in China, such as the freezing rain and snow disaster and the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan. Especially after the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, the people of the whole country launched a vigorous and earth-shattering struggle, and formed a great spirit of earthquake relief with unity, fearlessness, perseverance, people-oriented and respect for science.
This spirit is precious, inspiring people in disaster areas to strengthen their confidence and courage and rebuild their beautiful homes; Encourage the people of the whole country to work hard to achieve the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. In this extraordinary 60 years, how many tragic, how many moved, how many dreams, how many glory, remembered in the hearts of the people of China, written into the picture of history.
3. Seek all the materials and materials for the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. This patriotic speech "Welcome to the 60th National Day Speech (60th National Day)" was provided by netizens or collected by China on the Internet, and the copyright belongs to the original author.
Press D and Ctrl on the keyboard at the same time, and you can receive the model essay of welcoming National Day speech (60th National Day) for free. The wheel of the new China history is rolling forward, and the bell of the New Year in 2009 is about to ring, and our historical years will turn a new page. We will bid farewell to 2008 and welcome 2009.
"Every family has to exchange old peaches for new ones every day." Let's start from unity and make everything new.
As the saying goes: flowers are similar year after year, and people are different year after year. Life is to say goodbye to yesterday and move on to tomorrow. Life is to say goodbye to the old and welcome the new.
The history of mankind is a history of saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new. Say goodbye to yesterday, everything has been written into history; Looking forward to tomorrow, expectation is coming to us.
Now, the key to new achievements and achievements in the new year is to have new ideas. The new idea is to bid farewell to the negative and welcome the positive; Say goodbye to troubles and welcome happiness; Say goodbye to regret and welcome hope.
New ideas must have new designs, new expectations and new goals; If you have a new pursuit, a new complex, and embark on a new journey, you can't always wear "new shoes" to take the "old road", board a "new passenger ship" with "old boat tickets" and live a "new life" with the "old imperial calendar". Of course, new and old are relative, and new and old are dialectics of the objective world.
Metabolism is the universal law of things. Today is a continuation of yesterday and tomorrow is a continuation of today.
Old breeds new, new breeds old, and old and new alternate endlessly. This is the development and change of things, and this is history. The beginning of the new year is the starting point of running and the beginning of everything shining.
A new beginning needs to sow new seeds, which are full of poetry, depict blueprints and breed the future, and are the prelude to harvest. As the saying goes, a good beginning is half the battle.
We should take the first step, even every step, in a down-to-earth manner. At the beginning of the new year, people often sum up the past, weigh the present and look forward to the future.
2008 is destined to be a very unusual and extraordinary year in the history of the Chinese nation. This year, the Beijing Olympic Games was dazzling, Shenzhou VII flew into space, earthquake relief attracted worldwide attention, and cross-strait relations were in full swing.
Of course, this year was also full of disasters. At the beginning of the year, the snow and ice in the south froze, Wenchuan shook the earth in May, and the "poisoned milk" shocked the world in September. Earthquake, snowstorm, poison disaster, successive disasters, really make us have mixed feelings, and let us deeply understand the profound connotation of how difficult national rejuvenation is, and our nation is more United and stronger. The Chinese nation has experienced great disasters, great sorrow and great joy, and stood in the forest of the world, making the world sit up and take notice.
In the cold winter when the global economy has not yet woken up from the pain of the financial turmoil, 2009 is ushered in, which is the first "9" for mankind to enter the new century. The people and the country have gone through 60 years, which indicates that 2009 will be a very unusual year, a year in which reform and reconstruction are intertwined and sea and fire blend. It is also a year in which we have many expectations. The world expects China to create a new economy. 2009 will be a challenging year. The world is stormy, and China is not calm. China's economic development faces serious difficulties, but it also contains great opportunities.
We see hope and hope in maintaining growth, expanding domestic demand, adjusting structure and promoting development. China Education General Network Literature Channel firmly believes that the development of China will not be reversed because of the global financial crisis, and the huge ship of China economy will continue to ride the wind and waves, forge ahead with determination and sail to the other side without hesitation! There is no end to reform, and we are still on the road. There will be risks and difficulties on the way forward.
"It is not difficult to know the difficulties without taking refuge." The most important thing is to accurately judge the situation in difficulties and risks, clearly grasp the direction in challenges and tests, enhance the sense of urgency, and fully understand the seriousness and complexity of the international economic environment; Enhance the awareness of opportunities, be good at catching development opportunities from changes and cultivate favorable factors in adversity.
