Name: Zhu Yuanzhang (formerly known as Zhu Chongba, later named Zhu Xingzong, word, later renamed. )
Gender: male
Ethnic group: Han nationality
Native place: Zhou Hao Zhongli (now Fengyang County, Anhui Province) Zhu Yuanzhang.
Temple number: (Ming) Taizu
Posthumous title: Tao, Great Sage, Supreme God, Benevolent Man, Wu Junde, Emperor Gao.
Mausoleum: (Ming) Xiaoling Mausoleum
Birth and death:1328 ——1398 (71year)
On-the-job:1368-1398 (31year).
Year number: Hongwu
Successor: (grandson) Ming Huidi Zhu Yunwen (1398— 1402).
Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, is also the second monarch who came from a civilian background and unified the whole country after Liu Bang, the founder of the Han Dynasty.
During his reign, Zhu Yuanzhang carried out a series of policies conducive to social progress, such as resisting foreign aggression, innovating politics, developing production and stabilizing people's livelihood, and vigorously strengthened the centralized rule of absolute monarchy in politics, economy, military and ideology. He is one of the most legendary and controversial emperors in the history of China.
Zhu Yuanzhang was born in Ding Chou on September 18th, the first year of Emperor Tianshun in Yuan Dynasty (1328), ranking fourth. Father Zhu (later changed to Shizhen) and mother Chen. My ancestral home is Xuyi, Sizhou (now Xuyi, Jiangsu). In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1328), Zhu Yuanzhang was born in a poor peasant family in Fengyang County, Anhui Province. Zhu Yuanzhang was originally named Chongba, and later changed to Xingzong. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it was renamed Deyu after participating in the peasant uprising, and finally changed its name to Yuan Zhang.
When Zhu Yuanzhang was young, he used to herd cattle for the landlord. In the fourth year of Zheng Zheng (1344), there was a drought in the Huaihe River, and Zhu Yuanzhang's father, mother and brother died one after another. He worked in Huang Jue Temple when he was a child. Less than two months after entering the temple, due to the difficulty in renting the temple in the famine year, the temple owner sealed the warehouse and dismissed the monks, so Zhu Yuanzhang had to leave his hometown and become a monk. When he was young, he was very poor and once became a monk in Huang Jue Temple. At the age of 25, he joined the Red Scarf Army led by Guo Zixing to resist the tyranny of Mongolian Yuan. After Guo's death, he commanded Guo Department and served as deputy marshal left. And then promoted with the meritorious military service. In the 16th year of Zheng Zheng (1356), the generals appointed Zhu Yuanzhang as the Duke of Wu. In the 24th year of Zheng Zheng (1364), Wu became king. In the first year of Hongwu (1368), after basically defeating the peasant uprising army and sweeping away the remnants of Yuan, he proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing, with the title Daming and the title Hongwu. In the thirty-first year of Zhu Yuanzhang's reign (1368- 1398), China's unified feudal regime, the Ming Dynasty, was established. During Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, in order to alleviate the sharp and complicated class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and contradictions among various groups within the ruling class, he implemented a series of policies conducive to social progress, such as resisting foreign invasion, innovating politics, developing production and stabilizing people's livelihood, and vigorously strengthened the centralized rule of absolute monarchy in politics, economy, military and ideology. In line with this, in terms of legal thought, I think that "I will kill China" in view of all kinds of disadvantages caused by lax law and discipline at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.
Life editing this paragraph
Born in Bree
Ming Taizu was originally named Zhu Chongba, and Zhu Yuanzhang was named after Guo Zixing joined Guo Zixing. Zhu Chongba's father, also not called, was originally named Zhu. Zhu Yuanzhang's mother is called Chen Ernian; Zhu Yuanzhang's eldest brother is Zhu Chongsi, and his second brother is Zhu. He ranks third, so he is called Zhu Chongba. Yu Yue, a Qing Dynasty man, wrote in his Essays on Tingchun: "In the Yuan Dynasty, people who didn't have jobs in Shu Ren were not allowed to be named, but only by their line and their parents' years and teeth. This was not levied on the yuan dynasty history, and this was the case when the Ming Dynasty (Zhu Yuanzhang) called Ran Zheng his younger brother. " He also took Shaoxing rural areas as an example: "If the husband is 24 years old, the woman is 22 years old, her life is 46, and the child is named' 46'; The husband is twenty-three years old and the woman is twenty-two, that is, forty-five. Having a child is called' fifty-nine' ",and the multiplication of fifty-nine is forty-five. According to Yu Yue, the great-grandfather of Chang Yuchun, a general of the Ming Dynasty, was called Chang Sisan, his grandfather was called Chang Chongwu and his father was called Chang Liu Liu. General Tang He's great-grandfather was named Tang Wuyi, his grandfather was named Tang, his father was named Tang, and so on. These are all evidences.
