Natural landscape, according to the definition of the International Friends Association in its public welfare publications, refers to the part of the visible scenery that is not affected by human beings. The definition of "nature" is not easy to define, so it is easy to regard "man-made" as a relative noun. Since human beings lived on the surface of the earth, there are few landscapes that are not affected by human beings near areas suitable for human survival. So strictly speaking, "natural landscape" is difficult to find, and it is even more difficult to identify. As far as the forest park around the city is concerned, most people may call it a natural landscape, but it is actually the result of human afforestation. So there are terms such as "semi-natural landscape" or "near-natural landscape". This refers to all landscapes that are not obviously used by human beings, such as buildings, gardens and farmland. Therefore, observe the terrain, forests, etc. In the wild, it belongs to the so-called natural landscape. Regardless of whether the natural terrain or ornamental creatures in history have been influenced by human beings. The meaning of "scenery" is also very broad. Environmental factors around human beings, such as air, water, living things and land, are all landscapes, including all visible and perceptible things. Landscape is not only spatial, but also temporal. Sometimes it is static, and many times it is dynamic. Commonly used terms, such as topographic landscape, geological landscape, forest landscape, astronomical landscape, climatic landscape, biological landscape, etc. There are also many cultural landscapes that do not belong to the natural landscape, such as highway gardens, terraces, historical sites, temples and so on.

Element of beauty

Beautiful mountain stream

The comprehensive beauty of the overall form and spatial form of objective existence. Including majestic beauty, strange beauty, steep beauty, beautiful beauty, quiet beauty, open beauty and other aesthetic types. Beautiful autumn leaves

With the change of seasons, the alternation of day and night, the alternation of rain and snow, the natural scenery glows correspondingly, showing rich and fantastic colors, forming the most popular aesthetic form. Light is the cradle of all colors. Birds by the river have wonderful hearing.

Birds, wind, bells and underwater sounds in the natural landscape play a strengthening role in contrast, contrast and contrast in a specific environment, which can give people a pleasant hearing. The fragrance is beautiful, the floral fragrance is faint, and it is very artistic.

The beauty of smell is an aesthetic enjoyment characterized by physical pleasure. Including fresh air, ocean breath, woody, grass fragrance, flower fragrance and fruit fragrance. Waterfalls with dynamic beauty and flow.

Including the dynamic effects of natural factors such as water flow, fog, time, season, light and vegetation (such as mountain scenery: spring mountain is dull and smiling, summer mountain is green and dripping, autumn mountain is bright and clean, and winter mountain is bleak and sleepy. From Guo Songben) and the dynamic role of landscape legends. The symbol of beauty and love is equal to love!

Within the scope of aesthetics, people often convey or embody some common ideas, feelings, interests, ambitions or abstract philosophies in a metaphorical way with the help of some tangible images or symbols, thus making them objective, which will produce an aesthetic attribute called symbolism or symbolic beauty.

