Generally speaking, varieties suitable for Longjing tea should have the following main characteristics:
① Early germination. Longjing tea is sold at different prices every other day, and the income varies greatly in the morning and evening. For example, the price of Longjing tea before the Ming Dynasty was about 10 times that of Longjing tea before Yu. Therefore, the earlier the suitable Longjing tea varieties germinate, the better.
② The bud leaves are long and narrow with little hair. When spring tea has a bud and a leaf, the bud is longer than the leaf, and the included angle between the bud and the leaf is smaller. The length of one bud, one leaf and one bud and two leaves of super-grade Rong fresh leaves is 2 ~ 3 cm, which is beneficial to the modeling of Longjing tea.
③ Phenol ammonia is relatively low. That is, the ratio of tea polyphenols to amino acids should be appropriate. Tea polyphenols are important substances that determine the concentration of tea soup, and amino acids are important umami substances, which in turn determine the alcoholicity of taste. Because Longjing tea emphasizes the freshness of aroma and taste, it is required that the amino acid content of the varieties suitable for Longjing tea should be above 3.3%, the tea polyphenols content should be below 20%, the phenol-ammonia ratio should not be higher than 6, and the water extract content should be above 38%.
The following is the introduction of Longjing tea varieties suitable for introduction and promotion at this stage.
1 .longjing43 is a shrub mesophyll variety, which was bred by Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences from Longjing Tea Garden by systematic breeding method on 1960. 1978 won the National Science Conference Award, and 1987 was recognized as a national variety by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee (approval number GS 65438+).
(1) The plant is of medium size, with half-open tree shape and dense branches and oblique leaves. The leaves are oval, 8.5 ~ 9.5 cm long and 3.4 ~ 3.8 cm wide. The leaves are dark green, shiny, flat, slightly folded, with microwave edges and moderate hardness. One bud and three leaves weigh 39.0g g ... The leaves at the spring tip are yellow-green, long and narrow, with little hair and reddish spots at the base. The petals are white with pink.
(2) The buds and leaves are fertile and resistant to picking. Spring tea germinates very early. In Hangcha area, the Ye Sheng stage of one bud is usually at the end of March and the beginning of April, and the three-leaf stage of one bud is at the beginning of April, which is 10 ~ 15 days earlier than Longjing population. In the years when the temperature rises rapidly in spring, super Longjing tea can be used in mid-March, and tea gardens cultivated in greenhouses can be mined in early February. Compared with local species, the opening time of other areas is obviously earlier, such as Ningbo 15 days in Zhejiang, Jintan 10 ~ 17 days in Jiangsu, Shangrao1120 days in Jiangxi, Dong Zhong in Anhui and Tongbai 18 days in Henan. High germination density and high yield. According to years of experimental observation, its yield is 39.7% higher than that of Longjing population and 42.5% higher than that of Fuding Dabai Strip. Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 13.2 mu demonstration tea garden 10 has produced 300 kilograms of dry tea per mu for many years (about 10% of which is Longjing tea). High yield can also be obtained in other tea areas, such as Huzhou, Zhejiang, 200.5kg per mu, Jintan 137.5kg in Jiangsu, and Tongbai, Henan, 3 15.3kg. In addition, due to the early germination and long growth period of spring tea, the output of high-grade tea has increased. For example, Hangzhou West Lake tea area can produce high-grade Longjing tea 15 ~ 20kg per mu, Anhui Dongzhi can produce famous and excellent tea 48.5kg per mu, Shangrao 15~20kg in Jiangxi, and Ningbo1/0.2kg in Zhejiang.
(3) Spring tea with one bud and two leaves contains 3.7% amino acids, 0/8.5% tea polyphenols/kloc, 0/2.1%catechins, 4.0% caffeine, and the ratio of phenol to ammonia is 4.98, which is extremely suitable for making Longjing, Donghai Longshe, Qiandao Yu Ye, Maoshan Qingfeng and Xinzhou Longcui. The super Longjing tea made of this variety has a smooth and elegant appearance, light green color, brown rice color at the edge, lasting aroma, mellow and refreshing taste, clear and bright soup color and Huang Liang leaves. Use it to make large quantities of green strips, and the quality is the same as Fuding Dabai tea.
