1, Nanchang Uprising:
(1) Background: After the Kuomintang Rightists defected to the revolution, they massacred the * * * production party and the Kuomintang leftists.
(2) Time: 65438+August 1, 0927.
(3) Leaders: Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De, etc.
(4) Significance: The first shot of armed resistance against the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang was fired.
2. Autumn Harvest Uprising:
(1) Background: After the August 7th meeting, the CPC Central Committee sent * * * back to Hunan to lead the autumn harvest uprising.
(2) Geographical location: Hunan-Jiangxi border.
(3) What happened: The autumn harvest uprising broke out on the Hunan-Jiangxi border and began to capture the county seat, resulting in serious losses. Abandoned the plan to attack Changsha, marched into the countryside where the enemy's ruling power was weak, and reached Jinggangshan.
(4) Significance: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base, the first rural revolutionary base in China, was established. Opened up a revolutionary road with China characteristics.
(5) Joining forces in Jinggangshan: 1928, Zhu De and Chen Yi joined forces with the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants led by * * * and were reorganized into the Fourth Army of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants. Is the first strong team of China revolution.
(6) Significance of Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising: < 1 > It was the beginning of the revolutionary war led by * * independently. < 2 > is the beginning of China revolution from urban to rural areas, the establishment of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.
The lesson of Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising is that we must shift the focus of our work from cities to rural areas.
Lesson 13 The Red Army is not afraid of expedition.
1, the beginning of the Red Army's Long March:
(1) Reason: The Red Army failed in its fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression" and was forced to make a strategic shift.
(2) From: Ruijin, Jiangxi (Central Revolutionary Base)
(3) results; Breaking through the enemy's four blockade lines and crossing the Xiangjiang River, the people lost more than half, the revolution was in the death, and * * * made a major decision; Give up going to Xiangxi, change to Guizhou where the enemy's strength is weak, cross the Wujiang River and liberate Zunyi.
2. Zunyi Meeting:
(1) Content: Concentrate on solving the military and organizational command mistakes of Li De and Bo Gu, and establish the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with * * * as the core.
(2) Significance: Saving the Party, the Red Army and the Revolution is a turning point in the history of the Party.
3. The victory of the Long March:
(1) After: Ruijin, Jiangxi-crossing Xiangjiang River-crossing Wujiang River, capturing Zunyi, holding Zunyi meeting, crossing Chishui River four times, disrupting the enemy's pursuit plan-crossing Jinsha River skillfully, jumping out of the enemy's encirclement-crossing Dadu River, flying over Luding Bridge-climbing snow mountain-crossing grassland-reaching Wuqi, northern Shaanxi via Gansu.
(2) The significance of the victory of the Long March: < 1 > shattered the attempt of the Kuomintang reactionaries to destroy the Red Army. < 2 > preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army. (3) The turning point of the China Revolution.
War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of the Chinese nation
Lesson 14 Unforgettable September 18
1, Japanese imperialism's aggression against China has intensified;
(1) September 18th Incident: The Japanese Kwantung Army bombed a section of the track of Liutiaohu Lake on the South Manchuria Railway and falsely accused the China army of sabotage. Using this as an excuse, they shelled the Peking University camp where the Northeast Army was stationed and occupied Shenyang City.
→ Influence: A Chiang Kai-shek adopted a policy of non-resistance, which led to the rapid fall of the three northeastern provinces. See the import box on page 72 of this book. The people of China entered the period of local anti-Japanese war.
(2) The establishment of the Puppet Manchukuo.
(3) The situation in North China is critical.
2.Xi event:
(1) Background: A Japanese army further invaded North China, making the ethnic contradiction between China and Japan the main contradiction, and the Chinese nation reached a critical moment of life and death. B** put forward the idea of establishing an anti-Japanese national united front. C Zhang and Yang accepted the proposition of * * out of patriotism and stopped attacking the Red Army, demanding that Jiang Lian * * * resist Japan. D Jiang refused to accept, and personally went to Ann to supervise the war, which put Zhang and Yang in a situation of "unable to resist Japan, unwilling to suppress * * *, and ineffective remonstration".
(2) Purpose: To force Chiang Kai-shek to unite against Japan.
(3) Significance of peaceful settlement: The peaceful settlement of the Xi incident has become the key to turn the situation around. A marks the basic end of the ten-year civil war. It marks the initial formation of the anti-Japanese national United front. C marks the initial formation of the second cooperation between the two sides.
Lesson 15 "Better be dead than conquered people"
1, better be a fool:
(1) Lugouqiao Incident:
A time:1July 7, 937, also known as the July 7th Incident.