All this has been clearly answered and deployed at the Central Economic and Industrial Conference held years ago. The new year is a difficult and hopeful year, a challenge and an opportunity, an expectation and a pay, a harvest and a pay. I dedicate my blood to the society, sprinkle sweat all over the earth and bring warmth to the world.
Under the guidance of the Party's * * * spirit, let us conscientiously implement the spirit of the Central Economic Work Conference, walk out of a new world on the broad road of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics, follow yesterday's footsteps, let China in 2009 go down in the history books of the world with colorful and brilliant achievements, and greet and celebrate the 60th birthday of the people and the country with more brilliant achievements.
4. Historical materials of China, historical knowledge of China 1. The oldest known hominid in China is Yuanmou ape-man.
An ancient human tooth fossil found in Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan Province, China, was scientifically identified about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago. About 700,000-200,000 years ago, "Beijingers" (hereinafter referred to as "Beijingers") lived in the Gulong Cave in Zhoukoudian, Beijing.
People in Beijing can already use natural fire. For the first time, mankind has gained the ability to dominate the forces of nature.
4. About 18000 years ago, a group of ancient humans called "Ding Dong people" still lived in Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. They already have obvious physical characteristics of the yellow race.
Neanderthals not only made artificial fires, but also made the first bone needle in the history of sewing technology in China. The spicule is about as thick as a matchstick and 82 mm long. 6. Six or seven thousand years ago, ancient painted pottery culture and black pottery culture appeared in China.
7. The painted pottery of Anbanpo culture in Xi 'an, Shaanxi is very beautiful. The decorative patterns on the surface net basin are the crystallization of original art, original words and original art.
8. The black pottery of Longshan culture in Shandong is black and bright, with the same luster as metal utensils. 9. Hemudu culture in Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Basin is as old as Banpo culture in the Yellow River Basin. 7000 years ago, people there built houses with large wooden components.
About 4000 years ago, there were some tribal wars. The Yellow Emperor was the leader of one of the tribes, because he was popular, smart and brave, and won the final victory.
1 1. In the process of the gradual formation of the ancient Chinese nation, the Yellow Emperor played an important role. The Yellow Emperor was revered by later generations as the "humanistic ancestor" of the Chinese nation (the predecessor of the Chinese nation). 12 After the Yellow Emperor, several outstanding figures appeared in the Chinese nation: Yao, Shun and Yu.
Yaochan is located in Shun, and Shunchan is located in Yu. 13 years, Yao Shunyu era, flooding.
Dayu was ordered to control water and finally conquered the flood. 14. Later, Yu's son Qi succeeded to the throne and established the first slavery dynasty Xia Dynasty (about BC17th century BC, 22nd century BC).
15. According to legend, there was a calendar in the Xia Dynasty more than 4,000 years ago, so people called the ancient traditional calendar in China Li Xia. 16, the summer calendar is based on the cycle of the moon, also called the lunar calendar.
Because there are solar terms changes and farming arrangements in the calendar, it is also called the lunar calendar. 17, the last ruler of Xia Dynasty was unruly and tyrannical.
Under the leadership of the Tang Dynasty, the Shang tribes in the East became powerful and defeated the Shang Dynasty established in the Xia Dynasty (about 65438 BC+early 7th century-BC 1 1 century). 18, the great development of bronze ware manufacturing industry in Shang Dynasty.
The Simuwu Dafang Ding made in the late Shang Dynasty, weighing 875 kilograms, is by far the largest unearthed bronze ware in the world. 19, Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty is an ancient writing carved on tortoise shell and beast bones, which is quite mature.
Among the 6.5438+0.5 million pieces of Oracle bones unearthed in Yin Ruins, the total number of words reached 6.5438+0.6 million, including 4,600 words, and 6.5438+0.6 million words have been recognized. 20. At the end of Shang Dynasty, there was a tribe named Zhou on the Loess Plateau.
When he arrived in Zhou Wenwang, Zhou became the new leader of the governors in the western regions. Zhou Wang, the last ruler of Shang Dynasty, was an alcoholic.
Now, Zhou and other tribes joined forces to crusade against the Shang Dynasty. After the Battle of Makino, the Shang Dynasty was overthrown and the Zhou Dynasty was established (about 65438 BC+065438 BC+256 BC). 22. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, 7 1 small countries including Lu, Qi, Wei, Jin, Song and Yan were enfeoffed.
The monarchs of these small countries are called princes. 23. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, there were many large-scale music and dances in the Central Plains, which lasted 180 years.
When offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, Daxia dance is used to show Dayu's water control, and Dawu dance is used to commemorate the achievements of King Wu. 24. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved its capital to the East, which was called the "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history.
