Chapter 1 the origin of mankind

Section 1 the origin and development of mankind

Observe and think

1. Today's gorillas live in the equatorial regions of western and eastern Africa; Chimpanzees live in tropical forests in central and western Africa; Gibbons live in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Yunnan Province of China. Orangutans live in the tropical forests of Kalimantan and Sumatra in Asia. They all live on fruits, buds, insects and other foods in the forest. They have no ability to make tools and improve their living environment, nor can they communicate with each other in words and words like human beings.

2. Human beings have the ability to invent and create all kinds of science and technology, which makes human beings' ability to adapt to the natural environment, transform the natural environment, improve living conditions and strengthen health care by using medicine and health care, and promotes the rapid growth of human beings. On the contrary, modern apes do not have these abilities; In addition, the continuous development of forests on which modern apes depend, the indiscriminate hunting and killing of modern apes by human beings and serious environmental pollution make the number of modern apes decrease day by day.

3. The fundamental difference between modern apes and humans lies in: (1) different movement modes. Apes walk mainly by arms; Humans walk upright. (2) The ability to make tools is different. Apes can use natural tools, but they can't make tools; Humans can make and use all kinds of simple and complex tools. (3) The degree of brain development is different. No language and writing skills; Have strong thinking ability and language and writing ability.

data analysis

1. Judging from the skeletal fossils of "Lucy", her upper limbs are relatively thin and short, and her lower limbs are relatively thick and long. Lucy's lower limb bones are thick and her pelvis and hip bones are flat and wide, indicating that she is likely to walk upright.

2. The stone in the picture is obviously processed, in the shape of axe and chisel, and can be used as a tool for cutting and scraping objects. It can be inferred that "East Africans" have initially acquired the ability to manufacture and use tools because they have liberated their hands in the process of gradually adapting to walking upright.

Practice;

1. In the process of human origin and development, the body shape, the use of tools and whether to wear clothes have gradually changed: from semi-upright walking to upright walking; Never know how to use tools, but will use natural tools, make and use simple tools, and make and use all kinds of complex modern tools including computers; From being naked to knowing how to keep out the cold and hide your shame.

Geological changes from 265,438 to 20 million years ago led to changes in the natural environment on the earth, and some forest apes descended to the ground to adapt to the changed living environment, thus making the origin of human beings possible. In the process of origin and development, human beings not only adapt to the environment, but also can constantly change the environment. The reasons why human beings are more capable of changing the environment than other creatures are: in the struggle against the environment, human beings can make and use tools; Human beings have produced language in the cooperation and exchange of groups, which has greatly strengthened the ability to transform nature; The use of fire changed the diet of ancient humans and promoted the development of the brain. The manufacture and use of tools and language communication also promote the development of the brain, and further improve the ability to manufacture and use tools and language ability. All these things are not available to other creatures, so human beings are more capable of changing the environment than all other creatures.

Humans should regard modern apes and other wildlife as indispensable members of the biosphere, and also enjoy the right to survive and reproduce on the earth. For the close relatives of human beings-rare and endangered modern apes, human beings should strengthen protection, such as vigorously protecting the forests on which modern apes depend, establishing modern ape nature reserves, and so on.

Section 2 Human Reproduction

Observe and think:

1. In the male reproductive system, the structure that produces germ cells (sperm) is testis, and the structure that transports sperm is vas deferens; The structure that produces germ cells (eggs) in female reproductive system is ovary, and the structure that transports eggs is fallopian tube.

2. The uterus is the place where embryos and fetuses develop, which can be compared to the "palace" of embryos and fetuses, so it is called the uterus.

practise

1. This statement is not very accurate. Medically speaking, a pregnant woman's pregnancy lasts about 280 days. Newborns born around 280 days belong to full-term delivery.

2. vas deferens and fallopian tubes-transport germ cells (sperm or egg cells)

Penis and vagina-the passage through which sperm are discharged and enter the mother (or mating organ).

Testis and ovary-Produce germ cells (sperm or egg cells) and secrete sex hormones (androgen or estrogen).