(4) Strong cold resistance and adaptability. For example, in Xinyang, Henan and Qingdao, Shandong, at the temperature of about-10℃, only slight freezing damage occurred on the crown surface, and it can generally overwinter. It is cultivated in low hilly red soil areas such as Jinhua, Lanxi and Shangrao, Jiangxi, with vigorous growth, high yield and remarkable benefits. For example, Longjing 43, Fuding Dabai Tea and Shuang Ying imported from Zunqiao Tea Farm in Shangrao, Jiangxi, ranked first in terms of output and output value. According to the growth characteristics of Longjing 43, it is suitable for planting in the green tea areas in the north and south of the Yangtze River, especially in the flat strip production area. The average output value per mu can reach about 5,000 yuan, and the high value can exceed 10,000 yuan, with remarkable economic benefits. In terms of cultivation techniques, it is appropriate to use cuttings for single planting (1.50m*0.33m) or two plants in two rows (1.50m * 0.40m * 0.33m); Because its buds and leaves are not tender, it needs to be picked in batches in time. After several years of continuous picking, the crown of the tree should be lightly trimmed. Pay attention to prevent "spring cold" in early spring and prevent high temperature burns in summer; During spring tea, striped weevil and anthracnose should also be prevented in time.
2. Dragons and long-leaved shrubs, mesophylls, early species. The source of the variety is the same as Longjing 43. 1994 was recognized as a national variety (approval number GS 13008- 1994), and 1997 won the third prize of scientific and technological progress of the Ministry of Agriculture. This variety has been widely cultivated in Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shandong and other provinces. Its main features are as follows:
(1) The plant is medium, with upright posture and dense branches. The leaves are inserted horizontally. The leaves are oval, with a length of 10.4cm and a width of 4. 1cm. The leaves are green, flat, smart, with microwave edges and moderate hardness. Spring shoots have yellow-green bud leaves, moderate hair number, long and narrow bud leaves, the bud length is about 1.9cm, and the weight of one bud, three leaves and a hundred buds is 36.2g g.
(2) Buds and leaves are fertile and tender. Spring tea germinates early. In Hangzhou tea area, one bud and one leaf can come around Qingming Festival, and it will reach the peak of one bud and three leaves in mid-April. In Jintan, Jiangsu Province, high-grade tea can be harvested at the end of March, 7 ~ 10 days earlier than the local planting. High germination density and high yield. Generally, the yield per mu can reach 150 ~ 200 kg. For example, the yield per mu of adult tea garden in Anji, Zhejiang 150kg is 50% higher than that of population species; Jiangsu Pingshan Forest Farm, the yield per mu of 4-year-old tea garden is also 8 1kg.
(3) Spring tea with one bud and two leaves contains amino acids 4. 1%, tea polyphenols 18.6%, total catechins 16.4%, caffeine 3.6%, and the ratio of phenol to ammonia is 4.60, which is suitable for making top-class flat needle-like famous green tea such as Longjing, Maoshan Qingfeng and Yuhua Tea. Longjing tea made from it has beautiful appearance, sharp, flat and smooth appearance, yellow-green color, strong aroma, blue-like fragrance and fresh and mellow taste. Even Longjing tea brewed in autumn has the characteristics of high aroma, mellow taste and high freshness. A large amount of green tea made of this variety is of good quality.
(4) Strong cold resistance and adaptability. This variety can overwinter normally in Henan and Shandong tea areas, and the canopy surface is only slightly frozen at-65438 0℃. High yield can also be obtained by cultivation in low hilly red soil areas in the south of the Yangtze River. The suitable planting area of Longjing long leaves is the same as Longjing 43. The average output value per mu is about 5000 yuan, and the high one can exceed 10 thousand yuan. Because the trees are upright, we should plant two trees in two rows, prune them in time after production, and prevent the green leafhopper in time.