It is divided into two periods: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. 25. During the Spring and Autumn Period, more than 100 vassal states competed with each other, and the winner was the king, resulting in the "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period", commonly known as Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong, Song Xianggong and Chu Zhuangwang.
26. In 606 BC, Chu Zhuangwang "won the titles of big and small". Ding is a symbol of kingship. It is said that Dayu cast Jiuding, representing Kyushu.
Chu Zhuangwang won the championship, which shows that he has the ambition to become the son of heaven. 27. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue was hostile to each other.
First, the prince of Wu died of injury. His son, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, is determined to take revenge and reminds him loudly every day: "Fu Cha, have you forgotten the revenge of killing your father?" Later, Wu defeated Yue under the leadership of Fu Cha.
28. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, was determined to take revenge. He asks himself loudly every day: "Gou Jian, have you forgotten the shame of national subjugation?" After ten years of reunion, the State of Yue defeated the State of Wu, and Fu Cha, the king of Wu, committed suicide.
About 2,500 years ago, China produced a great thinker-Laozi. Laozi is the founder of Taoist school.
30. The Tao Te Ching, also known as Laozi, wrote that misfortune sometimes becomes the cause of happiness, and sometimes misfortune is hidden in happiness. Therefore, we should pay attention to "extremes meet", as well as "Tao" and "virtue"
3 1, living in 55 BC1-Confucius was a great thinker and educator in the first 479 years and the founder of Confucianism. 32. Confucius first established private schools in China. He has 3000 disciples and 72 saints.
33. Confucius made immortal contributions to the development of ancient culture in China. He compiled and edited six classics, such as Yi, Shi, Li, Yue, Lao Zi Sun Wu Tu, Shangshu and Chunqiu. Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried in the north of the capital of Lu (now Kong Lin in Qufu, Shandong).
The former residence of Confucius was later converted into a "Confucius Temple". 35. Confucius' students recalled Confucius' daily teachings and life behaviors, and compiled a recorded book called The Analects, which became a Confucian classic and had a great influence on later generations.
36. Sun Wu was an outstanding strategist in the late Spring and Autumn Period. There are 13 famous art books handed down from ancient times.
Sun Tzu's art of war put forward many famous principles of war, such as "know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle", "take the enemy by surprise" and "the enemy is unpredictable, and the water is unpredictable". 38. The fundamental purpose of Sun Tzu's Art of War is that the purpose of mastering war is to "defeat the enemy without fighting".
Sun Tzu's Art of War is therefore called the "Holy Book of Military Science".
5. Traditional and modern materials China's 5,000-year-old civilization and culture have both regional and national characteristics and characteristics of the times. Historically speaking, China culture includes not only long-standing traditional characters, but also modern culture with dramatic changes in China cultural tradition. The traditional culture of China is the main part of China culture, and it is also a rich historical heritage that we inherited from our ancestors. It not only records the history of the emergence and evolution of the Chinese nation and China culture, but also permeates the blood of everyone in China as a way of thinking, values, codes of conduct and customs handed down from generation to generation, which restricts the behavior and way of thinking of China people today. China's traditional culture is not simply equivalent to Confucian culture, nor is it the simple sum of Confucian culture, Taoist culture and Buddhist culture, but the sum of various ideological cultures in China, including various ideological and material forms.
Chinese national culture has a long history and is profound. The factors of beauty in these cultures are the national treasures of the Chinese nation. No matter how modern design develops, it is inseparable from the profound influence of traditional culture. These traditional cultures, which are national, regional, social and historic, are influencing the modern design movement all the time. Designers should inherit and carry forward the essence of these traditional cultures.
6. An example of argumentative materials that dare to challenge:
Zhou Zhiyi, a student at Ningbo University, is a model of the times. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, he lost his arms because of electric shock while playing, but with tenacious perseverance, he learned to play computer, send text messages, play table tennis and write calligraphy. He can compete with clever middle school students. When playing table tennis, he linked the broken arm with the wrist guard and threw it high and hard. Finally, I was admitted to Ningbo University.
Dare to challenge case 2:
Helen Keller was blind, but she did not give in. She learned many languages, and her autobiographical works were translated and published in many languages. It can be seen that facing up to the hardships of life and bravely facing challenges are the foundation of Helen's success. In this way, she became the representative and pride of the spirit of disabled people all over the world.
Case 3 of Dare to Challenge:
Zheng Zhihua, a famous singer, suffered from polio when he was a child. Although his childhood was unfortunate and gloomy, he was quite proficient in painting and advertising design, especially in music. His masterpieces include Light the Stars and Sailors.
