Titanic has a total length of 269.06 meters (882.75 feet), a width of 28. 19 meters (92.5 feet), a standard displacement of 46,328 tons, a waterline to deck height of 18.3 meters (60 feet), a power of 50,000 horsepower (37MW) and a speed of 23-23 per hour. The power plant includes two reciprocating four-cylinder three-expansion inverted-cylinder steam engines and a low-pressure steam turbine, which drives three propellers.
The power of 25 double-ended boilers and 4 single-ended boilers on board comes from 159 coal-fired boiler. Powerful power made the maximum speed of Titanic reach 23 knots (43 km/h). Of the four chimneys 19 m (63 ft) high, only the first three are used for smoke exhaust, and the remaining one is a foil, and its only practical use is as a chimney in the main kitchen. Titanic can carry 3547 passengers and crew. Because it also carries mail, the name of the ship is preceded by "RMS".
Titanic is regarded as a milestone in the history of navigation technology, and Shipbuilder magazine thinks it is an unsinkable ship. The whole ship is divided into 16 watertight compartments, and the watertight doors connecting the compartments can be closed uniformly by electric switches. Titanic's good waterproof measures make it not sink if any four watertight compartments are flooded. But in fact, the waterproof wall did not run through the whole deck, but only reached the E deck.
Internal facilities
At that time, the luxury and exquisiteness of Titanic were unprecedented. The ship is equipped with an indoor swimming pool, gym, bathroom, library, elevator and squash room. The lounge in the first class is decorated with exquisite wooden panels, equipped with high-grade furniture and other high-grade decorations, and tries its best to provide unprecedented service level. The sunny Paris Cafe provides all kinds of high-class snacks for first-class passengers. The living environment of the second class or even the third class of Titanic was as high-grade as the lounge, even comparable to the first class of many passenger ships at that time. Three elevators are specially designed for first-class passengers; As an innovation, second-class passengers also have elevators. James. Cameron faithfully reproduced the elevator in his film.
The most luxurious part of the ship is the grand staircase of the first class, which is located between the first and second chimneys. The grand staircase with oak paneling and gold-plated railings extends all the way to the E deck, and the top is a glass dome supported by wrought iron brackets, which fills the grand staircase with natural light. A clock is embedded in the wall at the top of the stairs, and fables symbolizing nobility and dignity are carved on both sides of the clock. There is also a relatively simple staircase between the third and fourth chimneys.
Titanic is a fixed-point work of technological achievements. A sailor on the voyage told Sylvia, a second-class female passenger? Caldwell said, "Even if God comes himself, he can't sink the boat."
Maiden voyage back to catalog
1912 April 10 departed from Southampton, England.
Titanic set off from Southampton, England on April 19 12, and sailed for new york, USA. The captain's name is Edward John? Smith left Southampton Port at noon on April 12, and planned to cross the North Atlantic and go straight to new york, USA. Just before sailing, another conventional ship, the New York, was moving in the water because of its huge size, which caused the attraction of a large amount of backfill water to almost hit her hull, which was delayed for an hour. After the departure, the Titanic crossed the English Channel and stopped at Cherbourg, France, to accept more passengers, and then stopped at Queenstown, Ireland. Finally, it carried 65,438+0,324 passengers and 892 deck staff to new york. Titanic divided passengers into three classes. Third class cabin is also the cheapest to get off the hull. Most of these passengers are immigrants who plan to cross the Atlantic to build a new life. The decoration of the second-class cabin and the general guest room was actually the same as that of the first-class cabin of other general ships at that time. Many second-class passengers originally booked the first class of other ships, but because of the voyage of Titanic, they transferred the coal energy to Titanic. The first class is the most expensive and luxurious part of the whole ship, and some of the richest celebrities in the world were on this journey at that time. More famous is the millionaire (theoretically in pounds or dollars) John? Jacob and his wife. Margaret, a rich woman in Denver, USA? Margaret Brown, 1906 Olympic fencing champion Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon and his wife, entrepreneur benjamin guggenheim. And director J. Bruce Ismay and chief designer Thomas of White Star Cruises? Thomas Andrews also traveled first class on this ship.
