Tobacco harm
objectionable constituents
The smoke produced by tobacco combustion is a complex mixture of more than 7,000 compounds, of which gas accounts for 95%, such as carbon monoxide, cyanogen hydride and volatile nitrosamines, and particulate matter accounts for 5%, including semi-volatile and non-volatile substances, such as tobacco tar and nicotine. Most of these compounds are harmful to human body, of which at least 69 are known carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines, and nicotine is an addictive substance.
Second-hand smoking (SHS) refers to the smoke discharged from the burning end of cigarettes or other tobacco products, which is usually mixed with the smoke discharged by smokers. Secondhand smoke contains hundreds of known toxic or carcinogenic substances, including formaldehyde, benzene, vinyl chloride, arsenic, ammonia and hydrocyanic acid. Secondhand smoke has been identified as a class A carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Compared with the smoke inhaled by smokers themselves, the concentration of many carcinogenic and toxic chemicals in second-hand smoke is higher.
Smoking disease
1. Cardiovascular diseases: Smoking is related to coronary heart disease, hypertension, sudden death and thromboangiitis obliterans. Smoking can promote thrombosis and reduce the sensitivity of human body to the precursors of heart disease.
2. Respiratory diseases: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer.
3. Diseases of digestive system: peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal cancer, colon diseases, pancreatic cancer and gastric cancer.
4. Cerebrovascular diseases: Smoking increases the risk of cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In addition, smoking can also damage brain cells, memory, thinking ability, and cause mental disorders.
5. Endocrine diseases: Smoking 20 cigarettes a day can increase the risk of diabetes by 1 fold. Smoking can also promote thyroid diseases.
6. Oral diseases: such as lip cancer, oral cancer, oral leukoplakia, candida albicans infection, oral mucosal pigmentation, oral odor, etc.
7. Ophthalmic diseases mainly include toxic optic neuropathy, decreased visual adaptability, macular degeneration and cataract.
Smoking and ectopic pregnancy
In the past 20 years, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy (mainly tubal pregnancy) among women all over the world has increased by two or three times. In the past, it was thought that the main causes of ectopic pregnancy were pelvic inflammatory disease and sexually transmitted diseases. However, why is ectopic pregnancy still on the rise in areas where the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease and sexually transmitted diseases is declining? Experts have been looking for new risk factors of ectopic pregnancy, one of which is smoking. Experts have found that no matter how the history of sexual life, pelvic infection, birth control and childbirth changes, the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy is obviously related to the amount of smoke inhaled by pregnant women. The researchers divided pregnant women into two groups. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in smoking group was 40.65438 0%, while that in non-smoking group was 29.7%. There is a significant difference between the two groups. A research team from the University of Washington conducted a case-control study on 274 patients with ectopic pregnancy and 727 pregnant women in the same period, and concluded that the risk of tubal pregnancy among smokers was 40% higher than that of non-smokers.
The cause of ectopic pregnancy caused by smoking in pregnant women, the study found that smoke can stimulate the wall of small blood vessels and make it thicker, so the blood circulation in the pelvic cavity changes, which leads to a series of changes such as implantation variation of fertilized eggs. Some people think that nicotine destroys the microfilament structure of fallopian tube that sends eggs to uterus, so that fertilized eggs can not be transported to uterus normally. So, what about in America? If you are pregnant, please stop smoking at once? Slogan. Pregnant women should not only smoke, but also avoid going to smoky places.
Smoking and infertility
The fertilization rate of female eggs who smoke is greatly weakened. Compared with non-smoking women, smoking women are 2.7 times more likely to suffer from infertility than non-smoking women. American researchers found that the fertility of smokers is 72% lower than that of non-smokers. British researchers found that Ding Ning, the decomposition product of nicotine, had a significant effect on the pregnancy of 45 infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Researchers believe that Ding Ning can affect the production of estrogen in women's reproductive cycle, but the proportion of fertilized eggs of women in Ding Ning is 60% lower than that of women without this substance. If the husband smokes, the situation is even worse. Statistics show that couples who smoke are 5.3 times more likely to be infertile than couples who don't smoke.
