Ma Yan, a famous writer, and the article "Mysterious Phenomenon of Human Beings" published by China Book Publishing House, on page184-185 [1], said: "The archaeologist Segundo Pia took several photos of Saint in 1898.
Secondly, according to legends and historical records, we know that Christ was tortured among Jews before he was crucified, which is the same as what we found in portraits on cloth. "
A guest hosted by The China Journal reported that the famous "Shroud of Turin" was the cloth used to wrap Jesus after he was crucified. However, scientists have always suspected that it is a medieval fake, not a real shroud of Jesus. The shroud was first exhibited in the main church in 1694, and now it is regularly exhibited for tourists. No one can give a specious explanation, whether it is false or true. This is the vague outline of a man crucified, and the traces of his wounds are faintly visible.
On page 253 of Exploration published by Harbin Institute of Technology Press, it said: "... 1898, an Italian named Pia took a photo of the shroud, and the human body image on the negative was far clearer than that on the positive film, which surprised him."
He was first a professor of anatomy in France. He examined it with a microscope and found that there was "blood" on the shroud. Therefore, he published a report in the French Academy of Sciences on April 2 1, 1902, saying that he believed that the "shroud" really wrapped Jesus' body.
According to the description of scientists, it is not difficult to imagine; Even with the same instruments of torture and the same method, it is impossible to wrap such a clear three-dimensional image with a shroud wrapped by a scarred person, just like a photo. At the same time, it is still incredible that people can clearly identify where they were injured by what kind of instruments of torture.
Seventy years later, Frey Sulzer, a Swiss criminologist, provided another evidence for the authenticity of the shroud. He analyzed the pollen scraped from the "shroud" sample and found that it came from dozens of plants growing in the Middle East. This shows that the "shroud" really originated in Israel.
The shroud is woven by a special weaving method. Swiss textile experts in charge of the restoration said that the weaving method on the shroud was a common skill before 1 century.
On April 2 1988 and 2 1 day, under the supervision of the Archbishop of Turin and the video recorder, a small piece of 3 inches long and 0.5 inches wide was cut from the "shroud", and the cutting position was far from the portrait on the cloth, the burnt part and the repaired part in 1534. This piece of cloth was further cut into three stamp-sized samples, which were handed over to the laboratories of the University of Arizona, the Institute of Archaeology of Oxford University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. They used the carbon 14 method to determine the age of the "shroud". All three laboratories got the same result. The flax in the Shroud was harvested sometime between 1260 and 1390. This period coincides with the time when the shroud first appeared in Lilly church, but it is very different from the time when Jesus is said to have died (about 30 AD). This proves conclusively that the "shroud" is indeed a fake of14th century, but there are four unexplained facts that make them laugh again:
1, from the first recorded fire accident in 1357 to the latest mysterious fire in Turin cathedral in 1997, it experienced many fires and high temperatures. 1532, a fire broke out in the church where the shroud of Turin was stored. The silver embedded in the box containing the shroud melted and dripped on several corners of the shroud, burning several small holes, and some fabrics were blackened. High temperature changes the structure of carbon and elements, so the results can't be consistent with the actual age.
2. Scientists did not measure the carbon 14 age of Jesus' head, but misused 1534 to repair the "package".
The cloth used for the shroud was used as a sample. 1934, a nun sewed a Dutch cloth to protect the shroud, and a new reinforcing cloth was sewn on the back of the shroud. In the restoration project in 2002, 14 foot long shroud was separated.
1, people used water to put out the fire many times, but they also left obvious stains on the shroud, which affected the samples.
Serious microbial pollution. If bacteria or fungi live on the shroud, the monosaccharides and polysaccharides they produce also contain carbon, which is relatively new. When dating the "shroud", the carbon of these years was mixed in it, which made the result younger than the actual one.
4. Radiocarbon dating still has some defects. According to the carbon dating method of 14 years, some chemical elements have several atoms with different atomic weights, which are called isotopes. There are three isotopes of carbon, which are called carbon 12, carbon 13 and carbon 14 according to atomic weight. Among them, the content of carbon 12 is the most, accounting for about 99% of carbon atoms on the earth, carbon 13 accounts for about 1%, and the content of carbon 14 is only one in a million. Although the content of carbon 14 is small, it is radioactive and will slowly decay into nitrogen atoms at a fixed rate. The half-life of carbon 14 is 5730 years, that is to say, the content of carbon 14 will be reduced by half every 5730 years, so it is not absolutely stable.
