Organic vegetables refer to vegetable products that strictly abide by the rules of organic production and prohibit the use of any chemically synthesized pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms and their products, but follow the laws of nature and ecological principles, adopt a series of sustainable agricultural technologies, coordinate planting balance, contain green food labels, keep the agricultural ecosystem sustainable and stable, and are certified by organic food certification bodies and issued with organic food certificates.
Organic vegetable
In the whole production process, organic vegetables must be carried out according to the production mode of organic agriculture, that is, the whole production process must strictly follow the production technical standards of organic food, that is, no chemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers and growth regulators are used at all, and transgenic engineering technology is not used, and at the same time, the whole quality control and review must be carried out by an independent organic food certification body. Therefore, the production of organic vegetables must meet the environmental quality requirements and production technical specifications of organic food to ensure its pollution-free, nutritious and high-quality characteristics.
Organic agriculture is a concept. There is no difference in the value of vegetables, fruits, livestock and eggs, but there are differences in the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and the contents of heavy metals and poisons may be different. With the deterioration of the global environment, people's expectations and hopes for organic food are getting more and more enthusiastic, and counterfeiters are becoming more and more rampant. 20 1 1 The National Standards Committee issued the new standard of China following the organic standard in 2005. However, the key core is the honesty and trustworthiness of producers and the trust of consumers. Some of them are illegal to find fault even for temporary benefit certification, such as the spinach incident in Feicheng exposed by CCTV's Focus Interview. Sad, chilling, chilling the public.
Relationship with organic agriculture
"Macrospecies" organic agriculture follows natural laws and ecological principles, coordinates the balance between planting and aquaculture, adopts a series of sustainable agricultural technologies, promotes biodiversity, and emphasizes "harmony with natural order". Organic agriculture is one of the good ways to solve food safety problems. Since it was first put forward by European countries in the 1920s, after decades of practice and development, it has gradually attracted the attention of governments all over the world, and organic food has become a fashion for people in western developed countries. China established "Organic Food Development Center of State Environmental Protection Administration" on 1994, and organic agriculture has developed rapidly for more than ten years.
Organic vegetables are a part of organic agriculture, which must be certified by national specialized institutions. According to the principle of organic agriculture, it absorbs the essence of traditional agriculture for thousands of years, and combines the characteristics of vegetable crops to emphasize the principle of farming according to local conditions. In the whole production process, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, hormones and genetically modified products are prohibited, and natural materials and environmentally friendly farming methods are adopted. Restore the natural circulation and balance of matter and energy in the horticultural production system, and create an ecological environment for all mankind through the selection of crop varieties, crop rotation, intercropping, water resources management and supporting application of cultivation methods.
Therefore, planting organic vegetables requires more labor and more intensive techniques. Intensive cultivation requires a lot of hard work and low yield, but organic vegetables are far from pollution, with high quality and natural color. There are few production bases and products of organic vegetables, and organic vegetables have become the fashion of gift dishes.
market prospect
With the increasing demand of modern people for food safety, organic vegetables without pollution, chemical fertilizer and pesticide residue are loved by more citizens. Organic food is known as "sunrise industry" and has a broad market. The analysis of a report published by FAO shows that in the past 10 years, the annual growth rate of organic agricultural products in some countries' markets exceeded 20%. This is in stark contrast to the stagnation of some traditional food markets.
The cultivation of organic vegetables pays attention to safe and natural production methods, which can promote and maintain ecological balance well. Organic vegetables have no chemical residue, taste good and are proved to be more nutritious than ordinary vegetables. The demand for safe food is increasing day by day, and the domestic market prospect is very optimistic.
However, it is worth noting that the average price of organic vegetables is 4-5 times higher than that of ordinary vegetables, and it is generally not available on the public table. Therefore, we should pay close attention to the market and treat it with caution. Organic vegetables are the general trend, but it will take time.
Organic vegetables not only bring the selling price, but also help more farmers to build large-scale agricultural breeding bases for vegetables, fish farming and agricultural sightseeing in koi fish, and drive more farmers to get rich.
Organic vegetables have already entered the homes of ordinary people abroad. The penetration rate of organic vegetables in Japan is as high as 80%, and the penetration rate in the United States is higher. In China, the penetration rate of organic vegetables is very poor, but there are many reasons. With the improvement of people's living standards in China, organic vegetables will be more and more favored by people in China. When organic vegetables are very popular, the market will be mixed, and some unscrupulous speculators will infiltrate it. The road of organic food in China is still very long, and there are still many difficulties to be overcome and obstacles to be removed. Mr. Du Yongchun, Chief Operating Officer of China Caiyuan. He pointed out that there is a huge market for organic food in China, and China people are slowly developing a good impression on organic products. Now what they eat is really the biggest headache for the people. Everything is messy, harmful and toxic, and some unscrupulous businessmen try their best to mix things into their food.
