Accessories may include:
◆ Ceramic capacitors: chip capacitors, medium and high voltage capacitors, safety capacitors, adjustable capacitors, discharge capacitors and high energy capacitors;
◆ Positive and negative temperature coefficient, high-precision adjustable potentiometer and high-voltage resistor.
Chip inductors: high frequency inductors, power inductors, antenna coils;
◆ Mute element /EMI filter (EMIFIL), flaky magnetic beads, magnetic bead array, DC/ AC mode choke coil, military compound mute filter;
◆ Ceramic resonators: pins, patch resonators (KHz, MHz), car resonators, and sound table oscillators;
◆ Filters for communication equipment, acoustic meter filters, RF filters, IF filters, frequency discriminators, dielectric/antenna/transceiver, dielectric bandpass filters;
◆ High-frequency components: miniature chip capacitor, chip dielectric antenna, dielectric resonator, RF switch and coaxial cable for high frequency;
◆ microwave module) PLL component; Radio frequency switch; Microwave generator VCO, Bluetooth Bluetooth module;
◆ Power switch power supply, high-voltage power supply, ultra-thin power supply and C & ampd power supply module;
◆ Sensors: gyroscope, ultrasonic wave, impact, rotation, magnetic identification, pyroelectric infrared, temperature sensor, etc.
◆ Piezoelectric sounding element buzzer, buzzer vibrating plate, etc.
Development history
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Electronic technology is a new technology developed in western countries such as Europe and America at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. It was first invented by American Morse in 1837, American alexander bell in 1875 and British physicist Fleming in 1902. Electronic products developed most rapidly and were widely used in the 20th century, and became an important symbol of the development of modern science and technology.
The first generation of electronic products centered on electron tubes. At the end of 1940s, the first semiconductor transistor was born in the world. It has been adopted by many countries because of its small size, portability, power saving and long service life, and has replaced electron tubes in a large range. At the end of 1950s, the first integrated circuit appeared in the world, which integrated many electronic components such as transistors on a silicon chip, making electronic products more miniaturized. Integrated circuits have developed rapidly from small integrated circuits to large-scale integrated circuits and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, thus making electronic products develop in the direction of high efficiency, low power consumption, high precision, high stability and intelligence.
Because the four stages of the development of electronic computers can fully explain the characteristics of the four stages of the development of electronic technology, the following four eras of the development of electronic computers will explain the characteristics of the four stages of the development of electronic technology.
UL certification (USA):
Certification mark of insurance laboratory. Many goods entering the United States need the UL trademark.
UL is the abbreviation of English Underwriter Laboratories Inc UL Safety Laboratory is the most authoritative institution in the United States and a large private institution engaged in safety testing and appraisal in the world. This is an independent, non-profit professional organization that conducts experiments for public safety. It uses scientific testing methods to study and determine various materials, devices, products, equipment, buildings and so on. Whether it is harmful to life and property; Determine, compile and publish corresponding standards and materials that will help reduce and prevent the loss of life and property, and conduct fact-finding business at the same time. In a word, it is mainly engaged in product safety certification and commercial safety certification, and its ultimate goal is to obtain goods with a fairly safe level for the market and make contributions to the protection of personal health and property safety. At present, UL has five laboratories in the United States, headquartered in Northbrook, north of Chicago, and set up corresponding laboratories in Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong.
CE certification (eu):
"CE" mark is a kind of safety certification mark, which is regarded as a passport for manufacturers to open and enter the European market. All products marked with "CE" can be sold in EU member states without meeting the requirements of all member states, thus realizing the free circulation of goods in EU member states.
In the EU market, the "CE" mark is a compulsory certification mark. Whether products produced by enterprises within the EU or products produced by other countries want to circulate freely in the EU market, they need to be labeled with "CE" to show that the products meet the basic requirements of the EU's "New Method of Technical Coordination and Standardization" directive.
The word "CE" is abbreviated from the French word "commune Europe", which means the same body in Europe. The European Union later evolved into the European Union (EU). Products marked with CE mark show that they meet the requirements expressed in a series of European directives, such as safety, hygiene, environmental protection and consumer protection.
Products related to CE mark: comply with a series of EU regulations on health, hygiene, safety, environmental protection and consumer protection. It is the market access certificate of products sold by Ou Ming. At present, there are more than 20 EU Directives that stipulate the product range and related safety requirements covered by CE.
Ce mark has a great influence on trade and industry, and only products that meet the European standard directive can be labeled with CE mark. Generally speaking, the requirements of the European directive apply to the sale of final products and other components. For most electronic and electrical products, the application for CE certification must comply with the Low Voltage Directive (LVD) and the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC).
