Clear manuscript woman:
The Qing dynasty had a unique female champion system, which was selected once every three years. The selected women are all Manchu Eight Banners women, and Han women are not allowed to be selected. According to the regulations of the Qing court, all Manchu girls in the Eight Banners aged 13- 17 should submit records to the relevant departments every year. When they are selected as female practitioners, they will be sent to the harem for the emperor, queen mother and queen to choose. In the Qing Dynasty, women who participated in the elections in the capital and all parts of the country gathered in front of the Shenwumen Gate in the north gate of Miyagi before the specified time, arranged in batches according to their age, and then led by eunuchs, passed through Shunzhen Gate and were selected by the queen. Some of the elected women became concubines of the emperor, others were assigned to princes, county kings, princes and grandchildren, and some served in the court.
From the time of Shunzhi, it was stipulated in the Qing Dynasty that all women aged 13 to 16 from the Eight Banners family must participate in the emperor's draft every three years. Those who are chosen must stay in the palace and become the concubines of the emperor, or be blessed by the royal family. Those who have not participated in the draft are not allowed to get married. When reading the selection, according to the order of the Eight Banners, usually seven or eight people stand in a row and are selected by the emperor and the empress dowager. Write down the names of the selected women on each line and keep them in the palace for filing. This list is called "Showing Women's Volleyball List" in the document. The harem of the Qing dynasty, from the queen to the maid-in-waiting, was selected from the women of the flag bearer. The flag bearer is also different from the Eight Banners and the Three Banners painted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Eight Banners, including Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners, Han Eight Banners and * * * Twenty-four Banners, were the main pillars on which the Qing regime depended. The coated three flags of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are all slaves of the Qing royal family, and their political status is different. Therefore, although the women of the Eight Banners and Three Banners in the early Qing Dynasty were called female teachers, their selection methods and status in the palace were also different. The Eight Banners women's school is selected once every three years, presided over by the Ministry of Housing, and can prepare for the selection of empresses or marry an imperial clan (that is, within three generations, with close blood relationship); Three Banners are selected once a year and presided over by the Ministry of the Interior. Although some of them were eventually promoted to concubines, all the girls who took charge of harem chores were painted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the woman who wanted to choose the Three Banners was no longer called a woman xiu, but when choosing a maid-in-waiting, she explicitly said "introduce the maid-in-waiting of the Three Banners". Therefore, it is the Eight Banners female xiu who can become the empresses of the Qing court. The purpose of choosing female practitioners is not only to enrich the emperor's harem, but also for the marriage of royal descendants, or the marriage of princes, county kings and their sons. The importance is self-evident. For female practitioners, it is not so simple to walk into the high palace walls of the Forbidden City. They must go through a series of inspections.
First of all, it is necessary to strictly examine the flag genus and age. Those who are not in the flag want to participate in the draft, and the potential is higher than the sky; Those who want to escape from the draft in the flag are asking for it. According to the Shunzhi Dynasty, all women who were officers of the Eight Banners of the Manchu, Mongolian and Han armies from 14 to 16 years old, non-commissioned officers of other families and idle young men had to participate in the triennial alternating show, and women over 17 years old no longer participated. The fifth year of Qianlong (1740) further stipulates that flag-bearer women who fail to participate in the reading and selection for various reasons within the specified time will still participate in the reading and selection next time. Women who have not been selected for study are not allowed to get married privately even in their twenties. If there is any violation, the chief executive of her flag will be investigated and punished. However, in the second year after the release of this regulation, Depei, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, played on it and asked Emperor Qianlong to allow his son Zhi Heng, who was seventeen years old, to marry the daughter of Matai, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. However, Martai's daughter did not participate in the draft. Emperor Qianlong was very angry about this matter and ordered Depei to go to Beijing immediately to give a face-to-face lecture. At the same time, he stressed: "I made rules in North Korea, and I chose to allow me to get married after reading it. Anyone who is a standard bearer should be respected and obeyed. Recently, there are still things that have not been chosen to hire Xu Zi, ministers and other responsible people. Although they owe me, it has nothing to do with the system. Choose to watch the Eight Banners Female Xiu. It turned out that Wang and his brother chose Fujin. If you made a promise before you were elected, it's not because you abandoned the old system, you are afraid of those who are not responsible for playing, or those who dare not play, and your daughter who has made a promise, because I don't know, I mean others. Besides, the Eight Banners nun went to see it when she was thirteen or fourteen, and she was not afraid of delay. "Here, Emperor Qianlong plausibly said three reasons: First, the three-year draft woman is to choose a wife for the princes, not to enrich the harem for herself; Second, once someone's marriage is broken up because of the draft, it is also because it does not abide by "I am customized". It is not the responsibility of the royal family to break the law first; Third, even if you wait for a three-year or two-year draft, the woman who wants to draft is only 16 or 17 years old, and will not delay her life. Finally, Emperor Qianlong ordered that "the Eight Banners were passed by the Ministry of Housing, and all young women who were not elected were not allowed to get married without permission. They must abide by the rules and get married after being selected. "After twenty years of Qianlong (1755), another item was added. If a scholar who should be studying married the royal family without permission before being studied, her mother's family photo would hide her case. As for the age of participation, according to the records of the Qing Dynasty, the youngest is eleven years old and the oldest is twenty years old.
