In slave society, living sacrifice is a very cruel system. Some people were buried alive, others were killed or committed suicide and buried with them. China's martyrdom system, as far as archaeological discoveries are concerned, first began in the Yin and Shang Dynasties.

Businessmen believe that the soul lives in another world after death, and the grave is the owner's residence in another world. Everything is carried out in accordance with the ritual system of "death is like life, death is like existence". After the death of the slave owners and nobles, they all used slaves to die for their slavery after death. In the tombs of slave owners excavated in Anyang, Henan Province, usually a few or dozens of people died, and in some big tombs, 200 to 300 people died. Some of them are samurai slaves with swords beside their skeletons; Some skeletons have chariots and horses next to them, which are slaves to drive cars; Some skeletons have dog bones and are slaves of dogs; Some skeletons have no skulls beside them, and the skulls are on the other side. They are slaves who were killed and sacrificed. Some skeletons have their upper hand bones tied behind their backs, showing obvious signs of struggle. They are slaves buried alive.

After Shang Dynasty, there was the custom of martyrdom in Zhou, Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period and Qin Dynasty. The article "Mozi Festival Burial" said: "There are hundreds of emperors who killed martyrs, and dozens of widows; Generals and doctors killed dozens of martyrs, only a handful of them. Mozi is talking about the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. " "Miscellanies of Xijing" contains: "The tomb of the king of seclusion is very tall and solid. When the door is opened, it is full of stone and chalk. If you remove Zhang Yu, you will get mica, which is more than a foot deep. When you see more than a hundred bodies, they are immortal. The only man, the rest are women, sitting or lying, still standing, wearing all kinds of clothes, not strangers. "The only man should be the king, and more than one hundred women should be buried maids and concubines.

The State of Qin began to bury the living in Qin Wugong. Records of the Historian Qin Benji said, "When Wu Gong died, Yong Yang was buried. At first, 66 people died. After Qin Mugong's death, even more people died. According to Records of the Historian Qin Benji, "In thirty-nine years, Miao (Mu) died and was buried in Yong, with 177 dead. Qin Zhiliang's courtiers and Yu's three names, namely, Zhong Xing and Zhen Xuan, also died one after another. Qin people mourned it with the poem "Yellow Bird". "Shaanxi Fengxiang excavated Qin Jinggong's tomb and found that there were more than 100 martyrdom slaves.

Qin dynasty abolished the system of human sacrifice in 384 BC, and Historical Records of Qin Benji said: "Sacrifice ends in the year of A.D.. But this is not the case. After the death of Qin Shihuang, the number of people who died for him is rare in history. When Qin Shihuang died in the thirty-seventh year, Qin Ershi issued an imperial edict, saying, "If the first emperor's harem doesn't have a son, it's not appropriate to keep him, so he was forced to die. "Those who have no children in the harem are martyrdom, so there are many dead." "Historical Records of Qin Benji" also said: "At the time of burial, or when the craftsman took the opportunity, Zang (referring to slaves) knew it, and Zang was the most important. After the great event, those who admired outside and closed their craftsmen did not make a comeback. "In order to worry about these craftsmen revealing the secrets in the tomb, they were executed. It is estimated that there will be tens of thousands of martyrs in Qin Shihuang's tomb.

The important feature of the imperial tombs in Han and Tang dynasties is not to be buried with people, but with the burial system, that is, to let the royal family and nobles be buried with the nearby imperial tombs after their death.

Since the Song Dynasty, Khitan, Nuzhen, Mongolia, Manchu and other frontier nationalities have successively entered the Central Plains, and all have the tradition of martyrdom, which has prompted the resurgence of martyrdom in the Central Plains. The martyrdom of imperial servants began in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. A Qing Zhao Yi's Notes on Twenty-two Histories said: "When Taizu collapsed, eunuchs died, and when Wen Jian and Yongle were founded, they were given preferential treatment one after another. For example, Zhang Feng, Heng Li, Zhao Fu, Zhang Bi and Wang Bin all inherited thousands of royal guards. Some people called them "women in heaven" and their ancestors were kind. Judy, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, died. More than 30 people died at that time. According to the records of the Li Dynasty, more than 30 people died when the emperor collapsed. On the day of death, all the soldiers were paid in court, and they were all taken to the temple pavilion in the hall, shaking with tears. There is a big bed and a small bed in the hall, so that they can stand on them, surround them with ropes and stick their heads in. Then they went to sleep and died. " When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty died, ten concubines died. There was a maid-in-waiting named Ai Guo who had been in the palace for less than a month. Xuanzong is dead. When she was told that she was on the list of martyrs, she was a god-fearing person and wrote a poem about Breaking Bad:

There are several shortcomings, but so are the shortcomings;

Life is like a dream, and death is also a feeling;

Losing a relative to Xi is a shame to be unfilial;

Sadness can't be sad, you can mourn.