3. During pregnancy, the burden of life activities of various organs and systems in the body is obviously aggravated. The nutrients in the embryo and fetus are obtained through the mother, and the wastes produced by the embryo and fetus are discharged through the mother. This set of data fully illustrates the hardships of mothers during pregnancy.

4. The fetus lives in the mother, and all kinds of nutrients needed for the growth and development of the fetus are obtained from the mother through the placenta. If pregnant women drink alcohol, smoke (including passive smoking) or take certain drugs, alcohol, tobacco and harmful substances in these drugs will reach the fetus through the placenta and umbilical cord, which will have adverse effects on the growth and development of the fetus.

The third quarter adolescence

data analysis

1. There are differences in the age when boys and girls begin to suddenly increase: generally speaking, girls are earlier than boys, 8.5 ~ 9 years old for girls and 0.5 ~11year old for boys.

2. It may not be completely consistent. The data in the picture is only the average height of boys and girls in a certain place. There will always be some differences in the height changes of students of the same age and gender in different regions, different living conditions and different physiques, so the height change data of themselves and their classmates are often not completely consistent with the data in the picture.

3. The change of figure of boys and girls is related to the development of testis and ovary. By comparing the two pictures in the data analysis of the textbook, we can find that with the development of testis and ovary, the height of boys and girls began to increase obviously in turn, and the weight also increased obviously in turn, which will inevitably lead to the change of body shape.

4. In adolescence, boys will also have physical changes such as prominent Adam's apple, thick voice, beard, pubic hair and armpit hair; Girls will also have physical changes such as thinner voice, increased fat accumulation, rounded buttocks, enlarged breasts, pubic hair and armpit hair.

Exercise: 1

2. Adolescent health care also includes sexual mental health, correctly handling some boys' foreskin and phimosis, correctly handling some girls' dysmenorrhea and correctly treating sexual masturbation.

As a boy, we should treat the normal physiological phenomenon of girls' menstruation with a healthy and peaceful attitude. Girls who can't take part in physical exercise or heavy physical labor due to menstrual cramps should not be laughed at, but should be enthusiastic to help them complete their labor tasks.

Section 4 Family Planning

1. This statement is incorrect. This is because the food problem is only one of many factors that restrict population growth. People can't survive by solving the problem of eating. Many problems such as clothing, housing, transportation, resources, environment, education, medical care and employment are also restricting population growth.

2. The saying that "many children are more blessed" is incorrect. This concept is mainly because people in some areas worry that they have no living security and no one to take care of them when they are old, so they need to raise more children. When they grow up, they have to rely on their children to support themselves. With the development of China's socialist construction, people's lives will increasingly depend on the social old-age security system. When people are old, a perfect social welfare service system for the elderly will undertake many things that children did before. As China is a developing country, the living standard of people in many areas is still very low, and the life of some elderly people is still very difficult. To truly protect the rights and interests of the elderly in an aging society, the fundamental way is to vigorously develop the economy and establish and improve the social old-age security system as soon as possible.

3. This question is required. As long as the answer is reasonable, it can be considered from the following angles.

(1), develop the economy, enhance economic capacity, and realize that the elderly and other * * * enjoy the fruits of economic and social development.

② Establish and improve the social welfare security system for the elderly, including endowment insurance, medical insurance, social welfare for the elderly and social relief for the elderly.

(3) Establish a community-centered service system for the elderly. Software and hardware construction of welfare services for the elderly, life care, medical care, physical fitness, culture and education, legal services, etc.

④ Establish and improve the legal system for the elderly. The Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly consists of 6 chapters and 50 articles.

⑤ Establish China's characteristic pension safety net, family safety net, community pension service safety net, social pension safety net, home pension safety net, community service support and supplementary pension mechanism of social institutions.