3. Pingyang Extra Early Tea is a small tree type, middle leaf type and extra early maturing variety. It was bred by the Agricultural Bureau of Pingyang County, Zhejiang Province from the population of Daping Village, Aojiang Town, Zhejiang Province by single plant breeding method. 1998 was recognized as a tea variety in Zhejiang province. There are a few introduced species in other provinces and Anhui. The main features of this variety are:
The plant (1) is of medium size, semi-spreading, with dense branches and oblique leaves. The leaves are oval, 65-8.9 cm long and 3 cm wide. 1-4.0 cm. The leaves are dark green, shiny, slightly convex, slightly inflected, thick and soft. Bud leaves are green, with more villi and short internodes. One bud and three leaves weigh 39.8 grams .. No flower buds have been found in the country of origin or anywhere else.
(2) The buds and leaves grow neatly and are tender, and the spring tea germinates very early. Generally, it germinates in the middle of 5438+1October, and a bud and a leaf appear first from late February to early March, reaching the stage of one bud and three Ye Sheng in mid-March, and spring tea can be picked before Qingming. Because of the high density of buds and leaves, high yield, early harvest, early market and good economic benefits. For example, the 5-year-old tea garden in Shuitou famous tea development field in Pingyang County can produce Zhejiang Longjing tea 17.9kg and fried green tea 82.5kg per mu, and the output value per mu exceeds 6 100 yuan (of which Longjing tea accounts for 7 1.4%).
(3) According to the biochemical determination of dry spring tea samples, this variety contains 4.8% amino acids, 22.9% tea polyphenols, 4.5% caffeine, 40.3% water extract, and the ratio of phenol to ammonia is 4.8, which is suitable for making Longjing, Idy, Mao Feng, Biluochun and other teas. Longjing tea made from it has a flat and smooth appearance, straight point, green color, lasting aroma, sweet taste, bright green soup color and excellent quality. Pingyang ultra-early maturing tea has high cutting survival rate and solid yield, and the transplanting survival rate is over 98%, which can normally overwinter in general years. Cutting seedlings should be planted with single cuttings or double rows and double plants in strips. Because germination is very early, spring tea germination accelerating fertilizer should also be applied early, preferably at the end of last year. After production, it should be withdrawn in batches in time, and pruning should not be done when the park is closed at the end of the year. It is best to prune after the spring tea is harvested. The northern region should pay attention to the harm of "late spring cold"
4. Yuanxiao green shrub type, mesophyll type, especially early-growing varieties. It was bred by the Tea Bureau of Xiapu County, Fujian Province from the group species of Houxiling Village in Chongru Township by single plant selection method. 1999 was recognized as a fine variety of tea in Fujian province. This variety is not only popularized in Fujian green tea area, but also introduced in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces. The main characteristics of this variety are:
(1) The plant is medium-sized, half-spreading, with dense branches and horizontal leaves. The leaves are oval, green and shiny, slightly convex, flat and thick. Bud leaves are yellow-green, with more villi, and the weight of three leaves in one bud is 41.0g.
(2) Buds and leaves are fertile and tender. It germinates very early, with a bud and a leaf around the Lantern Festival (hence the name "Yuanxiao Green"), and a bud and three Ye Sheng periods in mid-March. The yield is high, and the yield per mu of roasted green strips can reach 130 kg.
(3) The dry sample of spring tea with one bud and two leaves contains 3. L% amino acids, 23.4% tea polyphenols and 3.1%caffeine, with a phenol-ammonia ratio of 7.5. Green tea is green in color, rich in aroma and mellow in taste. If Longjing tea is picked according to the raw material standard of fresh leaves, and the methods of grasping, pushing and grinding are emphasized in the process of making Longjing tea cauldron to make the finished tea smooth and smooth, it is possible to process Longjing tea which only needs color, fragrance, darkness and shape.
(4) Strong cold resistance and drought resistance, and high survival rate of cutting, which is suitable for introducing green tea in low-altitude areas in the south of the Yangtze River. When planting elbows, it is advisable to choose the sunny slope with deep upper layer and adopt double-row and double-plant belt planting. Pay attention to prevent the harm of early spring and late frost or "late spring cold"