Like most feudal emperors, the birth of Zhu Yuanzhang is an artificial legend. According to Ming history, Zhu Yuanzhang's mother had a dream when she was just pregnant. In the dream, a fairy gave her an elixir, put it in her hand and she ate it. His mother woke up from her dream, but she was still full of fragrance. When Zhu Yuanzhang was born, the room was red and it was night. When the neighbors saw it, they thought it was a fire and rushed to the rescue. The result was a false alarm.
Zhu Yuanzhang's ancestral home is Zhu Jiaxiang, Tongde Township, Jurong County, Jiangsu Province (now Jurong County, Nanjing), and his ancestors have been farming for generations. His grandfather, Zhu Chuyi, couldn't bear the exploitation of the landlords and the imperial court, and fled to Sizhou (now Xuyi, Anhui) on the bank of Huaihe River to open up wasteland. After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, his family was penniless, so Zhu Yuanzhang's father (formerly Zhu, later Zhu Yuanzhang called his father) had to move from east to west. At the age of 50, he settled in Dongxiang, zhongmou county (now Fengyang County) where Zhu Yuanzhang was born.
Due to malnutrition, Zhu Yuanzhang was frail and scrawny when he was a child. Zhu Yuanzhang's parents are superstitious and believe that only Guanyin Bodhisattva can save his life and bless his safe life. So, they sent the young Zhu Yuanzhang to the nearby Huang Jue Temple and asked him to worship the old monk Gao Bin in the temple.
When Zhu Yuanzhang 10 was old, his father Zhu Shizhen moved again to avoid heavy taxes. Later, he cultivated land for landlord Liu De in a remote village in Taiping Township, and Zhu Yuanzhang herded cattle for Liu Deyi's family.
In the process of herding cattle, Zhu Yuanzhang met Xu Da, Tanghe, Zhou Dexing and others, and became good friends. Later, Xu Da, Tanghe, Zhou Dexing and others made contributions and became the founding fathers of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang was clever and naughty since he was a child. He studied for a few days and had the most ideas. The game he often plays is playing the emperor. He wore rags, tore palm leaves into pieces, glued them to his mouth as a beard, put spokes on his head as a flat crown, then sat on the mound and pretended to be the emperor. He asked each partner to pick up a piece of wood, hold it in his hands, kneel three times and knock nine times and shout long live.
When herding cattle, he is not only often scolded by his master, but also often has not enough to eat. He was just hungry to drive cattle, so Zhu Yuanzhang slaughtered cattle. One day, when herding cattle, Zhu Yuanzhang, Xu Da, Tanghe and Zhou Dexing all felt hungry, so Zhu Yuanzhang had an idea and killed a calf, and everyone roasted it. Before long, there was only a cowhide, a pile of bones and a cow's tail. How can I tell the landlord when I go back after eating? Everyone was worried and blamed each other. Zhu Yuanzhang then stood up and thought of a way. He told everyone to bury the bones and cowhide, cover up the blood, and then put the cow's tail in a crack in the rock on the mountain, saying that the calf had got into the hole and could not be pulled out. The friends all agreed. Of course, this naive idea can't hide from the landlord Liu De. As a result, Zhu Yuanzhang was beaten out of his wits and rushed home, adding a debt to his father to compensate the calf. But Zhu Yuanzhang won the trust of his friends because of his boldness.
Wandering children
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, political corruption, heavy taxes, constant famine, and working people were on the verge of death.
1343, there was a drought in Haozhou. Unexpectedly, there was a serious locust plague the next spring, and the crops were eaten clean by locusts. It never rains but it pours, and then the plague happened. At that time, every household died, and a village died a dozen or even dozens of people a day.