Compared with the previous dynasties, the Qing Dynasty was more merciful and humane. In the Qing dynasty, there were only one or two hundred maids in the palace, and there were about one hundred who could get close to the emperor. In the Qing Dynasty, few girls were completely absent, because the Qing court stipulated that girls were not favored by the emperor, and they were sent out of the palace in their twenties (twenties, twenties, twenties and thirties) and married alone.
The history books record the details of the draft women in the Qing Dynasty: every flag reports 65,438+04-65,438+06 (or 65,438+03-65,438+07) women in the flag every year. During the election, the leaders and ushers of each flag are responsible for sending the women waiting to be elected to the special car and transporting them to the palace, which is concentrated in the north gate of Miyagi-Shenwumen. The motorcade carrying the female repairman must drive at night. After the female candidates arrived at Shenwumen, they entered Shenwumen under the guidance of the internal supervisor, passed through the door and waited outside Shunzhen Gate for selection, led by officials from the Ministry of Housing. The selection was presided over by the eunuch. The girls were brought to the eunuch in groups of five, and the eunuch lined up and looked at them carefully. If you like, leave your name and brand, which is called brand. The sign reads: the daughter of an official, a Manchu or Mongolian or Han soldier in a banner, how old is she? At noon, when the primary election is over, those who are not selected will be picked up by the flag car. Women who pass the primary election must be re-elected after entering the palace. Try to embroider brocade, hold broom and other skills when checking again, and observe their appearance and behavior. If you fail, you will be eliminated for the second time and sent out of the palace. This is called signing.
Spring outing in the Ice Room records an unprecedented anti-Shanghai incident when Xianfeng first selected beautiful girls in the early years. At that time, the Taiping Army swept the southeast, moved south along the Yangtze River, and conquered Nanjing, an important town in the south of the Yangtze River. Shi Jing shook, Ye Chao panicked. When Emperor Xianfeng heard the news, he couldn't sleep well. He talked with ministers about the major events of fighting and defending every day until the Japanese exhibition. At this time, it happened to be the routine selection of female practitioners. Most of these candidates are boudoir ladies and young. They suddenly left home, separated from their loved ones, had a hard journey, and were extremely uncomfortable to eat and live. Their mood can be imagined. They stood outside the palace gate of Kunning Palace as usual, waiting for the holy drive. The Sheng family was busy with military affairs, and when they didn't come, the rebellion broke out among the girls.
The selection of female students is presided over by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Deacons and eunuchs share the responsibilities of guarding, sorting, dispatching and issuing orders. At dawn, the nun was taken to Kunning Palace by eunuchs and stood outside the palace gate, waiting to be selected. But by the afternoon, there was still no sign of the emperor. Tired and hungry, the girls stood there and couldn't help crying at each other. How can it be so painful to wait for the emperor's beauty pageant in the forbidden area of the court and cry at each other? A eunuch standing by immediately stepped forward and shouted, "The emperor is here. Are you still crying? Aren't you afraid of whips? " It is Jiao Jiao Nuxiu who is full of sadness and regret. When they heard this reprimand, they cared for each other for a while, and they became more and more afraid and angry. The nun shivered and almost fainted. The eunuchs tried to intimidate again. Female xiu flew into a rage and asked loudly. The eunuchs were dumbfounded.
Female repair snapped, "I heard that the court has its own time to set things up. Nowadays, Enemy at the Gates and Peking don't pay salaries. People in the city struggle on the food and clothing line and live on porridge. Our family had no food, father and son didn't protect each other, and we didn't hear that we were going to choose a leader, so we summoned the wise men. Choose a concubine today and a woman tomorrow. I heard that there was no way to be a bad king in ancient times, but now it's ... "(Translation: leave home, bid farewell to parents, and enter the palace. If you are chosen, you will be claustrophobic for life and never see your parents again. Where will you go? Can people be heartless? Why don't you cry? I'm not afraid of death, but also of whips? "The eunuch stood aside, and before she came to her senses, the nun said," Besides, the enemy and bandits are everywhere. In just a few years, they occupied the Yangtze River, and now they have captured Jinling, and most of the world has been lost. The emperor did not ask for generals and ministers, but actively fought to recover lost ground and save the great cause of his ancestors. But he also went easy on women, forcibly took them away and imprisoned them in the palace, so that they would never see the light of day, just to satisfy their temporary happiness and abandon their ancestors! I'm not afraid of death, and I'm afraid of whips! " )
The unprecedented remarks of the female practitioner were both harsh and pioneering, and the eunuch was dumbfounded for a while. Eunuchs have never said such things, nor have they heard ladies-in-waiting or female candidates say such things. The eunuch came to her senses and jumped in horror, covering the female xiu's mouth to prevent her from talking nonsense. Just then, Emperor Xianfeng returned from North Korea, and the imperial chariot had arrived here.
The eunuchs seized the female xiu and pulled her to the front of Emperor Xianfeng. The eunuchs knelt down in fear to meet the coachman, while the woman stood there stubbornly and refused to bend her knees. In fact, Emperor Xianfeng had heard some words from the female xiu before he arrived. At this time, Emperor Xianfeng smiled and asked the woman what she had just said. The nun showed no fear, but Kan Kan still answered correctly and said it again. Emperor Xianfeng, who was reprimanded face to face by a scholar, was not angry, but said admiringly, "This is really strange girl!" And ordered his immediate release. Emperor Xianfeng personally led the nun to appear before the queen in the palace. The nun met the queen. When a royal mansion had just been widowed and planned to continue to get married, the nun was accused of getting married and became Wang Fu's second wife. All the other candidates have returned to China.