Industrial products with CE mark are required by relevant directives, and those without CE mark shall not be put on the market for sale. Products with CE mark that have been put on the market and are found not to meet the safety requirements shall be ordered to withdraw from the market. Those who continue to violate the relevant CE mark provisions of the directive will be restricted or prohibited from entering the EU market or forced to withdraw from the market.
The main orders executed today are as follows:
Low-voltage command electromagnetic compatibility mechanical toy simple pressure vessel personal protective equipment
Large-scale active transplantation of medical equipment, gas equipment, telecommunication terminal equipment and explosion-proof equipment.
VDE certification (Germany):
VDE is the national product symbol of Germany. The full name of VDE is Pruffle Testing and Certification Institute, which means German Institute of Electrical Engineers. Founded in 1920, it is an internationally recognized safety inspection and certification institution for electronic appliances and their parts, one of the most experienced inspection and certification institutions in Europe, a CE announcement institution authorized by the European Union and a member of the international CB organization. In Europe and internationally, it has been recognized by CENELEC European electrical product certification system, CECC European electronic component quality assessment coordination system and global IEC electrical product and electronic component certification system. The products evaluated are very extensive, including household and commercial appliances, IT equipment, industrial and medical technical equipment, assembly materials and electronic components, wires and cables, etc.
VDE logo is mainly suitable for all kinds of electrical products and electronic components.
VDE is a well-known testing organization in Germany and the most authoritative certification of electrical components in Europe.
According to the application, electrical products are tested and certified according to VDE specifications or other recognized technical standards. Therefore, it provides a kind of protective service for the public to avoid the harm and radio interference caused by electrical appliances in use.
The testing and certification of VDE-P is especially suitable for household appliances, lighting appliances, hand-held tools, entertainment electronic equipment, medical electrical equipment, information technology equipment and installation materials. Wires, cables and electronic components. VDE-P also measures radio interference generated by electrical appliances and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) if necessary.
GS certification (Germany):
GS means Geprufte Sicherheit in German, and it also means German security. GS certification is a voluntary certification based on the German Product Safety Law (SGS), and it is tested according to the EU unified standard EN or the German industrial standard DIN. It is recognized as a German safety certification mark in the European market.
The GS mark indicates that the use safety of the product has passed the testing of an independent institution with credibility. Although there is no mandatory requirement by law, the GS mark can indeed be used for
When a product breaks down and causes an accident, the manufacturer is bound by the strict German (European) product safety law. Therefore, GS logo is a powerful market tool, which can enhance customers' confidence and desire to buy. Although GS is a German standard, most European countries agree with it. Moreover, while meeting the GS certification, the products will also meet the requirements of the European CE mark.
In Germany and Europe, GS mark is the most common mark of third-party product quality and safety certification. GS logo is suitable for a wide range of products, including household appliances, information products, electric and hand tools, video and audio products, lamps and lanterns, electronic testing instruments, fitness equipment, toys, office furniture and so on.
3C Certification (China):
It is the symbol of China's compulsory product certification-China's compulsory product certification system. English abbreviation for China Compulsory Certification. It is the certification mark required by the state for 19 132 electrical products related to health and public safety. Replaced the Great Wall, CCIB (commodity inspection) mark, CCIB (commodity inspection) mark and EMC (electromagnetic compatibility certification).
The product catalogue includes 12 microcomputers, portable computers, display equipment used with computers, printing equipment used with computers, multifunctional printing and copying machines, computer game machines, learning machines, copying machines, electronic equipment for financial and trade settlement, servers and other IT products. , as well as scanners, computers with built-in power supplies and power adapter chargers.
Compulsory certification in China is implemented by different certification bodies according to product categories, such as China Quality Certification Center (the organization that represents China in the conformity assessment of electrical products of IECEE International Electrotechnical Commission) and China Automobile Product Certification Center.
The safety performance, electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic radiation prevention of the product are specified in detail. When buying a computer, you should identify the accurate 3C mark to prove the safety and health of the product.
FCC certification (USA):
The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) was established by COMMUNICATIONACT on 1934. It is an independent agency of the U.S. government and reports directly to Congress.
The Federal Communications Commission coordinates domestic and international communications by controlling radio broadcasting, television, telecommunications, satellites and cables.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-regulates the import and use of radio frequency equipment, including computers, fax machines, electronic equipment, radio receiving and transmitting equipment, radio remote control toys, telephones, personal computers and other products that may endanger personal safety. If these products are to be exported to the United States, they must be tested and approved by laboratories authorized by the government in accordance with FCC technical standards. Importers and customs agents should declare that each RF equipment meets FCC standards, that is, FCC licenses. All electronic products entering the United States need to be certified for electromagnetic compatibility (except some products specially stipulated in relevant provisions).