6. Improve the quality of life of the elderly and create a healthy aging environment.

Chapter II Human Nutrition

Section 1 Nutrients in Food

Data analysis:

2. Nutrients in food are the source of substances contained in human cells.

Exercise:

1 、( 1)B； a； E .(2) Food D is the main food for a long time, but the defect is that besides vitamin C, the contents of sugar, fat, protein and vitamin A are too small, and vitamin D is lacking, which is not good for health.

2.( 1)

1000g soybean contains sugar186g, fat160g, protein 35 1 g, and calcium1.9g .. Such food, fat, protein, calcium, obviously exceeded his daily needs. 2

500g milk contains 85g sugar, 80g fat, 75g protein and 2.5g calcium. Such food, sugar and protein can't meet his daily needs. 1250g.

Inflammation of the lips and mouth is due to the lack of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) in the body. Rice and wheat are processed into polished rice and refined flour through multiple processes, and the germ and endosperm rich in vitamins including vitamin B2 are lost. If you eat polished rice and white flour for a long time and the non-staple food is monotonous, you can't get enough vitamin B2, which will lead to the lack of vitamin B2 in your body and cause inflammation of your lips.

Section 2 Digestion and Absorption

explore

1. Whether steamed bread crumbs are fully mixed with saliva and whether the experimental device is kept at about 37℃ for a long time will affect the experimental results.

2. The difference between them is that teeth can chop food, tongue can mix food with saliva, and saliva can change starch. Their relationship is that the grinding of teeth and the full agitation of tongue can make saliva and food crumbs more fully mixed and better promote the change of starch.

3. Amylase in saliva in the mouth-salivary amylase can convert some starch into maltose.

It is proved that bile can emulsify peanut oil-make immiscible oil and water form emulsion, and a large number of tiny oil droplets are stably dispersed in water. There are no digestive enzymes in bile, but bile can increase the contact area between fat and enzymes through emulsification, which is beneficial to the digestion of fat.

Data analysis: The small intestine of adults is much longer than the large intestine. There are folds on the inner wall of the small intestine, and many small intestinal villi are densely covered on the folds, which increases the inner surface area of the small intestine. In addition, the wall of small intestine villi is very thin, and there are abundant capillaries in small intestine villi, which is beneficial to the absorption of nutrients, while the inner surface of large intestine has only wrinkles and no villi. Therefore, it is the small intestine that absorbs the most nutrients, not the large intestine.

1.。

2. The intestinal juice secreted by the small intestine is in the small intestine, and bile and pancreatic juice also flow into the small intestine, so the digestive juice of the small intestine is the most, which can reach about 20 15 mL.

The third part focuses on rational nutrition and food safety.

data analysis

1. Pay attention to the nutritional ingredients, whether there are additives on food packaging, production date, shelf life, manufacturer and manufacturer's address.

2. According to the production date or shelf life indicated on the food packaging bag, it can be judged whether the food has passed the shelf life.

3. When you buy food, you should see whether the color of the food is fresh, and you can know its freshness by touching it with your hands. When buying fish, you should look at the luster of the color, and you will know the freshness by smelling it. When you buy meat, you should also see if it is stamped with the seal of the quarantine department.

Exercise:

1. A nutritious and reasonable diet should be to eat five kinds of food in the "Balanced Diet Pagoda" in a balanced way every day, with a reasonable energy ratio for breakfast, lunch and dinner every day, and eat on time.

This statement is unscientific. There are "bug eyes" on vegetables and fruits, which cannot prove that vegetables have not been sprayed with pesticides. Vegetables with "bug eyes" may be treated with pesticides after the vegetables grow worms, or the pesticides may not kill the insects.

Don't feed poultry and livestock with moldy leftovers or feed. This is because toxic substances in moldy leftovers or feed will accumulate in poultry and livestock, which will not only affect the growth and development of poultry and livestock, but also endanger people's health because toxic substances enter the human body.

Chapter III Human Breathing

Section 1 Treatment of Air by Respiratory Tract

Data analysis:

1, C-shaped cartilage of trachea, thyroid cartilage, nasal bone, cartilage.