14 On the evening of April, the ship was traveling at a speed of 2 1.5 knots, but the face of the lookout was exposed to the cold wind that night, which affected the line of sight, resulting in an iceberg in front of night news and the Titanic hitting it. In the process of collision with an iceberg, due to misjudgment, he made an emergency turn at high speed, which led to turning forward. At the same time, the iceberg hit the hull, causing the rivets at the bottom of the ship to be damaged because they could not withstand the impact force. At the beginning, it was also considered that the material of rivets was brittle, but slag was added in the rivet manufacturing process, but the slag distribution was too dense. As a result, the rivet became fragile and could not bear the impact (at that time, the impact pressure of the rivet was about 65,438+00,000 pounds). After the rivet broke, seawater poured into the watertight compartment. At that time, the maximum load-bearing limit of the Titanic watertight compartment was four, and five of them were flooded beyond the load-bearing limit. Finally, due to too much water, the hull tilted to an amazing state close to the hull vertical (vertical to the horizontal plane), because the tilting can continue to pour water. Finally, the hull cannot support the weight of tens of thousands of tons at the stern. At that time, half of the hull on the water broke off and then sank to the bottom of the sea with 1522 people.
On the port side of the ship, lifeboats only carry women and children. On the starboard side, men are allowed to board the ship only after women have the priority to escape. So more people were rescued on the starboard side than on the port side.
Although many passengers escaped from the hull, they were sucked into the sea together when they sank, or lost their temperature in the cold sea water and died. Many passengers' bodies have not been found, and they are likely to be trapped in the engine room and drowned alive.
Log back into the directory
19 12 April 14 Sunday
Navigation chart
1965438+April, 2002 14, 9: 00 am: Titanic received an iceberg warning radio signal from Caronia, which means that the iceberg is located at 42 degrees north latitude and 49 ~ 5 degrees west longitude1.
1965438+Sunday, April/April 4, 2002 1 1: 40: Noordam, a Dutch cruise ship, reported that there was a lot of ice ("more ice") at the above location.
1965438+Sunday, April 4, 2002/kloc-at noon: As usual, the senior crew gathered on the bridge and calculated the daily navigation position with sextant. The conclusion is that * * * has sailed 546 miles since noon on Saturday.
1 965438+April, 2002/Sunday, kloc-0/4, in the afternoon142: the Baltic Sea received an iceberg warning: at 4 1 degree north latitude, 49 degrees and 52 minutes west longitude, 250 miles away from Titanic ". The Shi Mifu crew received the news and informed J.Bruce Ismay. Yi also put the note in his pocket.
1965438+April 2002/Sunday, April 4, 2002/afternoon 1: 45: We received the warning signal (4 1o 27'N, 50o 8'W) from the German cruise ship Amerika.
1965438+April, 2002/Sunday, kloc-0/4, 5: 30 to 7: 30 pm: the temperature drops 10 degrees, and the outdoor temperature is 33 degrees Fahrenheit (oF).
1965438+April, 2002 14 Sunday at 5: 30 pm: Captain Shi Mifu ordered a slight change of the original route to the northwest, or to avoid encountering an iceberg.
1965438+ Sunday, April, 2002 14, 7: 30 p.m: three warnings about icebergs (42 degrees north latitude and 49 degrees west longitude) were received from Californians, and the information reached the control room. At this time, the captain attended the dinner, and the iceberg was 50 miles away from the Titanic.
19 14 April 14, 8: 40 pm: At this time, the seawater began to condense, and the controller received attention to the influence of seawater on the ship's movement.
1965438+April, 2002/Sunday, kloc-0/4: At 8: 55pm, the captain left the party and went back to the control tower to discuss with the controller the visibility of icebergs during the clear sky and night flight.
19 14 April, 14, 9: 20pm: The captain gets off work and orders: "If it gets worse" ("If it becomes completely suspicious …"), he will be notified.
1965438+April, 2002 14, Sunday: 9: 30 p.m.: The control tower issued an instruction to the observation deck to pay attention to icebergs until the next morning.
1965438+Sunday, April/0/4, 2002, at 9: 40 p.m.: A huge ice and iceberg warning (42 degrees north latitude to 4 1o25', 49 degrees west longitude to 50o30') was received from Sabah, USA. This message was ignored, while the telegraph operator was sending and receiving private messages for passengers.
1965438+April, 2002/Sunday afternoon, kloc-0/4 10: The personnel of the control tower and observation deck will change shifts, and pay more attention to the icebergs appearing on the fairway, with the temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Warning: The iceberg passing between tables, the temperature is 32 degrees, the sky is cloudless in Wan Li, and the air is fresh.
1965438+April 2002/Sunday afternoon of kloc-0/4 10: 30: the sea surface temperature dropped to 3 1 Fahrenheit.