CSA certification (Canada):
CSA is the abbreviation of Canadian Standards Association.
Founded in 19 19, it is the first non-profit organization in Canada to formulate industry standards. Products such as electronics and electrical appliances sold in the North American market need to obtain safety certification. It can provide safety certification for various products in the fields of machinery, building materials, electrical appliances, computer equipment, office equipment, environmental protection, medical fire safety, sports and entertainment.
SASO certification (Saudi Arabia):
International Conformity Certification Scheme (ICCP) is a comprehensive scheme initiated by SASO1995, which includes conformity assessment, pre-shipment inspection and certification of specific products to ensure that imported goods fully meet Saudi product standards before shipment.
This method is most suitable for exporters or manufacturers with small shipments. Pre-shipment inspection (PSI) and pre-shipment test (PST) are required before each shipment. If both of them are qualified, you can get CoC certificate (CoC certificate is issued by Saso Country Office (SCO) authorized by SASO or PAI Country Office (PCO) authorized by PAI).
EMC certification (eu):
The literal translation of EMC is "electromagnetic compatibility". Refers to the ability of electromagnetic energy generated by equipment to neither interfere with other equipment nor interfere with electromagnetic energy of other equipment.
The term EMC has a very broad meaning. Just like a blind man touching an elephant, what he touches is very different from reality. In particular, electromagnetic phenomena, which is contrary to the design intent, should be regarded as an EMC problem.
Electromagnetic energy detection, anti-electromagnetic interference test, statistical processing of detection results, electromagnetic energy radiation suppression technology, natural electromagnetic phenomena such as lightning and geomagnetism, the influence of electric field and magnetic field on human body, international standards of electric field intensity, transmission ways of electromagnetic energy, relevant standards and restrictions are all included in EMC.
Products with the EMC logo show that the EMC characteristics of the products conform to the European logo, and the scope of application of the EMC logo is all kinds of electrical products.
Nordic product certification of the four Nordic countries;
The four Nordic countries refer to Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. Certification bodies in four countries have reached an agreement to recognize each other's test results. In other words, as long as your product has passed the certification of any one of the four Nordic countries, if you still need the certification of the other three countries, you can easily get the certification without providing products for testing.
The scope of Nordic product certification includes: industrial equipment, mechanical equipment, communication equipment, electrical products, personal protective equipment and household products.
German TUV Rheinland product certification:
TüV mark is a safety certification mark customized by German TüV for equipment-free products, which is widely accepted in Germany and Europe. At the same time, enterprises can apply for CB certificate when applying for TüV logo, and obtain certificates from other countries through conversion. Moreover, after the products pass the certification, German TüV will come forward to ask the whole machine factory of qualified parts suppliers to recommend these products; In the process of machine certification, all parts with TüV logo can be exempted from inspection.
Ek certification (Korea):
South Korea's safety certification system adopts the EK safety mark. The Technical Standards Bureau (ATS) of the Ministry of Industry and Resources (MOCIE) of Korea is the competent government department that designates the EK safety certification body. Korea Testing Laboratory (KTL), Korea Electric Testing Institute (KETI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility Institute (ERI) are the certification bodies designated by ATS to issue EK safety signs. In the certification of product EK safety mark, safety detection is the main one, and electromagnetic compatibility detection is the auxiliary one.
The purpose of establishing safety certification system is to prevent electric shock, fire, mechanical danger, scald, radiation, chemical and other hazards caused by electrical products. On the one hand, it takes care of the practicability of safety management of electrical products and avoids the danger of consumers using electricity. On the other hand, the safety management mechanism of electrical products (such as applicable standards and testing procedures for electrical safety) has been improved as a whole, thus effectively coping with the impact of internationalization. Generally speaking, electrical products with input voltage ranging from 50 volts to 1000 volts are included in this certification scheme.
TCO certification (Sweden):
The higher standard of electromagnetic field formulated by Swedish Professional Employees Federation must meet the standards of ecology, energy, radiation and ergonomics. They are the certification marks of human health and ecological environment, and are used to regulate the environmental pollution caused by electronic and electrostatic radiation of displays.
IMQ (Italy):
Italian product safety certification mark.
Hong kong:
Hong kong safety certification mark
OVE certification (Australia):
Austrian safety certification mark
LVD certification (eu): LVD
LVD, low voltage command. LVD is designed to certify electrical products with working voltages between 50 volts AC and 1000 volts DC and between 75 volts and 1500 volts DC.