2. The respiratory tract can treat the inhaled gas to make the gas reaching the lungs warm, moist and clean.

3. The function of respiratory tract is limited. If you live in an environment with serious air pollution, you may suffer from respiratory diseases, such as pneumoconiosis. Therefore, we should protect the environment and reduce air pollution, especially don't spit everywhere.

4. Sputum contains a large number of pathogens, such as influenza, tuberculosis, pneumonia, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, etc., which can be spread through sputum. When the sputum is dry, the bacteria in it will float into the air with the dust.

Nordic people have bigger noses and correspondingly longer nasal cavities, which is beneficial for preheating cold weather. In the process of long-term planning, human beings have gradually formed this characteristic of adapting to the environment.

Exercise:

1. Before artificial respiration, clean the dirt in the mouth and nose of the drowning person, so that the nose, pharynx and throat of the drowning person are unobstructed, which is beneficial for air to enter and leave the lungs. Otherwise, air can easily enter the stomach, which may drive the food in the stomach to flow back, causing airway obstruction and suffocation.

2. This shows that the oral cavity loses a lot of water in the process of wetting and inhaling air. Breathing through the mouth cannot fully preheat and clean the inhaled air, so it is better to breathe through the nose.

3. Acute bronchitis and pneumonia are mainly transmitted by breathing, droplets and sputum. The "journey" of these pathogenic microorganisms to the affected part of the patient is that the outside air reaches the nose, throat, trachea and bronchus (pneumonia reaches the lungs).

4. If not treated in time, the bacteria and viruses in the bronchus can spread to the lungs through the trachea and bronchus, causing pneumonia.

The second quarter lung gas exchange

experiment

1. There are differences in students' chest circumference. This has something to do with gender, age, and regular exercise.

2. The difference of chest circumference does not fully represent the change of chest volume. The descending and ascending of the top of the diaphragm changes the upper and lower diameters of the thoracic cavity, and can also affect the volume of the thoracic cavity.

data analysis

1.A bottle of limewater has a small turbidity, indicating that the carbon dioxide content in the air is less; The turbidity of lime water in bottle B is high, indicating that the exhaled gas contains more carbon dioxide.

2. Bottle A is the control group of this experiment. Generally speaking, the number of changes in the experimental group can be obtained by subtracting the number of changes in the control group. But this experiment is only a qualitative observation, so it can only play a comparative role.

3. The air inhaled by human body contains less carbon dioxide; Exhaled gas contains more carbon dioxide. In addition, the inhaled air contains more oxygen; In exhaled gas, the oxygen content decreases. It can be inferred that a process similar to plant respiration has also occurred in the human body. According to the analysis of respiratory tract and lung structure, it can be inferred that this change occurred in the lung.

Exercise:

1.( 1) In the same time, activities such as sitting, walking and sleeping may require less energy. Activities such as swimming, jogging and playing football may require a lot of energy. (2) Jogging consumes more oxygen than playing basketball, because jogging is not as intense as playing basketball, and the oxygen consumed can be continuously provided through breathing. Playing basketball is more intense and oxygen can't be supplied. Energy compensation is provided by anaerobic respiration of muscle cells, so the total oxygen consumption is less.

2.( 1) Compared with the right picture, the breathing frequency and breathing depth on the left picture are moderate. (2) The left picture may reflect sleeping or walking, and the right picture may reflect strenuous exercise.

Section 3 Air Quality and Health

data analysis

1. People who live and work in an environment with poor air quality have a high incidence of respiratory diseases (the respiratory tract is prone to rhinitis and pharyngitis, and the lungs are prone to pneumonia, tuberculosis and lung cancer). Therefore, people who live and work in places with bad air environment should work hard to purify the air and learn to protect themselves.