Soon, Zhu Yuanzhang's family was also infected with the plague. In less than half a month, his 64-year-old father, eldest brother and mother Chen passed away one after another. Zhu Yuanzhang and his second brother watched their relatives die one by one, and they had no money to buy coffins at home, and there was not even a place to bury their relatives. Alas, Zhu Shizhen has worked hard all his life. He has no place to live and no place to die. Zhu Yuanzhang and his second brother cried bitterly and alarmed their neighbor Liu Jizu, so their stepfather gave them a cemetery. The two brothers finally found some rags to wrap the body and buried their parents on the land of the Liu family. Thirty-five years later, Zhu Yuanzhang recalled this incident, and it was still difficult to restrain his grief. He wrote in "Tombstone": "There is no coffin in the funeral, and the body is ugly, and the ground is three feet. What food is there!" In less than half a month, the harmonious and warm home of the past no longer exists, and the love of parents is gone forever. The pain of bereavement deeply affected Zhu Yuanzhang's mental state, making him seem to have fallen into a bottomless abyss. At this time, in order to survive, Zhu Yuanzhang and his second brother, sister-in-law and nephew were forced to split up and flee. Zhu Yuanzhang was really desperate. He thought of the Huang Jue Temple where he made a wish to give his life as a child, so he went to the monk Gao Bin, where he was shaved and became a boy. He sweeps the floor, burns incense, rings bells and drums, cooks and washes clothes in the temple every day. He is busy all day and is sometimes scolded by the old monk. As time went on, Zhu Yuanzhang suppressed his anger. One day, when he was sweeping the floor, he tripped over Galand's seat and hit Galand's broom.
On another occasion, the old monk saw that the candle in the hall was bitten by a mouse and reprimanded Zhu Yuanzhang in public. Zhu Yuanzhang thought, Galand can't even control what is in front of him. How can he manage the palace? To make matters worse, I was scolded, and the more I thought about it, the more angry I became. So, Zhu Yuanzhang found a pen and wrote the words "send three thousand miles" behind Guanlan God. All these show that Zhu Yuanzhang is unwilling to be oppressed.
However, soon after Zhu Yuanzhang became a boy, the monks in the temple did not have enough food and there were no charities in the temple. Therefore, the master Gao Bin had to break the porridge and let the monks go to alms. In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang was just a 50-day-old boy. He couldn't recite scriptures or do Buddhism, so he had no choice but to dress up as a monk and leave the temple to wander. At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang was 17 years old.
Zhu Yuanzhang begged as he walked. He was told that he would go anywhere as long as the years were good. He went south from Haozhou to Hefei, then turned west into Henan, arrived in Gushi and Xinyang, went north to Ruzhou and Chen Zhou, and returned to Huang Jue Temple at 1347. During the three years of wandering, he traveled all over the famous cities in the west of Huai River, got in touch with the local customs, saw the world, broadened his horizons and accumulated social life experience. Hard vagrancy made Zhu Yuanzhang resolute and brave, but it also made him cruel and suspicious. This period of life had a profound impact on Zhu Yuanzhang's life.
Zhu Yuanzhang's three years abroad was also a period of surging peasant uprisings at the end of Yuan Dynasty. There is a saying in the society that "when Wang Ming was born, all beings were blessed", and Anbaili religion in the north is also carrying out the same propaganda. Zhu Yuanzhang was also exposed to such propaganda when he was wandering. He witnessed the deterioration of people's lives and realized that chaos would come soon. So after Zhu Yuanzhang returned to the ancestral temple, he worked hard, made friends and prepared to do something.
135 1 year, Han He led an uprising in Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui) and elected Han as the Ming king. In August of the same year, Peng Yingyu and Xu Shouhui revolted in Qishui (now Xishui, Hubei). These insurgents wrapped their heads in red scarves, so they were called the Red Scarf Army. 1352, Guo Zixing and Sun Deya revolted in Haozhou.
When Zhu Yuanzhang heard the news of the uprising, he couldn't help thinking that if he had been in the temple, he might be taken away by Yuan's cronies at any time, and his life would be in jeopardy. At this moment, Zhu Yuanzhang received a letter from his childhood partner Tang He, in which Tang He invited Zhu Yuanzhang to join the uprising army in Guo Zixing. Just then, Zhu Yuanzhang's younger brother secretly told him that someone knew the letter and was going to tell on it. So Zhu Yuanzhang put down his job and went to the Red Scarf Army in Guo Zixing. This year, Zhu Yuanzhang was 25 years old.