Farm tools management
The production of organic vegetables has set some standards for the management of farm tools, and there are special personnel responsible for the cleaning, maintenance and overhaul of machines. This paper introduces several biological pesticide products commonly used in domestic organic vegetable production, and understands that different pesticides deal with various diseases and insect pests of organic vegetables, so as to provide help for vegetable farmers who produce organic vegetables.
1, XXX field manager is responsible for arranging and supervising workers to clean, maintain and manage the working machinery and appliances in the vegetable garden.
2. The farm tools such as bamboo baskets used in the vegetable garden shall be inspected by xxx yard before and after each use.
3. Before picking and digging ditches and fertilizing the vegetable garden, xxx will organize personnel to clean it with well water in the garden. Other substances will not be used during cleaning, and the attached dirt or residue left after previous use will be removed and uniformly distributed to production workers.
All farm tools in the park are specially used for organic production. After each completion, they will be put into a special warehouse for organic farm tools.
5. Be responsible for recording the maintenance and cleaning process of farm tools.
nutritive value
The journal Agriculture and Food Chemistry sponsored by the American Chemical Association published a new research result: the flavonoid level of vegetables grown in organic fields will increase exponentially. After more than ten years of research, Aresen Mitchell and his colleagues compared the main flavonoid levels of tomatoes in two experimental fields under the same planting conditions. The results showed that the content of flavonoids in tomato samples in organic experimental field increased obviously, while the content of flavonoids in tomato samples in experimental field changed little under traditional farming conditions. Moreover, the data show that the level of flavonoids is directly proportional to the accumulation of organic matter in soil, but inversely proportional to the level of fertilizer use.
It is understood that flavonoids are a kind of natural organic compounds widely existing in plants and are also the effective components of many Chinese herbal medicines. Has the effects of lowering blood pressure, reducing blood lipid, preventing thrombosis, preventing and treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, enhancing immunity, reducing vascular fragility, and improving cardiovascular and cerebrovascular blood circulation. The latest scientific research confirms that flavonoids can effectively prevent cancer, heart disease and other age-related diseases.
Scientists believe that flavonoids are newly discovered natural nutrients necessary for human body. Flavonoids are easily absorbed by human body because of their small molecular weight, which has a wide impact on human health. However, due to its fast metabolism, it will not accumulate in the body and needs to be supplemented frequently. However, the human body cannot synthesize flavonoids by itself, and it must be obtained from food. Food sources include grains, vegetables, fruits, juices, tea, etc. Therefore, organic tomatoes rich in flavonoids have more reason to become people's consumption choice.
The characteristic of organic vegetables is that they have not been sprayed with any pesticides, and they are planted by professionals according to the ecological principles of natural laws, which is very beneficial to human health. So stars will choose organic vegetables for better health. Many stars lose weight by eating organic vegetables three times a day. They can't eat other foods, but drink beauty beauty's juice, such as carrot juice, lemon juice and tomato juice.
cultivation techniques
Because synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides and growth regulators are not allowed to be used in organic vegetable planting, it is inevitable that different requirements will be put forward for pests and diseases and fertilizers.
(1) production base
1. Integrity of the base: the land of the base should be a complete plot, and there is no plot for normal production in the middle, but organic conversion of plots is allowed; There must be obvious signs at the junction of organic vegetable production base and conventional plots, such as rivers, hills, artificial isolation belts, etc.
2. There must be a transition period: it usually takes two years to switch from the conventional production system to organic production, and then the sowed vegetables can be used as organic products after harvest; Perennial vegetables need three years to become organic crops before harvesting. The start time of the conversion period is calculated from the date of applying for certification from the certification body, and the producers must operate in full accordance with the requirements of organic production during the conversion period. Vegetables planted in the field after 1 year organic transformation can be sold as organic transformation crops.
(1) conversion principle: In the process of conversion from conventional agricultural production to organic agricultural production, there is no universal concept and no fixed model. The key is to abide by the basic principles of organic agriculture. The transformation of organic agriculture is not only to abandon the use of chemical fertilizers, synthetic pesticides and stop buying feed from outside, but to adjust the whole ecosystem into a stable circular motion system, as close as possible to the balanced development of all parts of the system.
(2) transformation content
(1) Develop rotation system to increase soil fertility.