2. The deterioration of air quality is the main reason for the increase of mortality caused by respiratory diseases.

3. Oil fume pollution and decoration pollution affect indoor air quality and directly affect people's health. Smoking harms smokers' own health and also affects the health of non-smokers (passive smokers) around them. Smoking not only irritates eyes, nose and throat, but also significantly increases the chances of people suffering from lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and greatly increases the chances of children and adolescents suffering from respiratory diseases, such as cough, asthma, excessive phlegm, damage to lung function and influence on lung development. Decorated walls often contain volatile organic compounds such as formaldehyde, benzene, toluene and xylene. When these volatile organic compounds gather to a certain concentration, it will make people feel uncomfortable, and in serious cases, it will cause respiratory diseases and other diseases.

4. Newly bought furniture, hair gel, freshener, etc. Often contain the above volatile organic compounds, which will also affect the air quality in the room, and so on.

Exercise:

1. The advantage of moving in after a period of time is that the organic compounds on the renovated walls and new furniture can spread clean.

2. When wearing a mask, pay attention to whether the mask can filter fine dust; Whether the mask is suitable for your face; Whether the mask is comfortable to wear, whether it is easy to clean, and whether the mask is clean and stored correctly.

3. You should exercise when the dust is less and the air is fresher in a day, go to places with less dust and fresher air (such as parks), and so on.

Chapter IV Transportation of Substances in Human Body

Section 1 Flowing Tissue ── Blood

Data analysis:

1, the quality of other doors is different with different components in blood. Therefore, the blood containing anticoagulant will be gradually divided into upper and lower layers after centrifugation or standing for a period of time, with a thin white layer in the middle.

2. Blood consists of an upper yellowish translucent liquid, a lower red living part and a thin layer of white material in the middle. Red blood cells and hemoglobin-colored substances, white blood cells and platelets are in a thin layer of white material in the middle.

3, there are a lot of blood cells in the blood, these cells and plasma * * * together constitute blood, complete the function of material transportation, therefore, blood is a kind of tissue, belonging to connective tissue. Blood can flow, so it is called "flowing tissue".

Experiment;

1, the largest number is red blood cells.

2. Red blood cells are round cakes with concave sides, and the number is red, so they can be observed without staining; The individuals of white blood cells are larger than cells and fewer in number. They can only be clearly observed by dyeing.

3. Platelets are much smaller than red blood cells and white blood cells and need special staining, so platelets can't be seen under the optical microscope.

Exercise:

1. When sweating heavily, blood mainly loses water and some inorganic salts. These components lost in the blood are usually supplemented by drinking water and supplementing inorganic salts. In severe diarrhea, the human body mainly loses nutrients such as water, some inorganic salts and glucose. These components lost in the blood are usually supplemented by drinking water, supplementing inorganic salts and intravenous drip (or oral) of glucose solution.

2. The symptoms of anemia patients are: pallor and dizziness, fatigue, palpitation, shortness of breath and other symptoms. Hemoglobin is a iron protein. Generally speaking, anemia patients should eat more iron-containing food and protein's rich food.

Kunming belongs to plateau area, and the oxygen content in the air is less than that in plain area. Training in this environment can increase the content of hemoglobin in the blood of football players, thus enhancing the oxygen supply ability of football players' blood.

4. White blood cells will die after swallowing germs and dead cells, so the life span of white blood cells is short.

Section 2 Blood Flow Pipeline-Blood Vessel

experiment

1. Arteries, venules and capillaries can be observed. Blood flows in these three blood vessels at different speeds: fast in arterioles, slow in venules and slowest in capillaries.

2. Generally, three kinds of blood vessels (arterioles, capillaries and venules) can be distinguished.

1.

Vascular name node

build

The characteristics of the wall of functional energy tube are that the blood flow in the tube is thick and elastic, and the veins that transport blood from the heart to various parts of the body are thin and elastic.

Slowly send blood back to the heart from all parts of the body.

Capillary is very thin, consisting of only a flat layer of epithelial cells, and its inner diameter is very small.

The slowest facilitates the full exchange of substances between blood and tissue cells.

2. The purpose is to slow down or temporarily stop the blood flow to the heart. Blood vessels swell up because of blood, which is convenient for acupuncture. The needle went into the vein. Most veins have shallow distribution, thin wall and strong elasticity, which is beneficial to needle insertion. The blood in the vein flows to the heart, and there is little bleeding in the wound after puncture. A little compression can stop the bleeding.