B Strategic location of Lugou Bridge: Lugou Bridge, located on Pinghan Railway, became the only passage from Beiping to the south and other places, and became a battleground for the Sino-Japanese war.
Impact of Event C: It marks the beginning of the Chinese nation's all-round War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (see the Order of 29 army Command on page 77 of this book).
D. Heroic deeds: Tong, the deputy commander of the 29th Army, and Zhao, the division commander of the 132nd Division, died heroically in commanding operations.
(2) The formal formation of the anti-Japanese national united front: background-at an unprecedented moment of national crisis. The second cooperation between the two parties was successful, and the anti-Japanese national United front was formally established; The Red Army of Workers and Peasants was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army and went to the anti-Japanese battlefield.
(3) The terrible Nanjing Massacre: (Before the occupation of Nanjing, the Japanese army launched the "August 13th Incident" to force the national government to surrender)1937 65438+At the end of February, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing, burning, killing and looting. During the six weeks of the occupation of Nanjing, more than 300,000 peaceful residents and soldiers who laid down their weapons were massacred.
2. Don't be a conquered person;
(1) Time: 1937 65438+ February.
(2) Overview: < 1 > The massacre was cruel: some peaceful residents in Nanjing were used as targets for shooting practice, some as targets for bayonet fighting, and some were buried alive. < 2 > the death toll exceeded 300,000.
★ What enlightenment did the Nanjing Massacre give to mankind? What is the purpose of Japanese right-wing forces trying to obliterate the truth today? How should China people view this phenomenon?
Cherish life and oppose war; Oppose war and strive for peace; This kind of behavior shows that they not only have no sincerity to reflect on the evils of war, but also attempt to revive Japanese militarism; They distort and deny history, which seriously hurts the feelings of the people of the invaded country and is not conducive to peace and stability in Asia and the world; We should be highly alert to the resurrection of militarism.
Lesson 16 Build the Great Wall with flesh and blood
1, three important battles of China army against Japanese army in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period;
(1) Pingxingguan Victory: Taiyuan Battle, Shanxi Pingxingguan of the Eighth Route Army Division 1 15-it was China's first victory since the Anti-Japanese War.
(2) Battle of Taierzhuang: Battle of Xuzhou, Taierzhuang was commanded by Li Zongren. -China's army won the most important victory since the Anti-Japanese War.
(3) Hundred Regiments Battle: (Command-Peng Jianshu, p. 82, "Commanding operations at the front")
One reason: smash the Japanese "cage" policy and enhance the confidence of the soldiers and civilians in the anti-Japanese base areas to win the war of resistance.
B Simple story: Under the command of Peng, more than 0/00 regiments of the Eighth Route Army/KLOC violently attacked the Japanese army on the front of more than 2,000 kilometers in North China and achieved brilliant results. (See table on page 83).
C meaning; Since War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese army has taken the initiative to attack the biggest battle.
2, * * "seven" held:
(1) main content: * * made a report on Coalition government at the meeting in order to win the final victory in the war of resistance against Japan. B) Make clear where China will go after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
(2) Significance: It has prepared conditions for the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the bright future of China (see four illustrations on pages 84-85).
3, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory:
1August, 945 15, Japan surrendered unconditionally, and China won the eight-year anti-Japanese war. Taiwan Province Province has also returned to the embrace of the motherland.
★ The reason for victory:
The two parties in country A cooperated to establish an anti-Japanese national United front, and the Chinese nation United in the war of resistance. B** adhered to the all-round anti-Japanese war line, that is, the people's war line. The anti-Japanese armed forces led by B * * launched guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines and established anti-Japanese base areas, which became the mainstay of the national anti-Japanese war and played a decisive role in the victory of the anti-Japanese war. C the national government fought against Japan in the frontal battlefield, which played a role in crushing the Japanese policy of quick victory and containing the Japanese army. D War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China, is an important part of the world anti-fascist war and has received assistance from international anti-fascist countries. E has received great assistance from patriotic overseas Chinese and international friends.
★ The influence of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory on China and the world;
A It was the first time in nearly a century that the people of China won a complete victory in the anti-imperialist struggle. It reversed the situation of repeated wars and defeats, washed away the national humiliation since modern times, and became a turning point for the Chinese nation from decline to rejuvenation. B The people of China persisted in the war of resistance, which prevented most Japanese troops and a large number of air forces from going northward to attack the Soviet Union, greatly relieved the pressure of the United States and Britain on the Pacific battlefield, and effectively cooperated and assisted the world anti-fascist war. Therefore, the people of China have made important contributions to the victory of the world anti-fascist war and made great national sacrifices.