Smoking and dysmenorrhea
Many smokers say that smoking makes people feel? Is it easy? ,? Relieve tension? , let him (her)? Do you feel good? . However, the research of the University of Milan in Italy shows that this kind of temporality? Is it easy? It can cause dysmenorrhea, which is what women call fatal stomachache. Doctors observed 25 1 women, ranging in age from 15 to 44. During the follow-up of 18 months, it was found that compared with non-smokers, women who smoked 10 ~ 30 cigarettes a day had twice the risk of dysmenorrhea except fibroadenoma, ovarian cyst and endometriosis. Women who smoke 10 ~ 20 years are almost three times more likely to suffer from dysmenorrhea than non-smokers. The reason is that smoking constricts blood vessels, narrows them and slows down blood flow. According to expert analysis, this may partly explain the cause of dysmenorrhea, that is, smoking also reduces the blood flow of endometrium, which leads to painful spasm.
Premature menopause
According to the report of American Medical Tribune 1994, a study shows that women who started smoking before 17 years old or smoked a pack of cigarettes every day for 20 years will be 2 to 3 times more likely to have menopause before 40 years old. The researchers selected 344 natural menopausal women before the age of 47 and 344 age-matched women who were still menstruating or menopausal after the age of 47 as the control group. The results showed that compared with the non-smoking control group, the menopause rate of women who had smoked increased by 43% between the ages of 45 and 54. It is worth noting that smoking is a risk factor for ovarian failure at any age. Smoking is not only related to ovarian failure at the age of 40, but also a risk factor at the age of 25 to 30. Why does smoking lead to early menopause? Studies have shown that some components in smoke are toxic to follicles, leading to premature disappearance of follicles. Or because of estrogen deficiency. Smoking leads to menopause about 1 ~ 3 years earlier.
Will make osteoporosis
A study of 465,438+0 pairs of twin sisters by doctors at the University of Melbourne in Australia confirmed that women who smoke have more fragile bones and are more prone to fracture in their later years. 4 1 Twin sisters, smokers and non-smokers, aged between 23 and 73, were paired, and the bone mineral density of their lumbar vertebrae, femoral neck and femoral shaft was measured. For women who continue to smoke as adults, the average bone mass index of smokers is 5% ~ 10% lower than that of non-smokers. Bone mineral density was measured every 10 year. Compared with non-smokers, the bone mineral density of lumbar spine is 2% lower, the femoral neck is 2% lower and the femoral shaft is 1.4% lower. Research shows that for every 65438 00% decrease in bone density, the bone strength decreases by 30%. Within 10 years, as long as the bone mineral density decreases 10%, the incidence of femoral neck fracture will increase by 44%. It is estimated in the United States that about 250,000 people are hospitalized every year for femoral neck fractures caused by osteoporosis, and the number of women is 6-8 times that of men. About 50,000 people die every year, which is the same as that of breast cancer.
A study by Harvard Medical School in the United States shows that if women still smoke after menopause, the protective effect of estrogen therapy may be reduced. He said:? Women who smoke take estrogen and have the same risk of hip fracture as women who don't take estrogen. ?
Can lead to urinary incontinence
A study of 1992 showed that the risk of urinary incontinence of smoking women increased by 1.5 times, and that of quitting smoking women increased by 1.2 times. The researchers observed 322 middle-aged women with urinary incontinence and 284 women of the same age without urinary incontinence. Compared with women without urinary incontinence, most women with urinary incontinence are smokers or former smokers. The more you smoke, the easier it is to get urinary incontinence. The total risk of bladder control problems among smokers and former smokers increased by 28%.
Cough may be an important cause of urinary incontinence in smokers. Cough is severe enough to cause physical damage to the muscles that control the flow of urine. Animal experiments have proved that nicotine can damage bladder muscles that control urine flow through its toxins. Of course, aging and childbearing will weaken and sag the structures that support the bladder, such as the pelvic floor, leading to urinary incontinence.
Reduce breast milk secretion
American researchers have found that another harmful effect of smoking on infants is to reduce the quantity and quality of breast milk secretion. The researchers said that the milk production of smoking women two weeks after delivery was 2 1% less than that of non-smoking women. The secretion decreased by 43% at 4 weeks after delivery, but the difference was 46% at 6 weeks after delivery. The fat content in milk of smoking women is 65438 09% less than that of non-smoking women. If a mother gives up smoking, her milk secretion will increase, which means that the adverse effects of smoking will weaken or disappear after quitting smoking. Its mechanism remains to be studied.
