Namely: clear property rights;
Clear rights and responsibilities;
Management science;
Separation of government from enterprise.
Question 2: What is the direction of state-owned enterprise reform in China? The 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the First Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee put forward that it will take about three years to extricate most large and medium-sized state-owned loss-making enterprises from their predicament, and strive to establish a modern enterprise system for most large and medium-sized state-owned backbone enterprises by the end of this century. To promote the reform and development of state-owned enterprises, we must first strive to achieve this goal. Starting from the reality of different industries and regions, according to the objective process of unbalanced development, we should highlight key industries, key enterprises and old industrial bases, combine solving current outstanding problems with long-term development, and create favorable conditions for the cross-century development of state-owned enterprises. By 20 10, the goals of the reform and development of state-owned enterprises are: to meet the requirements of two fundamental changes in economic system and economic growth mode and to expand opening to the outside world, to basically complete strategic adjustment and reorganization, to form a more reasonable layout and structure of state-owned economy, to establish a relatively perfect modern enterprise system, to significantly improve economic benefits, to significantly enhance the ability of scientific and technological development, market competitiveness and risk resistance, and to play a leading role in the national economy. To promote the reform and development of state-owned enterprises, we must adhere to the following guiding principles: (1) With public ownership as the main body, multiple ownership economies develop together. Adjust and improve the ownership structure, actively explore various forms of public ownership, enhance the control of the state-owned economy in the national economy, and promote fair competition and common development of all ownership economies. (2) Strategically adjust the layout of state-owned economy and reorganize state-owned enterprises. Efforts should be made to improve the whole state-owned economy, promote the rational flow and reorganization of state-owned assets, adjust the layout and structure of the state-owned economy, actively develop large enterprises and enterprise groups, and liberalize and invigorate small and medium-sized enterprises. (3) the combination of reform and reorganization, transformation and strengthening management. To meet the requirements of market economy, we should focus on changing the operating mechanism of enterprises, improving the overall quality of enterprises, and building a micro-foundation for industrial structure optimization and economic and efficient operation. (4) Establish a modern enterprise system. Realize clear property rights, clear rights and responsibilities, separate government from enterprise, scientific management, improve the system of decision-making, execution and supervision, and make enterprises become legal entities and market entities that operate independently and are responsible for their own profits and losses. (5) Promoting scientific and technological progress of enterprises. Strengthen scientific research and technological transformation of enterprises, attach importance to scientific and technological talents, promote the integration of Industry-University-Research, form a technological innovation mechanism and take the road of intensive and sustainable development. (6) Strengthening enterprise management in an all-round way. Implement scientific management, strengthen basic work, improve management, improve efficiency, implement various distribution methods with distribution according to work as the main body, and form an effective incentive and restraint mechanism. (7) Establish a competitive mechanism for the survival of the fittest. Implement projects to encourage mergers, standardize bankruptcy, divert laid-off, reduce staff and increase efficiency and re-employment. Rely on all forces to expand employment and ensure the basic livelihood of laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises. (8) Coordinate and promote various supporting reforms. Change the function of * * *, establish a clear management, supervision and operation system of state-owned assets, and ensure the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets. Strengthen the construction of legal system and maintain the order of market economy. Improve the social security system. Help enterprises to increase capital, reduce debts and reduce burdens. (9) Rely on the working class wholeheartedly and give play to the political core role of enterprise party organizations. Strengthen the construction of enterprise party organizations and ideological and political work, improve the quality of enterprise managers, adhere to and improve the democratic management of enterprises with the workers' congress as the basic form, and earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of employees. (ten) to promote the construction of enterprise spiritual civilization. Strengthen ideological and moral education and technical business training, comprehensively improve the quality of the workforce, cultivate a positive corporate culture, and promote the coordinated development of material civilization and spiritual civilization.
Question 3: The basic direction of China's state-owned enterprise reform at this stage is the answer C.
Analysis: Grasping the "basic direction of state-owned enterprise reform" will give up A, B and D and choose C.