Chapter IV Transportation of Substances in Human Body

Section 3 Blood Pump-Heart

Observe and think (mind)

1. The heart wall is mainly composed of muscle tissue. Muscle tissue has the function of contraction and relaxation, so the heart can promote blood circulation in blood vessels.

2. The ventricular wall is thicker than the atrial wall. The left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall. The thicker the heart wall, the more developed the muscles, and the stronger the contraction and relaxation. Ventricular contraction sends blood to the capillaries or lungs of the whole body, while atrial contraction only needs to send blood to the ventricle. According to their respective functions, the walls of ventricles are thicker than those of atria. Similarly, the contraction of the left ventricle transports blood to the whole body, and the contraction of the right ventricle transports blood to the lungs. Compared with the two, the left ventricle has a long blood supply distance and different adaptation function. The left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall.

3. The left atrium communicates with the left ventricle, and the right atrium communicates with the right ventricle. The cavities on the left and right sides are not communicated with each other.

4. There is a valve between the atrium and the ventricle, which can only open towards the ventricle, thus ensuring that the blood can only flow from the atrium to the ventricle. Similarly, there is a valve between the ventricle and the artery, which can only be opened in the direction of the artery, thus ensuring that blood can only flow from the ventricle to the artery. In short, the valve can prevent blood from flowing backwards.

Observe and think (blood circulation)

1. The path of this red blood cell flowing back to the heart will be: fingertip capillary → venule → superior vena cava → right atrium. So it is impossible for this red blood cell to reach the toe before returning to the heart. When this red blood cell starts from the heart again, its flow path will be: right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary capillary → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle. If you start from the heart at this time, it is possible to reach your toes through the aorta, arteries at all levels and capillaries in the lower body.

2. At the capillary of fingertip (or toe), oxygen is separated from hemoglobin in red blood cells; At the capillaries of the lungs, hemoglobin in the above red blood cells combines with oxygen from alveoli.

practise

1. This statement is incorrect. The heartbeat of the heart has a strong rhythm, and the diastolic period of the heart is longer than the systolic period, so that the heart has enough time to rest. Therefore, in a person's life, the heart can keep beating without fatigue.

2. People who lack exercise, the heart wall muscles are not developed enough, the systolic and diastolic function is not strong, and the blood volume injected into the ventricle at one time is not enough. When doing strenuous exercise for a long time, only the heartbeat can barely meet the needs of the body.

3. In pulmonary circulation, when venous blood flows through pulmonary capillaries, carbon dioxide in blood enters alveoli, and oxygen in alveoli enters blood, which combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells, and venous blood becomes arterial blood with rich oxygen and bright red color. In systemic circulation, when arterial blood flows through the capillaries of the whole body (except alveolar capillaries), carbon dioxide produced by tissue cells enters the blood, hemoglobin in red blood cells is separated from oxygen, and oxygen is used by cells, so arterial blood becomes venous blood with low oxygen content and dark red color.

This statement is incorrect. What flows in the pulmonary artery is not arterial blood, but venous blood; What flows in the pulmonary veins is not venous blood, but arterial blood.

The fourth quarter blood transfusion and blood type

Exercise:

1.ABO blood type can be used not only for blood transfusion, but also for speculating the possible blood type of children, paternity test and solving crimes.

2. Diseases like hepatitis B and AIDS. The main reason is blood transmission and so on. One of the keys to avoid these diseases is to prevent the spread of these diseases through blood donation and transfusion.

3. Patients with severe anemia are often accompanied by malnutrition, so concentrated red blood cell suspension should be infused. If these patients have no symptoms of malnutrition, they can be given blood component-only red blood cells. In patients with extensive burns, plasma and tissue fluid are mainly lost, so plasma should be imported. Patients with severe thrombocytopenia only lack platelets, so they should be given special platelets for component transfusion.

survey