EMI certification (Japan)
There are many English abbreviations in the field of electrical interference. Emi (electromagnetic interference) literally translates as electromagnetic interference. This is a compound word. We should consider "electromagnetism" and "interference" separately.
The so-called "interference" refers to the performance decline of the equipment after interference and the interference source that interferes with the equipment. The first meaning, such as thunder and lightning causing noise on the radio, snowflakes appearing on the TV screen after the motorcycle is driving nearby, and the sound of broadcasting after picking up the phone, can be abbreviated as "BC I", "TV I" and "Tel I", and these abbreviations all have the same "I" (BC: broadcasting).
The second meaning, that is, interference source, also includes electromagnetic energy before interference.
Followed by "electromagnetism". If the charge is static, it is called static electricity. When different potentials move in the same direction, electrostatic discharge will occur, resulting in current and magnetic field around current. If the direction and magnitude of current are constantly changing, electromagnetic waves will be generated.
Electricity exists in various states, all of which we call electromagnetism. Therefore, the electromagnetic interference standard and electromagnetic interference detection are to determine the state of the treated electricity and decide how to detect and evaluate it.
EMS certification:
Electromagnetic sensitivity) literally translates as electromagnetic sensitivity. This means that electromagnetic energy easily leads to performance degradation. To make it easier to understand, we compare electronic devices to people and electromagnetic energy to cold viruses. Sensitivity is whether we catch a cold easily. If you don't catch a cold easily, it means that your Immunity is strong, that is, the English word immunity, that is, strong anti-electromagnetic interference.
PSE certification (Japan): PSE mark-Japanese product safety mark, while Japan's DENTORL Law (Electrical Equipment and Materials Control Law) stipulates that 498 products must pass safety certification when entering the Japanese market. Among them, Class A products of 165 should obtain T mark certification, and Class B products of 333 should obtain S mark certification.
JIS certification (Japan):
The voluntary certification system is a product mark issued by Japan Standardization Organization (JIS) for electrical products that have passed the inspection by designated departments. The S sign is mandatory, but the *S sign is not.
No matter which country's safety certification, there are strict regulations on creepage distance, electrical strength, leakage current, temperature and so on. Creep distance refers to the shortest distance between two conductive devices or between a conductive device and the interface of equipment, measured along the insulating surface. UL and CSA safety standards emphasize the safety requirements of creepage distance, that is, to prevent fire between equipment or between equipment and the ground, thus threatening personal safety. The requirement of electrical strength is that when zero voltage AC 1500V or DC 2000V is applied between AC input lines and between AC input and casing, no breakdown and no arc are qualified. Regarding the requirement of leakage current, both UL and CSA require that bare and uncharged metal parts should be grounded. The leakage current is measured by connecting a resistor of1.5kΩ between these devices and the ground. Under 260V AC input, the leakage current of switching power supply should not exceed 2.5mA. Temperature requirements, safety standards attach great importance to the temperature requirements of electrical appliances, and require materials to be flame retardant. For switching power supply, the internal temperature shall not exceed 65℃. If the ambient temperature is 25℃, the temperature of power supply components should be less than 90℃. The power supply that does not meet the safety standards has no direct adverse impact on users at the beginning. However, after long-term use, due to the influence of humid air and dust, the high-voltage area may be short-circuited, which will not only damage the power supply itself, but also seriously affect other computer accessories.
ROHS directive: The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted RoHS directive (Chinese version) in June 5438+ 10, 2003, which is the full name of restricting the use of certain harmful substances in electronic and electrical equipment. That is, the directive restricting the use of certain harmful substances in electronic and electrical equipment, also known as the 2002/95/EC directive, was supplemented by the European Union in the form of resolution 2005/6 18/EC in 2005, which clearly stipulated the maximum limits of six harmful substances. At present, ROHS only has a test report without a certificate, because ROHS is only a directive, not a standard or regulation, so RoHs only has a test report without a RoHS certificate. In the earliest RoHS directive issued by the European Union, * * * listed six harmful substances, including lead Pb, cadmium Cd, mercury Hg, hexavalent chromium Cr6+, PBDE and PBB. Other harmful substances may be further supplemented with the development of science and technology. In the annex 1 of 2005/6 18/EC, the article 5. 1 of 2002/95/EC was supplemented, and the upper limit of the mass percentage of lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, PBDE and PBB was 0.1%(/kloc
Green products: Generally speaking, products that meet the requirements of EU RoHS directive are called green products. Prior to this, there were lead-free products (Pb-Free), which were mainly aimed at the pins and welding process of electronic components. The concept of green products covers all products delivered to end users, and each component can meet the requirements of RoHS directive. In other words, the parts, PCBA, shell, assembly fasteners and outer packaging used in the product can meet the requirements.