1965438+April, 2002/Sunday, kloc-0/4, in the afternoon 10: 55: Californians stopped in front of the skating rink at a distance of 10 to19 miles north of the Titanic to warn all the ships sailing nearby. When the radio signal was sent to the Titanic, the iceberg alarm was interrupted. Shut up! You're jamming my signal I want to send it to Liz. Please don't enter! Shut up! You're jamming my signal! I'm driving a race! ) ",the California telegraph operator turns off the telegraph at 1 1: 30 in the evening and rests like a passenger without a job.
1965438+April, 2002/Sunday afternoon of kloc-0/41:30: Watchtower personnel found a small amount of fog approaching head-on.
1965438+April, 2002/Sunday afternoon of kloc-0/41:40: The Titanic kept going at a speed of 20.5 knots, and the lookout suddenly found an iceberg 55-60 feet high within 500 yards ahead. They rang the three-way alarm bell directly and called the control tower: (There is an iceberg directly ahead. ) ",Moody, a sixth-class crew member, learned about the meeting and immediately conveyed it to Murdoch. He shouted "full starboard rudder" to the helmsman, and ordered the engine room to turn off, and then sailed backward. Then he closed the floodgate of the waterline. The helmsman turned the rudder at full speed. After a few seconds, the Titanic turned to the port side, but the iceberg had hit the starboard bow head-on and passed along the ship's side in the dark. Although the direction of the sound emitted by the collision was only heard by the crew working at the bow, most passengers didn't notice it at all, and the 37 seconds after the collision passed indifferently.
1965438+Sunday, April/4, 2002, afternoon 1 1: 50: At the first 10 minute after the impact, the water level rose from the keel 14 feet, and water began to flood in.
Monday, April 2
1965438+April 2002/Monday, kloc-0/5: There is enough water to float the mail bag in the mail room 24 feet above the keel. The crew reported to Captain Shi Mifu of the control tower that the water had flooded 1, No.2 and No.3 lock rooms and No.6 boiler room, and he immediately asked the designer Thomas Andrews to evaluate the damage. After some calculations, Andrews said that the ship could only support 1.5 hours, when the front side of the Titanic began to sink, and her sinking fate was set. The captain asked the operator to send CQD distress signal. At that time, the position of Titanic was 4 1.46 minutes north latitude and 50. 14 minutes west longitude. When the boiler finally stopped running, the smoke pipe and chimney on the ship separated and fell off, making a loud noise.
1965438+April 2002/Monday, kloc-0/5: seawater has flooded the bow part by 32 feet. The lifeboat on board can only be used by 1 178 people, and the total number of people on board is 2227.
19 19 15, 2002, 00: 00 am 10 to 50: The crew of the California is about 10 to 19 from the Titanic, and you can even see the lights on the chimney of her steam engine. They tried to contact her, but the Morse code light didn't work. And I saw her launch a rocket, but I didn't know it was a distress signal because of visual error, so I was ignored. After that, the distance between the two ships gradually drifted away until they disappeared from sight.
1965438+Monday, April, 2002 15, 0: 00 a.m. to 2: 00 a.m. 17: 00 a.m.: During this period, many ships received distress signals from Titanic, including her sister ships Olympic, Temple Mount (49 miles away) and Frankfurt. 135 Li), Biama (Bilma, 70 Li), Bo (Baltic Sea, 243 Li), Virginia, 170 Li), Carpathian, 80 Li), and immediately drove to the scene to prepare for rescue.
1965438+April, 2002/Monday, 0/5, at 0: 00 a.m.: The A deck band serving the first-class passengers on board went near the steps at the lifeboat entrance and continued to play for the passengers evacuated from the Titanic.
1965438+April, 2002 15, 0: 20 a.m: the sea water has flooded the 48-foot-high seaman's room.
1965438+April 2002 15 Monday: The captain ordered the women and children to board the lifeboat first. The Ka Pauphillat, 58 miles southeast of her, is coming to the rescue at full speed.
1965438+Monday, April, 2002 15: The first lifeboat on starboard No.7 was launched, which can carry 68 people, but only 28 people boarded. Titanic launched the first rocket in distress, and then * * * launched eight. Lifeboat No.4 was fully loaded and released from the sea from 12:30 to 12:45.
1965438+April 2002/Monday, kloc-0/5 at 0: 55 am: lifeboat No.6 only carried ***28 people, including Moody Brown and Major Bochen; Ismay was accused of asking the crew to board the ship first, and lifeboat No.5 was released.