(2) Formulating a fertilizer plan for the continuous supply system.
(3) Formulating reasonable fertilizer management measures and supporting technical management measures for organic food production.
(4) create a good production environment, reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, and formulate plans and measures for agricultural, biological and physical prevention and control.
3. Establishment of buffer zone: If some plots in the organic vegetable production base may be polluted by adjacent conventional plots, a buffer zone or physical barrier must be set between the organic and conventional plots to ensure that the organic plots are not polluted. Different certification bodies have different requirements on the length of the isolation belt. For example, the OFDC certification body in China is 8m, and the BCS certification body in Germany is10m.
(2) Cultivation management
1. Variety selection needs: seeds and seedlings. If there are no certified organic vegetable seeds and seedlings (such as in the initial stage of organic planting), conventional seeds that have not been treated with banned substances can be used. Vegetable varieties and varieties that adapt to local soil and climate characteristics and are resistant to pests and diseases should be selected, and the genetic diversity of crops should be fully considered in variety selection. It is forbidden to use any genetically modified seeds.
2. Crop rotation and clean fields: organic bases should use at least three crops including leguminous crops or green manure for rotation; In areas where 1 year can only grow 1 crop, two rotations including leguminous crops are allowed. After the previous vegetable harvest, thoroughly clean the base and transport all the sick and disabled bodies out of the base for destruction or deep burial, so as to reduce the sick and disabled base.
3. Supporting cultivation techniques: By cultivating strong seedlings, grafting to change roots, ridging cultivation, plastic film mulching, reasonable close planting, plant regulation and other techniques, we can make full use of light, heat, gas and other conditions to create an environment conducive to vegetable growth, thus achieving the goal of high yield and high efficiency.
(3) the use of fertilizers
The fundamental difference between organic vegetable production and conventional vegetable production lies in the difference of disease, insect and fertilizer, and its requirements are higher than conventional vegetable production.
1. Fertilization technology: only organic manure and green manure are allowed. Generally, it is self-made decomposed organic fertilizer or pure organic fertilizer produced by some certified fertilizer production enterprises, which is allowed to be used in the production of organic vegetables, such as organic fertilizer with chicken manure and pig manure as raw materials. When using your own retting or composting organic fertilizer, it must be fully decomposed. The nutrient content of organic fertilizer is low, and the dosage should be sufficient to ensure adequate nutrient supply, otherwise organic vegetables will have fertilizer deficiency symptoms, slow growth and affect yield. In view of the slow release of effective nutrients in the early stage of organic fertilizer, some allowable microorganisms, such as rhizobia, Bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, etc., can be used to accelerate the release and accumulation of nutrients and promote the effective utilization of nutrients by organic vegetables through the activities of these beneficial bacteria.
2. Fertilization technology: Green manure has the function of nitrogen fixation, and planting green manure can obtain rich nitrogen sources and improve soil organic matter content. Generally, the yield of each green manure is 2000kg, the nitrogen content is 0.3% and 0.4%, and the nitrogen fixation is 68kg. There are more than 50 kinds of green manure, such as Chinese milk vetch, vetch seed, alfalfa, Artemisia branch, orchid seed, kudzu bean and sweet clover.
3. Types of fertilizers that are allowed to be used: organic fertilizers, including animal manure and residues, vegetable retting fertilizers, green fertilizers, plant ash, cake fertilizers, etc. Minerals, including potassium mineral powder, phosphate rock powder, calcium chloride and other substances; In addition, it also includes organic special fertilizers and some microbial fertilizers certified by organic certification bodies.
4. Harmless treatment of fertilizer: the organic fertilizer should be treated harmlessly two months before application, and the fertilizer should be wetted by water, piled up and covered with plastic film to make it fully fermented and decomposed. During fermentation, the temperature in the compost is as high as 60℃, which can effectively kill diseases, weeds and pests in farm manure, and the treated fertilizer is easy to be absorbed and utilized by vegetables.
5, the use of fertilizer
(1) Fertilization amount: When fertilizer is used in the land where organic vegetables are planted, vegetable planting and fertilization should be carried out at the same time. The ratio of animal and plant fertilizers should be controlled at 1: 1. Generally, 3000-4000 kg of organic fertilizer is applied per mu, and the organic special fertilizer is topdressing 100 kg.
(2) Plantar fertilization: 80% of the total fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer, and the fertilizer is evenly mixed into the plough layer in combination with the cultivated land to facilitate root absorption.