Unit 5 Victory of the People's Liberation War
Lesson 17 Civil War bonfire
1, Chongqing negotiation: (see illustration on page 93 of this book)
(1) The purpose of Chiang Kai-shek's invitation to Chongqing to negotiate is: a. To gain time for preparing for the civil war. Deceive people.
(2)*** Purpose of negotiation: A) Strive for domestic peace. It is also to expose Chiang Kai-shek's plot to fake peace.
(3) Negotiation result: The two sides signed the October 10th Agreement, also known as the Minutes of Talks.
2. Moving to northern Shaanxi: 1947, the Kuomintang troops attacked the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Liberated Area on a large scale, and the central government, under the leadership of Zhou Enlai, voluntarily withdrew from Yan' an and moved to northern Shaanxi; Peng and He Long commanded the Northwest People's Liberation Army to adopt "mushroom tactics", which won the battle of Qinghuabian and shattered the enemy's all-round attack.
3. Advancing into Dabie Mountain: Liu Deng led the main force of Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan People's Liberation Army to advance into Dabie Mountain. See the illustration on page 94 of this book.
→ Significance: A kicked off the PLA's strategic offensive. B seriously threatened Nanjing, the ruling center of the Kuomintang, and Wuhan, an important town in Hubei.
Lesson 18 Strategic Armageddon
1, the victory of the three major battles:
Impact: The main force of Kuomintang A was basically eliminated. Greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.
(1) Liaoshen Campaign: Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan led the Northeast People's Liberation Army to occupy Jinzhou first and cut off the enemy's retreat. → Function: Liberated the whole Northeast.
② Huaihai Campaign: Liu Bocheng, Chen Yi, Deng Xiaoping, Su Yu and Tan Zhenlin led the East China People's Liberation Army and the Central Plains People's Liberation Army. → Function: It laid the foundation for the liberation of Jiangnan provinces.
(3) Pingjin Campaign: The People's Liberation Army of North China and Northeast China jointly carried out the Pingjin Campaign. → Function: basically liberate the whole territory of North China. (See "Schematic Diagram of Three Major Campaigns" on page 97).
2. The Battle of Millions of Heroes Crossing the River;
Meaning: Buried the Chiang dynasty. B. Defend the independence and integrity of national territory and sovereignty and safeguard national unity. (2)1On April 23rd, 949, Nanjing was liberated, which marked the collapse of the Nanjing National Government which had ruled China for 22 years. (See the diagram of the import box on page 96 of this book).
★ Reasons for the victory of the People's Liberation War:
The central authorities have formulated correct strategies and tactics. Strong support from the broad masses of the people. China People's Liberation Army killed the enemy heroically. Such as * *' s correct strategy and tactics: First, start from Liaoshen to prepare for the battle of Ping Jin; Liu Deng's advance into Dabie Mountain laid the foundation for the victory of Huaihai Campaign. The Huaihai Campaign paved the way for the Battle of Crossing the River.
★ What do you think of Fu's behavior in the Battle of Pingjin?
△ In the face of the powerful military strength of the People's Liberation Army, inspired by the * * policy, Fu, commander-in-chief of the Kuomintang Army, accepted the * * proposition, abandoned the darkness and accepted the peaceful adaptation, and Beiping was peacefully liberated. At the critical moment of history, Fu's behavior saved the people of Beiping from the devastation of war and preserved the historical sites and cultural relics of this famous historical city, which was a benefit to the people and worthy of full recognition in history.
Unit 7 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture
1, Zhan Tianyou, Jing-Zhang Railway:
This is the first railway trunk line designed and built by China people themselves, and the herringbone track is designed.
2. Hou: Write "Making Alkali" to explore the new process of making alkali "Hou's method of making alkali".
3. Wei Yuan: Put forward the slogan of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" and compiled it into "Map of Sea Countries".
4. Yan Fu (bourgeois enlightenment thinker):
He believes that the only way to save the country is to follow the example of the west and carry out reforms. Evolution is the most influential book he translated. It expounds that "natural selection, survival of the fittest" is a theory of biological evolution and a theory of social progress that "the world must move forward and the future will be better than today". At that time, China played a role in cracking down on feudal forces and enlightening China intellectuals at that time.
★ Read the following materials:
There are three skills to learn from foreigners: one is warships, the other is firearms, and the third is training methods.
-Excerpted from the Atlas of the Ocean.
Answer: (1) What was the purpose of Wei Yuan's compilation of Atlas?
A: The purpose is to "learn from foreigners to control foreigners."
(2) What are the main ways to learn from the West? Do you think this method can achieve the purpose of this book? Why?
A: I mainly study advanced western military technology. Can't reach the goal. Because optical military technology is far from enough, such as the Westernization Movement, but in the Sino-French War and the Sino-Japanese War, the Qing army was defeated.