When living things, they will constantly absorb carbon atoms from the outside world, including carbon 14. However, after death, organisms can no longer absorb the external carbon 14, while the original carbon 14 in the body will decay at a fixed rate. In this way, by measuring the content of carbon 14 in biological fossils or biological products, we can calculate when the organism will die according to its half-life, but its half-life radioisotope is not the longest.
Another senior researcher, Professor Giulio Fanti, head of the measurement and research project of mechanics and heat at the University of Padua in Italy, said, "When I saw the photos published in a book published by Mons. Giuseppe Ghiberti, a senior church official, I feel that there is a blurred image on the back of the shroud, so it can't be seen by the naked eye. " The researchers comprehensively use the techniques of Fourier transform, magnification and template matching to enhance the images in the book and process them in three dimensions. The found image is consistent with the image of a punished bearded man on the front of the shroud in shape, size and position.
Finding the same face on both sides of the shroud is considered to be a remarkable feature of the fake: an image is printed on a piece of cloth, and the pigment passes through the cloth to reach the back for imaging. Ji Youli-Fanti said firmly: "But this shroud can't be a fake. The face images on both sides of the shroud are very superficial and only exist on the outermost fiber of linen. If it is formed by infiltration, then the whole layer of fibers from the front to the back of the cloth should have pigment. In fact, the middle layer of the shroud has no pigment. It is obviously difficult for a forged shroud to achieve these characteristics. " Fanti's discovery is consistent with the speculation of American physicist john jackson in 1990. Jackson made the first major investigation on the shroud in 1978, and he thought that the blurred image on the back was corresponding to the image on the front.
In early 2009, Schwartz used the same technique to compare another self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci with the head of Jesus on the shroud in Turin. She said: "Their facial contours are actually the same. This discovery has made many people looking for a blow to the truth extremely excited, such as getting a treasure. " On the evening of July 1 Sunday, a documentary will be broadcast on Channel 5. The documentary believes that Leonardo da Vinci "copied" his facial features on the shroud (made of linen) with his head sculpture and a photographic device called "black box". Presumably, leonardo da vinci finished the whole fake masterpiece in a dark room. He first hung the shroud on a frame and coated it with a substance that made it sensitive to light. At this time, the shroud is like a piece of film. When sunlight passes through the lens on the wall, Leonardo da Vinci's head sculpture is projected onto the shroud, thus forging the permanent head of Jesus.
As we all know, the shroud of Turin has long been recorded on a commemorative medallion cast in the mid-4th century/kloc-0, which is now kept in the Clooney Museum in Paris. "The design on the medal clearly shows the priest holding the shroud, which can be traced back to about 100 years before the arrival of Finch. There is no evidence that Leonardo da Vinci has anything to do with this shroud. " What is more ridiculous than this Schwartz in history? Professor john jackson, director of the Shroud Center in Turin, Colorado, said: "This conclusion is based on some very poor scientific and historical knowledge."
On page 253 of Exploration published by Harbin Institute of Technology Press, it was written: "After thousands of analyses by famous scientists since 1987, it was confirmed every time that the images on the shroud of Turin could not be painted with pigments. On the contrary, things that look like blood do contain calcium, protein and iron, and the test is AB type. " He also said: "There is stronger evidence found by a stereo imager, and no painting can produce this effect. If it is forged, then the ability of this forger really confuses scientists. "
The world is so big, it is inevitable that there will be disputes. Some people will say: it is painted with pigments, but no one can draw this kind of painting technology today; Only Leonardo da Vinci painted it, but Leonardo da Vinci was not born at that time; Then don't say it's painted, just say it's "forged"; But no one can forge it today. If someone can forge it, the forged map will surely flood the newspapers and periodicals all over the world. This man has long been famous, but unfortunately not. For thousands of years, many clever experts have realized that they have no ability to forge because it is easy to write the word "forge" and difficult to forge graphics. Because all the people present at that time were gone, we have to wait for the fact of removing prejudice to prove it, because all the people who define the truth of this cloth are people, and everyone has an untrustworthy side.
Whether this cloth is earlier or later than Jesus; Whether this cloth really wraps Jesus or not; But one thing is very clear, that is, there is indeed a Jesus who was crucified for human sins.
[1] The picture comes from the mysterious phenomenon of human beings published by China Book Publishing House on page 185.