1 965438+Monday, April/5, 20021:No.3 lifeboat on starboard side carried 32 people, including 1 1 crew, and was released from Titanic.
1 965438+ April, 2002 15, 65438+0: 00 a.m.: starboard1can carry 40 people, but only 12 people can board the ship, including Sir Cosmao and Lady Gordon. There were 39 people in lifeboat No.8 on one side of the cabin, with Countess Rothers at the helm.
1965438+Monday, April, 2002 15, in the early morning 1: 08+05: The water level has already dipped into her nameplate, and the bow that leans below the water surface is more serious, and the lifeboat will not be released until the passenger capacity is all used up. Starboard boat 9 was released with 56 passengers.
1965438+ Monday, April, 2002 15, 65438+0: 25 am:12 carried 40 women and children on the side of the cabin, with two crew members as the command.
1965438+ April, 2002/Monday, kloc-0/5, 65438+0: 30 am: At this time, the people on board began to panic. When the lifeboat on the side of the cabin 14 was ready to release the boat, everyone tried to jump into the boat and was stopped by Lowe, the fifth crew member in the boat, and shot into the sky. The people who stayed on the Titanic began to despair.
1965438+ Monday, April, 2002 15, 65438+0: 35 a.m: women and children passengers in second class and third class escaped separately, with more than 50 passengers on the cabin side 16 and starboard 13 respectively. 30 seconds later, 65433 is on starboard.
1915 on Monday, April, 2002, 65438+ 0: 40am: Most of the lifeboats were far away from the Titanic, just then Hysmans boarded the collapsible lifeboat C(*** carrying 39 passengers), the last one on the starboard side.
1965438+ April, 2002/Monday, kloc-0/5, 65438+0: 45 a.m: No.2 on the cabin side only carries 25 people (can accommodate 40 people) into the water.
1 965438+ April, 20021day15th, 65438+0: 00 am: No.4 cabin carries 40 women and children passengers.
1965438+Monday, April 5, 2002/kloc-2: 00 a.m.: At this time, the water surface has reached under the walking deck 10 foot.
1965438+Monday, April, 2002 15, 2: 05 am: 1500 people were still on the sinking boat, and the crew tried their best to keep order and let women, children and passengers into the lifeboat. When 44 people boarded the collapsible lifeboat D, all the boats were used up. The bow and front plate of the Titanic have been submerged.
1965438+On Monday, April 5th, 2002, Captain Shi Mifu signaled the operator's bride and Philip to leave their posts at two o'clock in the morning. .
1965438+April 2002/kloc-Monday, 0/5, 2: 00 am: Philip continues to release radio messages. Captain Shi Mifu said to the crew, "This is for everyone", and then walked to the bridge, waiting to die with the Titanic. Designer Andrews was seen sitting alone in the first-class smoking room. The band on the boat stopped playing. At this moment, many passengers and crew members jumped into the water, and the chimney in front collapsed, killing many panicked passengers swimming in the ocean on the spot. About 24 people fell into the cold sea due to the overturning of the collapsible lifeboat A, and nearly half of them were rescued by Lowe, the fifth crew member of the lifeboat 14 on the side of the cabin. Others are buried in the ocean.
1965438+April, 2002/Monday, 0/5 at 2 am 18: There was a loud noise, and all the movable parts on board seemed to fall into the water at the same time, and all the lights on board were completely extinguished in the blink of an eye. A number of witnesses said that she had broken into two pieces at this time, and one side of the bow had sunk into the water.
19 15 April, Monday, 12, 2: 20am: The stern part of the Titanic hovered for a while, and then slowly disappeared into the water. 1500 people died in the ocean with her disappearance. ......
Rumors and analysis go back to the catalog.
Contrary to popular belief, the distress signal SOS in Morse code, which is commonly used internationally, was indeed used when the Titanic sank, but this was not the earliest example of SOS. 1906 SOS signal was first put forward by the international radiocommunication conference off Berlin. 1908, the international community recognized this proposal and gradually began to use it widely, four years before the sinking of the Titanic. However, British radio operators rarely use SOS signals, and they prefer the old CQD distress signals. John, the chief radio officer of Titanic? George? Philip has been sending distress signals to CQD until junior radio operator Harold? Brad suggested to him: send SOS, this is a new call signal, this may be your last chance to send it! Then Philip mixed the SOS signal with the traditional CQD distress signal. Because there was no 24-hour radio, the distress signal was finally received by the California ship the next morning.
The disaster shocked the international community. Because it proves to some people that human beings and their scientific and technological achievements cannot be compared with the forces of nature.