classify

Wendi landscape

Mainly under the influence of the natural environment, the internal and external forces of the earth work together. The formation and evolution of various landforms on the surface are directly influenced and controlled by strata rocks, geological structures, geological dynamics and other factors. It includes five subcategories. (1) Mountain-shaped victory: it mainly refers to famous scenic mountains, historical and cultural mountains and snow peaks. Five famous mountains in China: Mount Taishan in Shandong, Mount Huashan in Shaanxi, Mount Hengshan in Shanxi, Mount Songshan in Henan and Mount Hengshan in Hunan. Four famous Buddhist mountains in China: Wutai Mountain in Shanxi (Manjusri Bodhisattva Dojo, known as "cool Buddha country"), Emei Mountain in Sichuan (Samantabhadra Dojo, three wonders: sunrise, sea of clouds, Buddha light, "Emei's world show" and "Southwest Xiongxiu"), and Jiuhua Mountain in Anhui (Dizang Bodhisattva Dojo, known as "Lotus Buddha country" and "Buddha country fairy city"). Four famous Taoist mountains in China: Wudang Mountain in Hubei (the first Taoist mountain), Qingcheng Mountain in Sichuan (the secluded place of Qingcheng), Yun Qi in Anhui (the first famous mountain in the south of the Yangtze River in Qianlong) and Longhu Mountain in Jiangxi (the birthplace of orthodox Taoism). There is also the world-famous Laoshan Mountain in Shandong (a famous Taoist mountain); Anhui Huangshan (four wonders: strange pines, strange rocks, hot springs and sea of clouds) and Tianzhu Mountain; Yandang Mountain (the first mountain in the southeast, known as "the best in the world"), Tiantai Mountain (the birthplace of Tiantai Sect of Buddhism) and Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang; Three Mountains in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu (Jinshan, Jiao Shan and Beigushan); Wuyishan, Fujian (three or three beautiful waters are as clear as jade, and six or six peaks are inserted into the sky); Lushan Mountain, a famous summer resort in Jiangxi (four wonders: waterfall, Qifeng, sea of clouds and vegetation), Shi Zhongshan of Poyang Lake and Jinggangshan, a revolutionary base (named "the first mountain in the world" by Zhu De); Shennongjia, Hubei; Wulingyuan Scenic Spot in Hunan (including Zhangjiajie, Suoxiyu and Tian Zi), Yuelu Mountain (Yuelu Academy, one of the four major academies in China in the Song Dynasty) and Shaoshan, the hometown of Mao Zedong; Leshan, Sichuan (Leshan Giant Buddha); Chongqing Jinyun Mountain; Fan Jing, Guizhou; Guilin landscape in Guangxi; The four famous mountains in Guangdong Province are Danxia Mountain (China Hongshi Park), Xiqiao Mountain, Dinghu Mountain (known as the "Emerald of the Tropic of Cancer") and Luofu Mountain. Wuzhishan, Hainan; Alishan, Taiwan Province Province; Changbai Mountain, Jilin; Qian Shan, Liaoning, Yiwulu Mountain; Tianjin Panshan (the first famous mountain in JD. COM)； Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world, and so on. The famous foreign mountains include: Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Kumgang in North Korea, Xue Yue in North Korea, Mount Hailin in Germany, Mount Olympus in Greece, Mount Kilimanjaro in Europe, the Rocky Mountain in the United States and so on. (2) Karst landscape: Seven limestone peaks in Qixingyan, Zhaoqing, Guangdong are shaped like the Big Dipper, and there are many caves in the mountains. There are many underground rivers and various strange caves in the cave. The landscape of Guilin and the scenery of Yangshuo in Guangxi are mainly famous for karst landscapes such as stone buds, stone forests, peak forests and Tianshengqiao. Yunnan Lunan Stone Forest Scenic Area: Linqibu, the peak of the earth's surface, is mainly a huge stone bud landscape. Most limestone peaks are distributed on both sides of the valley. All kinds of stone peaks are lifelike, lifelike. Among the 35 stone forests in China, there are 20 stone forests in this province. Cave landscapes include: Jianshui Swallow Cave and Jiuxiang Cave. Guizhou: The rock wall of Huangguoshu Waterfall in this province is a waterfall landform; There are many local caves, including