To be an astronaut, you must have a strong physique, a good cultural level and the ability to analyze and solve problems. Early astronauts were all selected from air force pilots or test pilots. With the gradual improvement of spacecraft design, the requirements for astronauts' physique are correspondingly reduced. At present, astronauts can be divided into pilots, mission experts and load experts; The pilot's task is to fly the spacecraft, while the mission experts and load experts are responsible for a series of research and experiments.

Basic training of astronauts

The purpose of basic training is, firstly, to enable astronaut candidates to master and complete the scientific knowledge and skills necessary for manned spaceflight, and secondly, to further improve their physical and psychological qualities. The physical and psychological training that astronauts must receive, such as 10-pound gravity centrifuge, and long-term training in sound-proof room, is really unimaginable.

First of all, to have undergraduate study experience, you need to accept knowledge in science, medicine, engineering and other fields; Secondly, you must have operational experience, especially as a test pilot; Third, excellent astronauts are also good at helping others. "

After the spacecraft enters space, it is far away from the crowd and isolated from the world outside the ground. Long-term lonely life has a certain impact on people's psychology and physiology. In order to adapt astronauts to this special life, isolation room training came into being. The isolation room is hardly stimulated by any sound, just like being isolated from the outside world. Is compatibility of personality a factor to be considered when selecting crew members? Space psychologists say, no, many people will be surprised to hear this, because after all, astronauts have to live and work together in a small space, and being with someone you can't stand is not a happy thing, and even their work will be affected. However, astronauts are very professional people, and they will not let their personal emotions affect the execution of the task. Besides, a space flight is relatively short, usually one week, at most two weeks. For most astronauts, even sleeping with the devil is not a problem in such a short time. However, if you go to the space station or Mars for months or even years, that's quite another matter. People with incompatible personalities will inevitably affect everyone's cooperation if they get along for a long time. Therefore, it is very important to demand the psychological quality of astronauts.

How can we eliminate mental tension and loneliness?

Astronauts need good psychological adjustment to solve loneliness in space. Each of us will inevitably have contradictions and troubles in one way or another in our lives. So how to overcome and eliminate the mental stress and loneliness in our daily life and work? Know the truth of life. We are all the same people, and what happens to others may happen to you one day. The road of life will never be too smooth. Establishing friendship with people around you can increase external support and help, thus reducing mental stress. Don't be afraid to expand your social influence, which will help you find new channels to deal with emergencies.

Strive to improve interpersonal relationships. Establishing good interpersonal relationships, helping you succeed in your career and reducing setbacks, is very important for maintaining a good competitive state. We don't need to just teach people: "Listen to me, what should you do?" What we need in life is to encourage us to think creatively and support our friends on the road to success. Taking the initiative to listen to other people's opinions and being good at arranging time is one of the important ways to improve interpersonal relationships. Vent and express. Often in a state of mental tension, accumulated over time, may devour our healthy body. We need to tell people how we feel, even if there is little change. Who to tell, depending on what you want to say, you must choose the right person to tell. Remember, never keep unpleasant things in your heart. Treat people kindly. You should always be ready to help others when they are in trouble. At this moment, they need you to listen to them and help them most. Be flexible. There may be many ways for us to finish a job. Your own method is not necessarily the best, or although it is the best method, it may not work. If you always think that everything must be done according to your idea, then when things don't go according to your idea, you will be irritable and angry. In fact, your goal should only be to get things done. As for the method, there is no need to stick to one.

Live: sleep hanging, you can take a shower

You can also take a bath on the spaceship, which you didn't expect! Researcher Wang Zhuang said in an interview that although the internal space of the spacecraft is less than 6 cubic meters, it can still solve the problem of astronauts taking a bath-because there is a separate bathing bag in the spacecraft, and they can also take a bath.

Because of weightlessness, sleeping in a spaceship is different from sleeping on the earth. There is gravity on the ground, but there is no gravity in space. As soon as astronauts lie down, they float. In this regard, a sleeping bag was prepared separately in the spacecraft and hung on the wall. When you sleep, you should get into this sleeping bag and hang it there ...

Eat: compressed bricks, toothpaste tubes

Professor Chen said that the astronaut's menu is also very rich, with 20 choices, which is not as difficult to swallow as everyone thinks. However, space food is not ordinary fruits and vegetables, but specially processed "compressed bricks" or "toothpaste tubes". After adding a certain proportion of water, it can restore its original shape, taste good and contain all the nutrients needed by human body. Because in weightlessness, food can't stay on the plate as honestly as it does on the ground, but floats on the table. Therefore, experts design space food as toothpaste and squeeze it into their mouth like toothpaste when eating it.