Question 4: How to comprehensively deepen and promote the reform of state-owned enterprises (1)? Take the reform of state-owned enterprises as the central link of economic system reform, take the establishment of modern enterprise system as the direction, and effectively transform the enterprise management mechanism. Modern enterprise system is an enterprise system that meets the requirements of market economy and is standardized according to law. Its typical form is company system, and its basic characteristics are clear property rights, clear rights and responsibilities, separation of government from enterprises and scientific management. Establishing a modern enterprise system and separating the ownership of investors from the ownership of enterprises as legal persons are conducive to separating government from enterprises, transforming the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises, cultivating diversified investors and strategically reorganizing state-owned enterprises.
(2) classified guidance, starting with doing a good job in the whole state-owned economy, "grasping the big and letting go of the small" and strategically reorganizing state-owned enterprises. "Grasping the big" means grasping some large enterprises and enterprise groups that are related to the lifeline of the national economy and reflect the national economic strength, and taking effective policies and measures to help the excellent and the strong in accordance with the requirements of the market economy to improve their quality and competitiveness; "Opening up small enterprises" means opening up small state-owned enterprises through reorganization, association, merger, leasing, contracting operation, joint-stock cooperative system and sale, so that small state-owned enterprises can flexibly adapt to the market.
(3) According to the standard of "three benefits", explore and develop various forms of public ownership. Under the condition of socialist market economy, the forms of public ownership can and should be diversified, and all business forms that reflect the law of socialized production can be boldly adopted.
(4) Combine reform, reorganization, transformation and strengthening management. In the process of state-owned enterprise reform, we should actively promote the flow and reorganization of state-owned assets to make rational use of resources; Combine reform with technological transformation, speed up the technological progress of state-owned enterprises, encourage and guide social funds to invest in technological transformation of enterprises, and form a market-oriented mechanism for new product development and technological innovation; Effectively strengthen the internal management of enterprises, strive to explore the enterprise leadership system and organizational management system in line with market rules and China's national conditions, establish a decision-making, implementation and supervision system, and form an effective supervision and restriction mechanism.
(5) encourage mergers, standardize bankruptcy, divert laid-off, reduce staff and increase efficiency, and implement re-employment projects. In order to speed up the reorganization and adjustment of state-owned enterprises, enterprises with advantages should be encouraged to merge enterprises with difficulties; Enterprises with long-term losses and no hope of turning losses into losses will go bankrupt; Diversion of surplus personnel is also an important way to improve the economic benefits of enterprises, but it will bring temporary difficulties to some employees. The Party and * * * should take active measures to care for and arrange the lives of laid-off workers, broaden employment channels and promote the re-employment project.
(6) Promoting the supporting reform focusing on the establishment of social security system. Establish a social security system, implement a pension and medical insurance system that combines social pooling with individual accounts, improve social insurance and social relief systems, and provide the most basic social security; Establish an effective management, supervision and operation mechanism of state-owned assets to ensure the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets and prevent the loss of state-owned assets; Establish urban housing provident fund, speed up the reform of housing system, and create a good external environment for deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises and adjusting the economic structure.
Question 5: What stages did the reform of state-owned enterprises in China go through?
I. 1978~ 1992: A Preliminary Study on the Reform of State-owned Enterprises
From 1978 to 1992, it is the initial exploration stage of China's state-owned enterprise reform, which has achieved remarkable achievements and accumulated rich experiences and lessons.
1. The reform of state-owned enterprises began with decentralization and profit-making.
The communique of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee clearly pointed out that a serious flaw in China's economic management system is that power is too concentrated, and we should boldly decentralize power so that local governments and enterprises can have more management power. As the core link of economic system reform, the reform of state-owned enterprises began with the pilot reform of expanding state-owned enterprises' rights, mainly focusing on two aspects: first, focusing on the planned economy, while paying full attention to the auxiliary role of market regulation, and adjusting the relationship between the state and enterprises; The second is to expand enterprises and link the quality of enterprise management with the material interests of employees in order to mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of enterprises and employees. 1979 in July, the State Council successively promulgated five documents, including "Several Provisions on Expanding the Operation of State-owned Industrial Enterprises". Through the reform of expanding enterprise self-reliance, enterprises have a certain degree of production self-reliance ability and began to become independent interest subjects, the enthusiasm of enterprises and employees has been improved, and the gap under the traditional planned economy system has been opened.