Some people think that the steelmaking technology at that time was immature and the steel produced could not be made according to modern standards, but metallurgical expert Tim? After checking the hull samples taken from the wreck of 1998, Fick indicated that there was no problem with the quality of steel at that time, even at low temperature. The most fatal key is the rivet used to fix the hull. Due to the small space in the bow of Titanic, it is impossible to install steel rivets with heavy machinery like other parts, so it is necessary to install forged iron rivets by hand, but their firmness is not as good as that of steel rivets, so slag is added for reinforcement. However, too much slag makes the rivet fragile and unable to withstand strong impact. When the rivets were damaged, cracks appeared on the hull, causing seawater to flood into the cabin.
Even today, after 1 century, several absurd stories about Titanic and its sinking still exist. One is that its rudder is too small, and a bigger rudder can avoid this disaster. A bigger rudder may save it when its rudder size is not small for its hull size according to the law. In fact, according to today's regulations on ships, the size of the rudder of Titanic is still qualified. Another way of saying this is that there were not enough lifeboats on the Titanic. In fact, the number of lifeboats is in accordance with British law, and the number stipulated by law is not based on the number of passengers, but on the tonnage of the ship. At that time, the number of lifeboats on all ships was far below the required number, and the purpose of lifeboats at that time was not to hold all passengers; They are only used to transfer passengers from sunken ships to another rescue ship. The sinking of the Titanic changed this life-saving strategy forever. In fact, even if it has loaded more lifeboats to carry all passengers, it may still be impossible to ensure that more people are rescued, because when it sinks, the crew will not have time to put down all lifeboats! According to the latest survey, if Titanic doesn't turn and go straight, it will break the ice without sinking. Or because there are no binoculars on board. There is also a saying that the crew of the mechanical group stick to their posts until the end. A book published by 1988 also mentioned this point and made it immortal. In fact, the mechanical cabin was flooded at 1: 15AM. At the last moment of sinking, mechanics and furnace workers stood on the stern deck like hundreds of others, trapped in the ship, without any hope of being rescued. According to experts' analysis, people trapped at the stern imploded due to water pressure about ten minutes after the ship sank to the bottom of the sea, or were immediately crushed to death by seawater or hull, or suffocated to death.
On the other hand, there are many theories about the sinking form of Titanic. Including the sinking of the whole ship; The hull folds near the middle of the second and third chimneys and then sinks vertically; The hull was folded near the middle of the third and fourth chimneys, then the front hull dragged the stern and the stern sank vertically. Until 1985, the famous scientist Ballard found the wreckage of Titanic in the sea about 380 miles southeast of Newfoundland, which was the bow part of the first two chimneys and the stern part behind the fourth chimney, which initially proved the third theory. And this theory was later developed by James? Cameron directed the film Titanic. At that time, everyone thought that the hull of the third chimney had been blown to pieces and would never be found. However, in August 2005, an archaeological team sponsored by the History Channel found this part of the hull 500 meters behind the wreckage at the stern. The wreckage is about 12 m by 27 m, and the red paint on the bottom of the ship is still clearly visible. Some scientists believe that the Titanic sank after breaking three sections.
The impact on maritime affairs back to the directory
The sinking of Titanic greatly affected shipbuilding and radio and telegraph communication. 19131February 12 Therefore, the first international conference on the safety of life at sea was held in London, England. The treaty made by Congress led to the formation and capital investment of the international North Atlantic iceberg patrol. The organization is a subordinate department of the United States Coast Guard, and today it is still detecting and reporting icebergs that may threaten ships in the North Atlantic. The treaty also unanimously reached a new regulation: all manned ships must have enough lifeboats to carry all the people on board, and appropriate related training should be carried out. In addition, the radio communication should be open 24 hours a day, plus the secondary standby power supply, so that the distress signal will not be missed. The treaty also agreed that any rocket launched from a ship must be interpreted as a distress signal.
Return to the directory after the event
The last three survivors of Titanic were all women. On May 6, 2006, the last survivor who witnessed the incident died at the age of 99, five years after the incident. June 65438+10/October 65438+June 2007, another survivor died at the age of 96. She was less than one year old at the time of the incident, so she has no memory of the incident. On May 3, 2009, the last survivor, Milvi Na? Millvina dean died at the age of 97. She was only nine weeks old when the accident happened. She is the youngest survivor of the sinking of the Titanic, and she has no memory of the incident. After the death of the last survivor, it also means that all the survivors of Titanic have passed away.