Be prone to heart disease
Women who smoke and take birth control pills will significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction. A study conducted in the United States during this period investigated 5779 women aged 18 ~ 44, and found that 7.4% of them both smoked and took birth control pills, and 1. 1% of them smoked more than 20 cigarettes a day. Research and analysis show that the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in women who smoke and take contraceptives is 200% higher than that in the general population.
American researchers have studied more than 2,000 women and found that women who smoke more than 25 cigarettes a day and use oral contraceptives suffer the most, and their probability of myocardial infarction is 13 times that of non-smoking women. Studies have shown that smoking and birth control pills increase the possibility of blood clots. Japanese research reports that the mortality rate of myocardial infarction caused by smoking and taking oral contraceptives is 1 1.7 times higher than that of non-smokers. The older you get, the longer you smoke, and the higher your mortality rate. Therefore, the US Food and Drug Administration has indicated in the instructions of oral contraceptives that no smoking is allowed.
Promote aging
As early as 1928, Dr. Bohr of Hopkins Medical College put forward the theory that hypoxia can accelerate aging for the first time when studying cell biology. Smoking leads to long-term hypoxia in the body and decreased estrogen secretion, leading to premature aging. American scholars divide some smoking women of similar age into four groups according to the length of smoking time and the amount of smoking. The results show that long-term smokers and heavy smokers enter menopause early, their lips and eyes wrinkle prematurely, their teeth turn yellow, their skin is rough, they lose their elasticity and plump appearance, and they show some signs of aging prematurely.
Current situation of China
The current situation of women
There are more than 300 million smokers in China, and the number of people who die from tobacco-related diseases exceeds 1 10,000 every year, which exceeds the sum of AIDS, tuberculosis, traffic accidents and suicide deaths. The survey results in 2002 showed that the smoking rate of people over 0/5 years old in China was 35.8%, among which the smoking rates of men and women were 66.0% and 3. 1% respectively. In China, more than 97% of smokers are men, while in China, more than half of women of childbearing age are often exposed to second-hand smoke. Worldwide, 64% of the more than 600,000 people who die from secondhand smoke every year are women.
Create a school
Creating a good smoke-free environment for young students and educating them not to smoke is not only conducive to the healthy development of students' physical and mental health, but also has far-reaching strategic significance for strengthening national physique, improving the health level of the whole people and establishing good social customs. To this end, we advocate the active participation of all faculty and staff? Create a smoke-free school? Go to an activity. School leaders will lead by example and not smoke. Smoking is strictly prohibited in classrooms, laboratories, libraries, conference rooms, offices and other public places. Smoking utensils are not installed anywhere in the school, and cigarettes are not provided to visitors. Actively publicize the scientific knowledge that smoking is harmful to health, advocate and form a good atmosphere for students to actively persuade parents and teachers to quit smoking and ban smoking, and put smoking ban into the track of spiritual civilization construction. From 65438 to 0998-2002, the China/WHO Health Promotion School Project was launched in Jiaxing. By the end of 2007, there were 4 gold schools, 24 silver schools and 26 bronze schools in the province, all of which won prizes? Health promotion school? Honorary schools are required to meet the standards of smoke-free schools.
ban opium smoking and trafficking
Only 5% of the people in the world live in countries where tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship are completely banned, and half of the children live in countries where the free sale of tobacco products is not restricted. Because tobacco advertisements can be transferred to other propaganda media, the impact of some bans on the demand for tobacco products is very small or almost zero. One of the most effective ways for a country to protect people's health is to ban any form of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Only a total and complete ban can reduce the consumption of tobacco products. The national survey found that after banning tobacco advertising, the consumption of tobacco products decreased by 16%.
Do not smoke.
May 3 1 is the annual World No Tobacco Day, 20 1 1, Li Yanhong and Bill? Gates represents Baidu Public Welfare Foundation and Bill and Melinda respectively. The Gates Foundation signed a strategic alliance agreement to advocate a healthy lifestyle and promote the healthy development of China and the world. And propose? Smoked, I won't do it? Slogan. 20 13 On the 26th World No Tobacco Day, Li Yanhong once again advocated rejecting second-hand smoke in a public service advertisement organized by the National Health Planning Commission. For the health of yourself and others, please confidently safeguard your health rights and interests: I won't do it if I am smoked!
Smoke-free Olympics