However, due to asymmetric information, it is difficult to standardize the restraint mechanism, and some problems have arisen, such as lowering the planned indicators, failing to complete the distribution tasks and financial transfer tasks in order to expand the proportion of self-sales. As a result, "insider" control has been formed, and the problems of "salary eroding profits" and short-term behavior have emerged. There is a certain deviation between the actual effect and the reform expectation. In this case, 1982 the central government promotes the implementation of the industrial economic responsibility system, aiming at solving the problems exposed in the process of decentralization and profit-making, handling the distribution relationship between the state and enterprises, and solving the problem of pot rice. Achievements have been made in hardening enterprise budget constraints and strengthening enterprise internal management, especially the national fiscal deficit has been greatly reduced. However, due to the unequal external environment and different internal conditions of enterprises, it is difficult to find operational indicators to regulate the responsibilities and rights between the state and enterprises, and the problem of insufficient incentives for enterprises is very serious. From 1983 to 1984, the tax was changed from profit twice, and the results were not satisfactory.
2. There are many forms of state-owned enterprise reform.
1The Third Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee held in June, 1984 proposed to establish a planned system of consciously applying the law of value and develop the socialist commodity economy. The main purpose of the reform is to separate government from enterprises, and to separate ownership from management. It is clear that the goal of the state-owned enterprise reform is to make the enterprise truly become a relatively independent economic entity, a socialist commodity producer and operator with self-management and self-financing, with the ability of self-transformation and self-development, and a legal person with certain rights and obligations, and on this basis, establish various forms of economic responsibility system. The main measures of reform are to implement the factory director (manager) responsibility system, to implement the contract responsibility system in most state-owned enterprises, to implement lease operation in some small state-owned enterprises, and to start the pilot reform of shareholding system and enterprise collectivization in a few large and medium-sized enterprises owned by the whole people with conditions.
By the end of 1987, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China generally implemented the contract system. In the same year, the Thirteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China confirmed that the shareholding system is an organizational form of enterprise property, and the pilot can continue. By the end of 1988, there were 3,800 joint-stock enterprises in China, including 800 state-owned enterprises, 60 issued shares and the remaining 30,000. 1February, 988, the State Council more clearly defined the position of the enterprise contract system in the reform of state-owned enterprises, and stipulated the contract principle of "ensuring the bottom, ensuring the delivery, leaving more surplus and deficiency, and making up for losses". At the same time, the National People's Congress promulgated the Law on Industrial Enterprises Owned by the Whole People, thus legally stipulating the reform achievements made since the pilot project of expanding power.
Although the contract system was successful at that time, the problems of the contract system were gradually exposed. 1991the central working conference in September emphasized the need to change the operating mechanism of enterprises. 1992, the State Council no longer encourages enterprises to engage in contracting. 1In July, 992, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Transformation of Operating Mechanism of Industrial Enterprises Owned by the Whole People. According to the idea of separation of the two rights, this regulation clarifies the management right of enterprises, the responsibility of enterprises to be responsible for their own profits and losses, the relationship between enterprises and * * *, and the legal responsibility of enterprises and * * * *. However, people soon found that it is difficult to achieve the expected reform goal only by the internal transformation mechanism of enterprises.
3. State-owned enterprise reform and price system. > & gt
Question 6: Direction and approach of state-owned enterprise reform. First, unify understanding and strengthen the confidence of state-owned enterprises in restructuring.
In my opinion, to ensure the success of the restructuring and listing, we must first further unify the understanding of leaders at all levels and the broad masses of workers, and unify everyone's understanding into the spirit of the central government's document on the restructuring of state-owned enterprises. The Decision of the Central Committee on Several Major Issues in the Reform and Development of State-owned Enterprises points out: "Establishing a modern enterprise system is an inevitable requirement for developing socialized mass production and market economy, an effective way to combine public ownership with market economy, and the direction of state-owned enterprise reform." As we all know, the reform of state-owned enterprises in China began more than 20 years ago. From 65438 to 0997, we adopted a series of reform measures, such as expanding power and letting profits, and contracting profits. Although these reforms have enabled enterprises to have some independent rights and enhanced their vitality to a certain extent, they have only adjusted their responsibilities, rights and interests, and have not broken the original institutional framework. Therefore, the status of state-owned enterprises as "accessories" has not changed. It can be said that the separation of government and enterprise has become the biggest obstacle for state-owned enterprises to enter the market. In the final analysis, the purpose of state-owned enterprise reform is to make state-owned enterprises become independent legal persons and go to the market. To achieve this goal, it is not feasible to rely solely on reforms such as reducing taxes and making profits. System problems should be solved by system reform. We must find an effective way to ensure the dominant position of public ownership and combine public ownership with market economy. Where is this way out? The way out lies in the innovation of state-owned enterprise system-establishing modern enterprise system, that is to say, transforming a dominant pure state-owned 20 smelter into a limited liability company with diversified investment subjects and mixed group functions.