Longgong Cave near Huangguoshu Waterfall, Zhijin Cave in Guizhou, Qilin Cave in Qianling Mountain and Tiansheng Bridge in Liping. Sichuan: Jiuzhaigou travertine belongs to underwater surface accumulation landform, such as Pearl Beach Waterfall; The calcified pools, calcified slopes and calcified caves in Huanglong Scenic Area constitute the largest and most beautiful karst landscape in the world. Hunan: Huanglong Cave in Wulingyuan and Boyue Cave in Lengshuijiang are grotesque cave landscapes, and various piled landforms are listed among them, such as Shenxianfu Cave, which is mysterious. Jiangxi: There are caves all over the cliffs of Shi Zhongshan Scenic Area in Poyang Lake Mouth; The Longgong Cave in Pengze is 2000 meters long and can be seen by boating. It is called "Underground Art Palace". Zhejiang Yaolin Wonderland, located in Tonglu County, is a large-scale and magnificent karst cave tourist resort in Zhejiang Province and the largest cave discovered in Zhejiang today. The length of the cave is 1000 meters, and it is * * six holes, which is famous for its "male, strange, beautiful and deep". The limestone cave in Yixing, Jiangsu Province has the reputation of "cave world", and Shanjuan Cave, Zhanggong Cave Cave and Guling Cave are also called "three wonders". The cave is deep and full of stones, with many strange stones and columns, and boating among them is like entering the Dragon Palace under the sea. There are four halls in the Assimilation Duck Garden Cave in Jilin. The cave is full of stone pillars, stalagmites, stalactites, stone waterfalls, stone curtains, lotus flowers, stone curtains and other piled landscapes. There is a karst pool in the depth, which is unfathomable and inaccessible. The world-famous karst landforms mainly include "Guilin on the Sea" in Halong Bay, Vietnam, Mammoth Cave in the United States, Black Wind Tunnel in Malaysia and Stone Forest in kalimantan island, Indonesia. (3) Aeolian landform: including wind erosion landform and aeolian landform. The former includes wind erosion columns, wind erosion mushrooms, wind erosion ridges and ditches, wind erosion castles, etc. Such as the wind erosion "ghost town" in Wuerhe, Xinjiang and the "Ya Dan" landform in Lop Nur; The latter refers to sand dunes and Gobi formed by wind and sand accumulation, such as Mingsha Mountain in Crescent Spring in Dunhuang, China and Shapotou in Zhongwei, Ningxia. There are also some "crescent" sand dunes and "pyramid" sand dunes with spectacular scenery. For example, there are a large number of "crescent" and "pyramid" dunes in Taklimakan Desert and Badain Jaran Desert. World-famous aeolian landforms include the Sahara desert in Africa and the "colorful desert" in the United States. (4) Coastal landform: including marine landform, rocky coast, sandy coast, mangrove coast, coral reef coast and other forms. Blue sky and clear water, fine sand and waves, photos of sunrise and sunset, and some mirages set each other off. China is rich in famous coastal tourism resources. For example, Dalian Jinshitan is a famous bathing beach, with fascinating reef wonders and well-developed coastal landforms such as cliffs and trenches. Hebei Changli Gold Coast, Shandong Qingdao Coast, Jiangsu Lianyungang and Zhejiang Zhoushan, Fujian Pingtan Island and Xiamen Gulangyu Island, Hainan Sanya Tianya Haijiao, Taiwan Province Qingshui Cliff and Guangxi Mangrove Coast are all famous coastal landscape resources in China. World-famous coastal landscapes include the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, the fjord scenery on the west coast of Norway, Phuket in Thailand, Corsica in France and the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. (5) Unique landforms: rare landforms in the world, such as Ayers Boulevard in Australia, Colorado Grand Canyon in the United States, the rift valley landscape of Maling River in Guizhou, China, which is famous for its three wonders of ground fissure, sinkhole and peak forest, the lava landscape of Wudalianchi volcano featuring Shilong stone sea and crater in Heilongjiang, underwater slate square in Baishuiyang of Yuanyang River in Fujian, and Yuanmou soil forest in Yunnan, etc.