(3) Skillful topdressing: For vegetables with high planting density and shallow roots, the way of topdressing can be adopted. When the vegetables grow to 3-4 leaves, spread the dried fine fertilizer evenly in the vegetable field and water it in time. For vegetables with large row spacing and concentrated roots, topdressing can be applied in the border strip, and the roots should not be damaged when ditching, and watering should be done in time after covering the soil. For vegetables with large plant spacing, the method of opening holes and topdressing can be used.
(4) Diseases, pests and weeds
1, agricultural measures
(1) Choose the appropriate vegetable species and varieties: Among many vegetables, vegetables with special smells have fewer pests. Such as leeks, garlic, onions, lettuce, celery, carrots and so on. ; Soybeans are more choices among organic vegetables. After the vegetable varieties are determined, it is very important to choose the varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases.
(2) Reasonable rotation: Continuous cropping of vegetables will cause obstacles and aggravate the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. The production of organic vegetables can be rotated between paddy and upland, which can change and disrupt the microclimate law of pest occurrence in the ecological environment and reduce the occurrence and harm of pests.
(3) Scientific management: In areas with high groundwater level and abundant rainfall, deep furrows and high ridges are beneficial to irrigation and drainage and keep the humidity of soil and air appropriate. Generally speaking, the germination of disease spores depends on water conditions first. In protected cultivation, combining with timely ventilation, controlling the humidity and temperature in facilities and creating a humidity and temperature environment that is not conducive to the occurrence of pests and diseases have a good effect on preventing and alleviating diseases. In addition, it is also an important aspect to remove fallen buds, flowers, fruits, residual plants and weeds in time, clean up fields and eliminate intermediate hosts and sources of infection of pests and diseases.
2. Biological and physical control: Organic vegetable planting can use natural enemies of pests to prey on and control pests. You can also use the inherent phototaxis and taste tropism of pests to kill pests. Among them, pheromone attractants, black light to kill moth pests and yellow board to kill aphids are widely used to kill pests and protect beneficial insects.
3. Minerals and phytochemicals used for prevention and control: The mixture of sulfur, lime and Bordeaux stone sulfur can be used for prevention and control of pests and diseases. Plants that can be used for organic vegetable production include pyrethrum, houttuynia cordata, garlic, mint, melia azedarach and so on. For example, neem oil is 2000~3000 times to control liriomyza sativae, and Ai Ju is 30g/L (fresh weight) to control aphids and mites.
4. Weed control: Generally, manual weeding is used to remove weeds in time, or black plastic film can be used to cover weeds to inhibit their growth. When using organic fertilizer containing weeds, it needs to be thoroughly decomposed to kill weed seeds and reduce the number of weed seeds brought into vegetable fields. Adopt cultivation techniques (such as crop rotation, planting green manure, fallow, etc.) to control weeds. ) limiting the growth and development of weeds; Provide straw mulch for weeding; Allow the use of mechanical and electric weeding; It is forbidden to use genetic engineering products and chemical herbicides to weed.
Pollution-free vegetable
Organic vegetables, also known as eco-vegetables, refer to vegetables from the organic agricultural production system, which are produced according to the international technical standards of organic agriculture and certified by an independent organic food certification body, and are allowed to use the organic food mark. Organic vegetables must be produced in accordance with the mode of organic agriculture in the whole production process, that is, the production technical standards of organic food must be strictly followed in the whole production process.
Pollution-free vegetables are different from organic vegetables, and many people confuse them. In fact, organic vegetables and pollution-free vegetables are clean vegetables, but there are similarities and differences.
1, same point
The production base (that is, the environment) of both have not been destroyed, and water (irrigation water), soil (soil) and gas (air) have not been polluted. Secondly, the post-harvest (including post-harvest washing, sorting, packaging, processing, transportation, storage, sales and other links) is not subject to secondary pollution.
2. Difference
Organic vegetables do not use chemical substances such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators, and genetic engineering technology is not used in the production process. At the same time, it must go through the whole process of quality control and review by an independent organic food certification body, and it is allowed to use organic fertilizers, mainly base fertilizers. Non-chemical means such as insect nets or biological pesticides are used instead of chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases. Pollution-free vegetables are green pollution-free vegetables that do not use chemical fertilizers or chemical pesticides, and their product residues are determined to be within the scope stipulated by the state.
Therefore, organic vegetables and pollution-free vegetables have similarities and differences. Organic vegetables are pollution-free vegetables, and pollution-free vegetables are not necessarily organic vegetables.
3, the difference between organic vegetables and pollution-free vegetables and green vegetables
Classification of vegetables Chemical pesticides and fertilizers Use growth regulators Organic vegetables Prohibit use Prohibit use Prohibit use Green vegetables Restrict use Restrict use Restrict use Pollution-free vegetables Restrict use Restrict use Not restrict use.