Dare to Challenge Case 4: Lu Yu abandons Buddhism and follows the literature.
Lu Yu, a famous scholar in the Tang Dynasty, was an orphan since he was a child and was raised by a Zen master. Although Lu Yu is in a temple, he doesn't want to read Buddhist scriptures all day, but he likes reading poetry books. Lu Yu insisted on going down the mountain to study, which was opposed by the Zen master. In order to give Lu Yu a difficult problem, the Zen master better educated him and made him learn to make tea. In the process of learning tea art, Lu Yu met a kind old woman. She not only learned complicated tea-making skills, but also learned a lot about reading and being a man. When Lu Yu finally brought the Zen master a steaming cup of Kuding tea, the Zen master finally agreed to his request and went down the mountain to study. Later, Lu Yu wrote the widely circulated Tea Classic, which promoted the tea culture of the motherland!
Case 5: Dare to challenge:
Nie Haisheng and Fei are comrades-in-arms who have been training with Yang Liwei for many years. In 2003, Yang Liwei flew into the sky on the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft, becoming the first astronaut in China's space history. Nie Haisheng and Fei, who lost the election, were not discouraged and depressed, but devoted themselves to the new training with more full emotions. Finally, two years later, they boarded the Shenzhou VI spacecraft as they wished, successfully completed the historic mission of multi-person, multi-cabin and multi-day flight, and became the great heroes of the times admired by the world.
7. Information and pictures of famous historical buildings in Pinglu 1. The ancient plank road of the Yellow River.
The ancient plank road of the Yellow River is located from Sanmen Township to Caochuan Town in the east of Pinglu County, with a total length of 4,032 meters. It has 32 sections at *** 1 1 and is distributed on the stone cliffs on both sides of the Yellow River. The Yellow River water transport began in Qin and Han Dynasties and developed greatly in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Many plank roads in Pinglu County are left over from the Tang Dynasty, and the cliff carvings can also be seen. In June 2006, it was announced as the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. National Cultural Heritage Administration was declared a China heritage.
2. Sanwan Wetland
Sanwan Wetland is located in Sanwan Village, 6 kilometers southwest of Pinglu County, covering an area of 3.9 square kilometers, bordering on the Yellow River, with rich vegetation, biodiversity and a variety of wild animals and plants. 165438+1From mid-October to mid-February of the following year, tens of thousands of white swans and red-billed gulls came here for the winter.
Pinglu county has built two white swan patrol stations in the wetland, established a three-level network of county, township and village, and implemented a strict reporting system. Every township has full-time scouts to patrol around the clock and feed the white swan at a fixed point, quantitatively and regularly.
3. Mao Jindu
Maojindu is located about 4 kilometers south of Pinglu County. Historically, it was once called Jin Shan Ferry, Mao Cheng Ferry and Huixing Ferry, named after the ancient Zu Mao lived here. The terrain of Maojindu is an important transportation hub connecting Shanxi and Henan. Together with fenglingdu and Dayudu, it is also known as the three ancient crossings of the Yellow River and the "iron wharf".
4. Fu Xiangci
Fuxiangci, located on Yanfu Mountain in the northeast of Pinglu County, was built to commemorate Fu Shuo, a famous figure in Shang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, Yan Fu built a Fuxiang Temple. According to the Records of Pinglu County in Zhao Kang in Qing Dynasty, there are main halls, annex halls, steles, theatres, brick towers and other buildings in the temple, and Yanfu Snow, one of the eight scenic spots in Pinglu, is here.
Extended data:
Pinglu County belongs to Shanxi Province, and its geographical position is 34 50'12.72 "north latitude and1113' 02.44" east longitude. Located in the Yellow River Delta at the junction of Qin, Jin and Henan, Zhongtiaoshan is adjacent to Yuncheng Basin in the north, Sanmenxia City in Henan Province in the south of the Yellow River, Luoyang City and Zhengzhou City in Henan Province in the east, and Ruicheng County is a state in the west.
The land area is 1 173.5 square kilometers. The circumference of Pinglu County is 216km, the length from east to west is 67.5km, and the width from north to south is 34.5km.. Pinglu County is 43 kilometers away from Yuncheng, 440 kilometers away from Taiyuan and 0/200 kilometers away from Beijing/KLOC.
Name source:
In the first year of Tang Tianbao (742), "the satrap Richie opened three doors and got a halberd under the stone, and the big blade had the seal of' Pinglu', which was changed to Pinglu County".