In the Ming Dynasty, Zhou Wang Youshu was stewed to death, and Ming Yingzong instructed him: "When the king is in Japan, he should be as frugal as possible after his death, and his wife is below, so he doesn't have to die. It's a pity that Yingzong's instructions haven't arrived yet. Gongfei, Lady Shi, Euclid, Chen, Zhang, Han and Li have been buried from the dead. Ming Yingzong opposes human martyrdom. On his deathbed, he said: "I can't bear to be martyred by human beings, and this matter will end on its own." At the same time, he gave the title to the martyred imperial secretary. His book says: "I am committed to righteousness, and I should recommend my nickname with the dragon to show my respect." The title given by Yingzong to the concubines who died for Zhu Youdun, the king of Zhou Dynasty, was "Zhenlie" and the title of his wife was "Zhenshun" in recognition of their virtues of loyalty, fortitude and obedience. Since Yingzong, there has been no human sacrifice in the Ming Dynasty.

2 China's martyrdom system

"China Ancient Martyrdom Test" said: "The ancestors of the Qing Dynasty also ordered 30 people in the harem to be martyred." In fact, before the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains of Dingding, there were cases of martyrdom. After Nurhachi's death, he was buried with Fei Da (Dourgen's mother) and his uncle's concubine. Wang Xianqian's "Donghua Record of Shunzhi" contains: "In August of the eleventh year of the mandate of heaven, Geng Xu was not carved and collapsed ... First, after the collapse of the filial piety queen, Baylor's wife of Wula was made a big concubine. 19 1 1 year in the morning, the imperial concubine was martyred. She was only 7 years old when she was 30 years old, so she died at the same time ... both concubines died. " Tan Qian's "Journey to the North" said: "Zhaoling (which should be Fuling) died and the story was buried. I don't think the Regent's mother wants it. The imperial clan minister ordered himself to commit suicide. After modifying the record, Gang Lin Shu Yun: Voluntary death. " It can be seen that Fei Da's martyrdom was forced.

In August of the third year of Tiancong, the Record of Tiancong Donghua recorded an incident in which a slave who was scheduled to be martyred tried to escape and was killed: "Being humble, Ye He Bing made great contributions to Wuzhao Lucheng, and Mao was appointed as a minister, and he was the only one, so he tried his best to be martyred. After Mao collapsed, he ignored the funeral and even tried to escape again, so he was killed. 」

"Donghua Record of Shunzhi" records that after the death of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty, he was buried with male slaves: "In August of the eighth year of Chongde, Emperor Taizong was a heavenly guest. When Zhang Jing Dundari and Andari are willing to die. The Manchu in Dundari, the young Emperor Taizong ... and the guest queen of Emperor Taizong, Dundari, was blessed with a unique gift and stayed young forever, so she died. King Baylor of the Qing Dynasty was very upright. He is determined not to forget you. He is loyal enough to Jia Jing, so that his descendants will never be forced to serve corvees and commit heavy sentences. Forgive what should be forgiven, reduce what should not be forgiven, and the rank should be hereditary. Andari, a native of Yehe, was brought up by the first emperor after his return. He got an official position and asked to be martyred. King Baylor was also very helpful and gave him a T-shirt and a gift from Niu Guo Zhang Jing. His descendants are hereditary, and he was exempted from murder, just like Deng Dali. Established, called Andari Yu. 」

After Fu Lin, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, settled in the Central Plains, the royal family and nobles still practiced the system of human sacrifice. "Dong Shunzhi" recorded Ding Chou in March of the sixth year of Shunzhi, and there were two martyrdom incidents in Fujin after the death of Prince Yuduo: "The Regent was studying in Juyongguan, Suksaha and others were entrusted by Prince Furen Deyu, and the king went to meet and cry. It's dusk. I'm in the capital for my funeral. Prince Deyu Erfujin asked for martyrdom, and the Regent repeatedly comforted him and asked for help, so he agreed. 」

When Regent Dourgen died, there was also a maid to be buried. "Donghua Record of Shunzhi" records: "In February of the eighth year of Shunzhi, Suksaha, Zhandai and Mujilun first reported Qiu to the hunting ground, and when Wulkuni was buried, Hulushi, Bohui, Su Bai, Zhandai and Mujilun belonged to them." In Tan Qian's Journey to the North in Ji You, there is also a story about Jier Erlang, the king of Fuzheng, who died in May of the twelfth year of Shunzhi and was buried with his concubine: "Xin Mao was a pawn of Japanese Fuzheng, and five people died. 」

There are also two records in the history books about people's martyrdom after the death of their ancestors in the Qing Dynasty. Wang Xianqian's "Kangxi Donghua Record" said: "In February of the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, Renchen told the Ministry of Rites:" Princess Dong Eshi was endowed with tenderness, but when the emperor received guests, he was deeply grateful and mourned, so he died ... and was made a princess. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, Fu Dali, the first-class guard of Adahafan, was martyred and buried as a martyr, loyal and heroic. "Since then, there has been no mention of human sacrifice in history books.

Records of the funeral.