Second, make careful preparations to break through the difficulties in the restructuring of state-owned enterprises.
The reorganization of state-owned enterprises is difficult. As the restructuring of China's construction enterprises, the biggest difficulty is the historical burden and the placement of surplus workers. Due to historical reasons, there are many people leaving our company, and the annual expenditure is very large (a large sum is 100 million). If these burdens and burdens are not solved, enterprise restructuring will be out of the question. At the meeting, the delegates deliberated and passed the resettlement plan for the enterprise restructuring personnel of our company. This is an important document, which requires the party organizations and administrative leaders of all units to operate carefully, act according to the document seriously, properly arrange surplus workers, ensure the vital interests of these workers, and ensure the smooth realization of the restructuring goal. In my opinion, our documents are humanized, aiming at maintaining the interests of employees in a stable and harmonious way, and will not cause * * * to employees. First, the status has not changed (state-owned enterprises), second, the contract will not be renewed, and third, the ex-employees can make their own decisions and negotiate to solve the problem of contract termination.
Third, reform according to law and standardize operation.
Reform and reorganization is the adjustment of interests. It is necessary to prudently operate and standardize the restructuring according to law, and fully safeguard the rights and interests of the broad masses of workers. Our plan and relevant policies should be examined and approved by the last workers' congress. It is necessary to widely publicize and explain what the people should know, mobilize and guide the broad masses of workers to care about the reform, actively participate in the reform, and support the reform to ensure the success of the restructuring.
Taking the opportunity of this workers' congress, the company named and commended the top ten outstanding young people and the top twenty outstanding young people during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. This is not only a major event in the work of the Communist Youth League and youth, but also a major event in the construction of corporate culture and spiritual civilization in the whole company. Today, Guo Jiuchun and other outstanding young people 10 and Wang and other 20 outstanding young people were recommended and repeatedly selected from more than 4,700 young people in the company. They are dedicated, pragmatic and enterprising, and have achieved excellent results in their respective posts, which is widely representative. Their advanced deeds show the noble sentiments of the young people in the twentieth century, and their struggle reveals the correct path for the development of the young people in the twentieth century. They are not only outstanding representatives of young people in the 20th Metallurgical Group, but also outstanding among all employees of the 20th Metallurgical Group. The company commends them, aiming at setting a benchmark and setting an example for all young people, guiding more young people to study hard, keep forging ahead, make contributions and make outstanding contributions to the successful completion of the 11th Five-Year Plan.
Youth is the most dynamic and creative effective force in enterprise development, the future of enterprise development and the hope of enterprise. To achieve the company's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" development goals, the majority of young people should shoulder heavy burdens and make more contributions. It is hoped that the young people in the company will aim high, be good at learning, be brave in innovation, make contributions, better realize their life value and create outstanding achievements worthy of the times.
Just now, Mr. Li informed the delegates about the completion of various indicators of the whole company from June 5438 to September this year, which is of great significance to the next 70 years ... >; & gt
Question 7: What is the main direction of deepening the reform and development of state-owned enterprises? First, the mode of listing. The mode of listing of large state-owned enterprises in recent years is different from that in previous years. Before the establishment of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC), many listed companies just packaged some excellent assets and listed some of them. Now the direction is the overall listing, at least the main business should be listed as a whole, so the overall business chain of listed companies is complete and has the ability to operate independently. Group companies whose main business is listed as a whole will gradually digest the surviving enterprises before realizing the overall listing.