These foods also have high nutritional value, and are rich in vegetables, protein and fat. According to Professor Chen, Aerospace Group has a special institution to study aerospace food. Breakfast, lunch, dinner, what to eat for three meals a day and how to mix them are all designed very scientifically.

Clothing: 10 kg, worth tens of millions.

According to a person from the Propaganda Department of Donghua University (formerly China Textile University), the spacesuit to be equipped on China manned spacecraft was made here. Last year, the spacesuit was made and tried on many times.

Spacesuit consists of clothing, helmet, gloves and space boots. The clothes with the most complicated structure are composed of 14 layers: the innermost layer is the lining of liquid-cooled ventilation clothes; Outside the lining is a liquid-cooled ventilation suit, which is made of nylon elastic fiber and many plastic tubes for conveying coolant. There are two pressurized airtight layers outside the liquid-cooled ventilation suit, and another limiting layer limits the outward expansion of the pressurized airtight layer; Outside the limiting layer is a heat-proof micrometeorite dust-proof suit, with 8 layers in total, which plays the role of heat-proof micrometeorite dust-proof; The outermost layer is coat. Although the space suit has a complicated structure, it is not difficult to wear, and it can be worn in about 15 minutes.

Because spacesuit is a special kind of clothing, it usually consists of breathable layer, airtight layer, thermal insulation layer and other layers. It is a small sealing system with two functions: protection and exit. This kind of spacesuit belongs to in-cabin spacesuit. Except the helmet and rubber gloves, the whole spacesuit is made of a special high-strength polyester. The whole set of clothes weighs about 10 kg and is worth tens of millions. Together with the design cost, it can reach 1 100 million yuan in total. (He Tao)

All the secrets of "astronaut" training

There are not many days before the launch of manned spacecraft in autumn 10 this year. What are astronauts training recently? Professor Chen Hui revealed that astronauts still have basic training, and being familiar with the facilities in the spacecraft cabin is also their main training content. At the end of last year, Professor Chen Hui visited the Space City. He told reporters about the various training contents of astronauts.

alternative condition

To become an astronaut, besides flying for more than 1000 hours and having good basic physical fitness, you must also pass the "technical test" of special facilities in the space city, including: the swivel chair rotating at a speed of 24 revolutions per minute to check its ability to withstand vibration and dizziness; Swing the electric swing with the amplitude of 15m back and forth to test the possible space motion sickness caused by the spacecraft entering orbit.

"swivel chair+swing" = extreme dizziness

Entering the space city, the first thing I saw was a small house, which was closed on all sides. In addition to a controller against the wall, a swivel chair in the middle of the ground is particularly eye-catching. This swivel chair can not only rotate clockwise and counterclockwise at 180 degrees, but also swing up and down and backward at the same time. The swivel chair is mainly used to check the vestibular nerve function of aerospace candidates to understand their tolerance to vibration and dizziness.

Coming out of the swivel chair room and entering the electric swing room, a box swing is held up by four steel arms under the escort of a steel frame with a height of tens of meters. The electric swing swings and can be thrown back and forth15m. It is mainly used to adapt to space motion and carry out research on space motion sickness.

Experience bungee jumping

There is also an "impact tower room" in the Space City, which contains a green iron tower about four stories high. Its function is to simulate the impact environment of the spacecraft returning to earth, so as to strengthen people's anti-impact ability and study various protective measures.

Much worse than playing UFO.

The three-story centrifuge room is equipped with the largest domestic manned centrifuge in Asia.

The human centrifuge is a huge rotating device that can be stretched up and down and rotated left and right. At the top, there is a rotating arm with a length of 16 meters, and the oval stainless steel closed pod located in front of the arm is tightly supported by a solid steel frame. This pod can also rotate at a certain angle, so it can establish overweight conditions that act on astronauts in the same direction. When the whole centrifuge is turned on, some things, such as flying saucers in amusement parks, such as houses, arms and pods, are constantly intensifying their rotation and swing, but their rotation speed and swing angle are incomparable to flying saucers in any case.

Endure narrowness and loneliness

The research on the safety and health of astronauts is a key point in the development of space technology. The astronaut training center has various simulation cabins to enable astronauts to adapt to space life.

The low-pressure cabin is a light green T-shaped cabin, which consists of three parts: working cabin, rest cabin and sanitary cabin. When the astronauts put on special spacesuits and walked into the low-pressure cabin, the air in the cabin was pumped out, and the astronauts began to enter "space". There is neither a TV nor a stereo in the cabin, and even doing some big swing fitness activities is very limited. No telephone, no communication, completely isolated from society. Learning how to adapt to this environment is a subject that must be overcome before entering space.

Know the way home

Planetarium is the last stage of astronaut simulation training. Astronauts must be familiar with the sky map here and find out the route they will take before taking off to perform their tasks. Once the automatic navigation system of manned spacecraft fails, it is hoped to adopt it.