Waterscape

Water landscape is an important part of natural landscape, where the "gas field" lies. Rivers, lakes, seas, waterfalls, flowing springs and icebergs and snow peaks not only form a landscape alone, but also adorn the surrounding landscape, making the mountains live by water and the sky beautiful by water. The scenery of the water area is dynamic and static, and static and dynamic. It has the following categories. (1) Rivers and streams: including great rivers and their alluvial famous canyons, such as the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River (Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge), the first bay of the Yangtze River-Tiger Leaping Gorge, the world's largest canyon (the deepest and longest)-Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, the world's longest river-Nile River, and the landscape corridor-Europe. It also includes some clean rivers, such as the Lijiang River in Guangxi ("beautiful mountains, beautiful waters, beautiful caves and beautiful stones"), the beautiful Fuchun River-Xin 'anjiang and so on. In addition, there are mountain stream landscapes, such as Jiuqu Stream in Wuyishan, Fujian, which can be called "three beautiful waters as clear as jade", Jin Bianxi, the soul of Zhangjiajie landscape in western Hunan, and many famous stream landscapes such as the Three Gorges of Daning River, Yuanyang Stream in Fujian and Shennong Stream in Hubei. (2) Lakes: Dongting Lake, a famous natural lake, is full of water and sky, with boundless romance; Hangzhou West Lake, full of water, wants to compare the West Lake to the West Lake; Dianchi Lake, Kunming, Yunnan; Dali Erhai Lake (Jianshe Lake); Jingbo Lake in Heilongjiang, the largest volcanic dammed lake in China; There is also Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang. The Caspian Sea, the world's largest saltwater lake, Baikal in Russia, the world's largest freshwater lake group, and the five lakes in North America (Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario) are the lowest places in the world-the Dead Sea at the junction of Jordan and Israel, Lake Geneva in Switzerland, Lake Ness in England and so on. (3) Waterfalls and flowing springs: The water flowing down from cliffs is called waterfalls. There are three famous waterfalls in China: Huangguoshu Waterfall in Guizhou (Karst Waterfall), Hukou Waterfall in the Yellow River (Differential Erosion Waterfall), Diaoshuilou Waterfall in Heilongjiang (Volcanic Lava Waterfall), Luxiang Waterfall in Lushan (Structural Waterfall), Sandiequan Waterfall in Lushan, Kaixian Waterfall, Jiuzhaigou Waterfall Group in Sichuan, water curtain cave in Hengshan, Hunan and Yunyungang in Jiangsu. World-famous waterfall landscapes include: the three major waterfalls in the world, namely Victoria Waterfall in Africa, Iguazu Waterfall in South America and Niagara Waterfall in North America, and Angel Waterfall in South America with the largest gap in the world. The natural outcrop of groundwater exposed to the surface is called a spring. There are seven famous springs in China, namely, Zhenjiang Zhongleng Spring, Wuxi Huishan Spring (the second spring in the world), Hangzhou Hupao Spring, Shangrao Lu Yu Spring Spring, Yangzhou Slender West Lake Spring, Lushan Zhaoyin Spring and Huaiyuan Bairu Spring. Hunan Anning "the best soup in the world", Anhui Huangshan Tangquan, Guangdong Conghua Hot Spring, Shaanxi Lintong Huaqing Pool, Chongqing Nanbei Hot Spring, and Northeast Wudalianchi Yaoquan with medical care value; Qingdao Laoshan Shenshui Spring (Tsingtao Beer), Sichuan Jinyuquan (Wuliangye) and Guizhou Chishui River Qingquan (Moutai) with brewing function; Baotu Spring in Jinan (Jinan is known as the spring city) has ornamental value, such as Ganlong, Yufeng "the first spring in the world", Shame Spring in Guangyuan, Sichuan, butterfly spring in Dali, Yunnan, Pearl Spring in Jiahe, Hunan, and Fish Spring in Yesanpo, Hebei. The world-famous springs are: the geyser (Old Faithful Geyser) in Yellowstone National Park, USA. (4) Glacier landscape: mainly waterscape resources with special morphological characteristics and geomorphological landscape characteristics in high altitude areas. Mount Everest Glacier in China, Tianshan No.1 Glacier, Hailuogou Glacier and Xuebaoding Glacier in Sichuan, Qiyi Glacier in Qilian Mountains in Jiayuguan, and the world-famous Mont Blanc, Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Fuji, Arctic Glacier and Antarctic Glacier, etc. Glacier landscape tourism resources mainly depend on mountains, so mountains are generally the first choice for glacier landscape tourism. (5) Scenic sea area: it is mainly a composite landscape where the coast and the island are integrated. Including tides, tsunamis, sea breeze, mirage and so on. For example, the "spectacular tide of Qiantang River", Yalong Bay in Sanya, Hainan Province has beautiful coral landscape and crescent-shaped beach, which is called "Oriental Hawaii" and "Summer Capital" with beautiful scenery in Beidaihe; World-famous scenic waters include Waikiki Beach in Oahu, Hawaii, USA, which is famous for its beaches, waves and rows of palm trees. Every section of the Mediterranean Sea is famous for its beautiful names such as sky blue coast, emerald coast, golden coast, sunshine coast and bright coast. For example, Spain's famous Sunshine Coast is famous for its sunshine.