Second, relying on the capital market. At present, a considerable number of large central enterprises are listed overseas, which has caused a lot of controversy. The author believes that the level of corporate governance is directly related to the capital market on which it depends. Promoting the overseas listing of central enterprises is to directly introduce the mature and standardized overseas capital market mechanism into enterprises to ensure that the restructuring before listing and the operation after listing can meet the requirements of the international capital market. Nowadays, overseas listing plays a very obvious role in enterprise standardization, so it is impossible to make false accounts, the transparency is obviously improved, and the operation is more standardized, so it is difficult for other parties to intervene. Therefore, the market choice is overseas plus domestic, that is, A+H mode.
Third, the final institutional framework. The final institutional model of competitive large state-owned enterprises is likely to be a clean listed company, with no group companies and no surviving enterprises, operating in full accordance with the requirements of the capital market. This state has fully realized the capitalization of state-owned assets, with good liquidity and can be easily adjusted at any time. Once the country needs money, it can be realized very smoothly through the capital market.
Question 8: Why is developing mixed ownership the basic direction of deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises? The Decision of the Central Committee on Several Major Issues of Comprehensively Deepening Reform adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee pointed out that mixed ownership economy is an important form of realizing China's basic economic system, and developing mixed ownership is the basic direction of deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises at present. In order to continuously and steadily promote the reform of mixed ownership in state-owned enterprises, we must fully understand the significance of developing mixed ownership economy at present. Generally speaking, the current development of mixed ownership economy has the following important significance:
1. Developing mixed ownership economy can realize the simultaneous development of multiple ownership economies.
Socialism with Chinese characteristics's construction practice proves that China adheres to the basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together. However, public ownership can take many forms. In addition to the traditional state-owned economy and collective economy, with the socialization of productive forces and the development of market economy, the state-owned holding economy in mixed ownership will also become an important form of public ownership, that is, by actively developing mixed ownership economy, China's basic economic system will find a new and effective way to realize it under the new historical conditions of socialist market economic system. Developing mixed ownership economy can realize the deep integration of state-owned economy and private economy; In mixed ownership enterprises, state-owned capital and private capital are an organic whole, and their interests and development are completely linked, advancing and retreating together with the rise and fall.
2. Developing mixed ownership economy can overcome the disadvantages of state-owned enterprises.
State-owned enterprises have been criticized for their failure to distinguish government from enterprise, inefficient mechanism and high incidence of corruption. From a deeper perspective, the root causes of the drawbacks of state-owned enterprises mainly come from two aspects: on the one hand, the intervention of external departments in the daily operation and management of state-owned enterprises, on the other hand, the absence of owners, the lack of efficient power mechanism and restraint mechanism, the long chain of principal-agent and the objective difficulty in effective supervision. The external cause is conditional and the internal cause is decisive, so the internal reform is very important, and the reform at the property right level is the most fundamental reform. Actively developing mixed ownership economy is the basic direction of property right reform of state-owned enterprises in the future. With the introduction of non-public capital, the governance structure of state-owned enterprises will be effectively optimized and the incentive and restraint mechanism will be improved.
3. Developing mixed ownership economy can enhance the driving force of state-owned capital.
By developing mixed ownership economy, state-owned enterprises can enlarge the function of state-owned capital, enhance its driving force and give full play to its role. The development of mixed ownership, on the one hand, can introduce more social capital into state-owned enterprises, with state-owned capital as the leading factor, and drive a large number of social capital to develop together; On the other hand, by reducing the withdrawal of state-owned capital from social capital, more state-owned capital can be invested in priority development areas, thus effectively playing the role of state-owned capital in industrial development adjustment.
4. Develop a mixed ownership economy and stimulate the vitality of state-owned enterprises.
Institutional and institutional obstacles have seriously weakened the vitality of state-owned enterprises, and developing a mixed-ownership economy is conducive to re-energizing the vitality of state-owned enterprises by combining the advantages of private enterprises. State-owned enterprises and private enterprises have their own advantages. State-owned enterprises have advantages in technology, talents, financing, resource allocation and management, while private enterprises have advantages in mechanism, benefit, efficiency and supervision. In mixed ownership enterprises, the organic integration of state-owned economy and private economy can well combine the advantages of state-owned enterprises and private enterprises and promote the better and faster development of enterprises.