Military and general
After joining the army, Zhu Yuanzhang was quickly appreciated by Guo Zixing for his bravery, resourcefulness and mastery of pen and ink. So Guo Zixing transferred Zhu Yuanzhang to Shuaifu as a policeman and appointed him as the nine captains of Qin Bing. Zhu Yuanzhang was clever and capable, and took the lead in the war. All the spoils he got were given to Marshal Guo Zixing, and he was rewarded. He said that the credit belongs to everyone, so he gave the reward to everyone. Soon, Zhu Yuanzhang's good reputation spread in the army. Guo Zixing also regarded him as a confidant and often discussed important matters with Zhu Yuanzhang. At that time, Guo Zixing had an adopted daughter, the daughter of his close friend Ma Gong. After Ma Gong died, his youngest daughter was adopted by Guo Zixing. At this time, Guo Zixing saw that Zhu Yuanzhang was a talented person, which was of great help to his career. So he married Ma Shi, a 2 1 year-old adopted daughter, to Zhu Yuanzhang and changed her name to Zhu Gongzi in the army. With identity, you can no longer use the previous nickname to emphasize eight, so you have another official name, Bird, with the word Guo Rui.
At that time, in Haozhou, there were five marshals in the Red Scarf Army. There are many contradictions between Guo Zixing School, Sun Deya and three other marshal schools. In September this year, Sesame Li, commander-in-chief of Xuzhou Red Scarf Army, was killed by Yuan Army. Peng Da and Zhao Junyong led the troops to Haozhou. Peng Da became friends with Guo Zixing, while Sun Deya and others showed kindness to Zhao Junyong. Egged on by Sun Deya, Zhao Junyong kidnapped Guo Zixing and beat Guo Zixing to the bamboo slips, preparing to assassinate Guo Zixing. With the support of Peng Da, Zhu Yuanzhang led his army to save Guo Zixing. Since then, the two factions have become even more deadly.
Zhu Yuanzhang saw that the generals in Haozhou were fighting for power and profit, and there were many contradictions. He is determined to create a new situation on his own. In the 15th year of Zheng Zhi (AD 1355), Zhu Yuanzhang returned to his hometown to recruit soldiers. His boyhood friends Xu Da, Zhou Dexing and Guo Ying, as well as acquaintances in the same village and neighboring villages, heard that Zhu Yuanzhang had become the leader of the Red Scarf Army, and they all came to defect. So Zhu Yuanzhang quickly recruited more than 700 people and returned to Haozhou. Guo Zixing was very happy, so he promoted Zhu Yuanzhang to be the comforter of the town.
This winter, Peng Gan, his son, called himself King Lu Huai and King Yong Yi, and he was still a marshal.
Zhu Yuanzhang saw that these people had not been in Haozhou for half a year, so he chose 24 confidants, including Xu Da and Tanghe, from his own recruits to leave Haozhou and stay in the south. On the way to Dingyuan in the south, Zhu Yuanzhang first recruited 3000 militiamen from Donkey Village in Zhangjiabao, and then recruited 800 people with clear noses and eyes. Command this team, Zhu Yuanzhang eastward, night break Dingyuan Hengduan mountain yuan army camp, marshal Miao tycoon surrendered. Zhu Yuanzhang selected 20,000 able-bodied Han people from the army to join his own team and went south to Chuzhou (now Chuxian, Anhui).
Li Shanchang, a celebrity in Dingyuan, is on his way to the south of Chuzhou, and asks for an audience at Yunmen. Li Shanchang and Zhu Yuanzhang hit it off at first sight, and Li Shanchang took Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, as an example to persuade Zhu Yuanzhang that as long as he followed Liu Bang's example, he would repay kindness and not kill people indiscriminately, he would soon be able to pacify the world. Zhu Yuanzhang thought it was very reasonable, so he left Li Shanchang as the shogunate minister and charged Li Shanchang to coordinate the relationship between generals to achieve great things.
Zhu Yuanzhang quickly occupied Chuzhou, and his nephew Zheng Wen and his brother-in-law Li Zhen came to take refuge in his nephew Bauer (later named Wenzhong). From their mouth, Zhu Yuanzhang learned sadly that his second brother, third brother and third sister were all dead. At that time, there was an orphan Mu Ying in Dingyuan, who was very poor. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang took these three children as adopted sons and changed their surnames to Zhu. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted more than 20 semes.
When Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Chuzhou, Guo Zixing was excluded by Zhao Junyong, Sun Deya and others. Therefore, not long after Zhu Yuanzhang captured Chuzhou, Guo Zixing also came to Chuzhou. Zhu Yuanzhang immediately handed over the relieving, and the team of thirty thousand people was disciplined and clean. Guo Zixing saw it.