Table: Differences among Organic Vegetables, Pollution-free Vegetables and Green Vegetables
Nutritional advantage
Organic vegetables are called "pure and pure" food, and there are very strict requirements from base to production, from processing to listing. In many processes of organic vegetables from production to processing, it is absolutely forbidden to use synthetic substances such as pesticides, fertilizers, hormones and transgenic plants. When producing and processing organic vegetables, strict production, quality control and management systems must be established. Compared with other vegetables, organic vegetables emphasize the environmental safety in the whole process of production, processing and consumption, and highlight the sustainable and coordinated development of human beings, nature and society.
Purchase logo
1. See certification: When buying organic vegetables, pay attention to the certification mark on the package. One of the most authoritative organic food certification bodies in China is the Organic Food Development Center (OFDC) of the State Environmental Protection Administration. In China, the certification method of organic food is the combination of on-site inspection and certification with product sampling inspection. The certification of organic food focuses on the true records of farming operations and the purchase and use records of production materials. Since July of 20 12 and 1 year, this series of organic packaged foods has a traceability code.
2. Store recognition: Choose a regular store to buy organic vegetables. Consumers can go to organic food stores or regular supermarkets to buy, because the source of vegetables from market vendors is often changing and unstable. If you don't know much about organic vegetables, I suggest you go to a reputable organic food store to buy them. Supermarkets are also a good choice. Sometimes supermarkets are cheaper than organic food stores because they buy in bulk.
3. Look at the packaging: When buying organic vegetables, pay attention to whether the relevant information (name, address and telephone number) of the producer and verification unit is clearly marked on the packaging bag, and you can consult the relevant websites or departments according to this information.
4, taste the taste: organic vegetables are very crisp to eat, it gives you a fresh feeling, even after cooking, there will still be a different feeling, this taste can not be done by processed vegetables.
Development situation
According to relevant data, organic vegetables do not need pesticides and fertilizers, and the planting requirements are very strict. It tastes safe and can prevent cancer. Some people have started to buy organic vegetables for several years, but because of the price, there are fewer consumers and the purchase volume is relatively low. Although organic vegetables have some regular consumers, the high price is an indisputable fact. Even in the peak season of Spring Festival consumption, it is tepid and cannot arouse more people's desire to buy.
1, difficult to distinguish: Many consumers said that the dazzling array of "green", "organic" and "pollution-free" signs on the goods made it difficult for consumers to distinguish. From June 5438 to 10, 2007, Quality Weekly reported that a company in Shenyang used other companies' green food labels to sell vegetables without the permission of the national legal institutions, and passed ordinary vegetables off as green vegetables into more than a dozen large supermarkets in Shenyang. There are indeed loopholes in the identification of organic vegetables. If the supplier is out of stock at one time, it is not excluded that organic labels may be attached to pollution-free vegetables.
2, unacceptable: a catty of ordinary cucumber is about 2 yuan, and a catty of organic cucumber is 7~9 yuan; Ordinary tomatoes cost about 2.50 yuan a catty, and organic vegetables are sold to 6~7 yuan. In many supermarkets and supermarkets, there are far more people watching organic vegetables than buying them, and many people still can't accept the surprisingly high price. Organic vegetables are kept at 3~5 times that of ordinary vegetables. Is it a high investment or a bluff? Chen, a technical expert of Xinghui Vegetable Co., Ltd., the largest vegetable base of the Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Group, said that just applying to become an organic vegetable base has many requirements. For example, banned substances such as chemical pesticides and fertilizers cannot be used within three years, and the water quality purification in the early stage should cost at least 300,000 yuan per mu. The weeding, insect killing and insect catching processes must be manual operations to avoid pollution. Labor cost is not a small expense, plus the annual organic certification fee of 654.38 million yuan and agriculture. In fact, organic vegetables are hard to make money. Choose export industries that can grow good vegetables. After all, its profit is 3-5 times that of China, and its investment is not that big.
3. Difficult to scale: Can scale reduce the price of organic vegetables? There are only a handful of organic vegetable brands. According to experts, organic vegetables account for 3%~5% of the total vegetable area in the world. According to this ratio, the area of organic vegetables in 500,000 mu vegetable area can be developed to1.5 ~ 20,000 mu, but in fact, the area of organic vegetables in 500,000 mu vegetable area is less than 3,000 mu. Growing organic vegetables has less profit and more investment, and most domestic producers choose to give up instead of large-scale operation. Many people in the industry pointed out that organic vegetables are the general trend, but it will take time.