Biological landscape

The existence of living things makes the world wonderful, and all kinds of animals and plants make the surface of the earth full of vitality. All kinds of animals and plants are pleasing to the eye, and also have many valuable scientific research values, beautifying and purifying the environment. Biological landscape can be roughly divided into the following five categories. (1) Forest landscape: refers to wild, natural and artificial forests with unique aesthetic values and functions. Forest landscape can be explored, explored, explored, scientifically investigated, recuperated, built, eco-traveled, and collected wild animal specimens. Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in Hunan Province (the first national forest park in China), Xishuangbanna Primitive Forest Landscape in Yunnan Province ("plant kingdom" and "animal kingdom"), Changbai Mountain Primitive Forest in Northeast China (temperate biological free gene bank, the hometown of Korean pine), Dinghushan subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province (emerald on the tropic of cancer), Tiantangzhai National Forest Park in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province (the highest plant kingdom in China) and Hepu County, Guangxi. The main forest landscapes in the world: the "sub-frigid coniferous forest" in northern Europe (the largest coniferous forest in the world), the tropical rain forests in the Amazon River basin in South America and the Congo River basin in Africa, and the subtropical evergreen forest landscape along the Mediterranean coast. Sweden is called "sawmill" and Finland is called "forest country". (2) Grassland landscape: mainly refers to the vegetation landscape formed by a large area of grassland and pasture. The famous grassland landscape resources in China mainly include: Xilin Gol grassland in Inner Mongolia, which is a world-famous natural grassland; Bayinbuluke Grassland in Xinjiang is the second largest grassland in China. Gansu Xiahe grassland. The main grassland landscape in the world: the prairie in central and western Australia; Argentine pampas grassland; The African savannah. (3) Ancient and famous trees: mainly refers to ancient and famous trees that exist alone. The famous trees in China mainly include: living fossils of plants in the world, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron chinense, Davidia involucrata, etc. Huangshan welcoming pine (the first of the four wonders of Huangshan); The "Xuanyuan cypress" in Shaanxi Huangdi Mausoleum has a history of 5,000 years and can be called "the father of cypress trees in the world". Confucius at the Confucius Temple in Shandong in his 2000 s; Mount Tai's "Five Buddha Pines" and so on. (4) exotic flowers and herbs: rare flowers and plants. The ancients gave many elegant names to the famous flower Cao Qi: pine, bamboo, plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, orchid, chrysanthemum, narcissus, calamus, rose, rose, camellia, plum, narcissus and winter jasmine. Ten Famous Flowers in China: Kao Peony, Huarong Peony, Rose after Flower, Vacant Valley Beauty Orchid, Gentleman Lotus in Flower, Hermit Chrysanthemum in Flower, Gaoshi Plum in the Air, Fairy Begonia in Flower, Princess Camellia in Flower and Ling Boxian Narcissus. The main places to see flowers in China are Wuxian Scenic Area in Suzhou, Peony in Luoyang, Magnolia Forest in Hangzhou and Yunnan Grand View Garden with exotic flowers and plants, such as Camellia, Rhododendron, Lily and Gentiana in Kunming. China's largest rhododendron viewing place, Guizhou Rhododendron Forest, Fujian Zhangzhou Narcissus, Yangzhou Qionghua, Guangzhou Chrysanthemum and Taoyuan Peach Blossom. World famous flowers are: Japanese cherry blossoms, Dutch tulips and so on.