The system of human sacrifice ended in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. Wang Shizhen's "On the Red Monument" said: "Eight

Flag customs, more with servants and concubines. Zhu Xiaojin (Pei) suggested a ban, and he was allowed to do so. Zhu went to be the assistant minister of housing. Writing "Epitaph", I talked about the content of prohibiting martyrdom: "Please reply to Zhan, and martyrdom is forbidden, but the prohibition of martyrdom is particularly general. It roughly means "kill for life, do the sum of nature." "The ritual of trespassing hurt the monarchy. Today's mud letter is quiet and bright, and there is no so-called sadness and injury. The husband scolded the slave with the Lord's command, or he was afraid to disobey, or he was ignorant and could not bear to disobey. Neither can be used as training. It is not suitable for the prosperous times to be good at life and evil at death, human nature and sacrifice suicide. " Sparse, report.

2. China officials in past dynasties

Because there are few official documents from Xia Dynasty to Qin Dynasty for more than 2,000 years, it is difficult to distinguish between true and false. For a long time, the study of official positions was either based entirely on Zhou or ignored. However, "Zhou Li" was written late, and its content was inconsistent with the bronze inscription. Many scholars believe that it is impossible to study the officials of the Western Zhou Dynasty completely according to this book. If ignored, the official position of this period is completely blank. Nowadays, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and reliable documents are generally used to study the pre-Qin official system.

Xia and Shang dynasties

During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the country was small in scale, simple in organization and without clear division of responsibilities.

During this period, the monarch of the country was called "Hou" or "Wang". The most powerful person under the king is Shi, also known as Wu. They are the communicators between God and the world, and God's will is conveyed to the monarch by them, and then carried out by the monarch. Many people in Oracle Bone Inscriptions have records of this kind of behavior.

Dali, who was in charge of calendar calculation and litigation, was an official of the Xia Dynasty. The position of witch history is generally hereditary. In addition, Wang's relatives and children often participate in the management of state affairs, but most of them have no clear titles. In the late Shang dynasty, some elders in the royal family were called "father teachers" and "",who were responsible for assisting and guiding the king, such as Bi Gan.

During this period, the monarch also had some slaves who managed the housework, called ministers and butchers. At first, they were slaves. Because they are favored by the monarch, they sometimes participate in some political affairs.

Western Zhou Dynasty-Spring and Autumn Period

During this period, the supreme monarch of the country became "king", also known as "son of heaven" and "king of heaven". The throne is generally inherited by the eldest son (see patriarchal clan system), and the intended heir to the throne is called the prince. Wang's wife's name is Hou. In addition, the vassal's fief is called "country" and the doctor's fief is called "city". They are all subjects of the son of heaven. The royal institution is the central government, and the institutions of the governor and doctors are local governments. The military and political power is in the hands of the royal family and consorts, and the status of witch history is greatly reduced.

The greatest status and power below the king are Taishi, Taifu and Taibao (collectively known as the three fairs). When the king is young or absent, he can act as the king's power. During this period, a government department headed by Qing history was formed, and it was the highest chief executive. At the same time, it was in charge of military, administrative and diplomatic affairs, and generally it was held by two or three people.

After the Qing Dynasty, there was a clear division of responsibilities, and Si Tuleideng was in charge of land and labor; Sima is in charge of the military; Sikong is responsible for civil construction; Scott is in charge of punishment. Taishi's position is very high, juxtaposed with the officials of the three fairs and the Qing Dynasty, but his scope of authority is much smaller, mainly in charge of calendars, drafting government documents, recording state affairs and so on. The censor is in charge of archives, the divination is in charge of divination, the zongbo is in charge of ritual sacrifice, and the musician is in charge of music education. Item is a temporary position to coach the monarch's etiquette, which is generally held by princes, officials or celebrities.

The person in charge of the royal family affairs is called "Zai", the person in charge of the royal family's meals is called "Bei", the person in charge of the royal family's chariots and horses is called "servant", the person in charge of the palace guards and teaching martial arts is called "Shi", and the person guarding the palace door is called "samurai". In the Western Zhou Dynasty, eunuchs did odd jobs in the palace, which were called temple people.

The official position of the vassal is roughly the same as that of the royal family. The ruling Qing Dynasty was appointed by the Zhou Emperor, which was called "Qing" from generation to generation, but it could not be called "Qing history".

Warring States Period-Late Qing Dynasty

This period lasted more than 2300 years. The monarch has a high status and a high concentration of power. The status of witch history and clan declined, while the status of the monarch's servants and attendants rose. After the Qin Dynasty, the establishment of state institutions became more and more complicated, the division of responsibilities became more and more detailed, and the establishment of official positions was also very complicated.

Classification of official posts

The official system in China is very complicated and has changed a lot. Let's briefly introduce the evolution of various officials.

monarch

The monarch is the head of a country, the supreme ruler and the biggest official. Before the Warring States period, the monarch was called "Hou" or "Wang". Wang means supreme, representing heaven to rule the people, and is also called "the son of heaven" and "the king of heaven". After the Spring and Autumn Period, vassal states began to be kings. During the Warring States period, some vassal states even called themselves "emperors", but they didn't customize them. It was not until the establishment of the Qin Dynasty that Qin Shihuang began to use the title of emperor until the demise of the Qing Dynasty. Affected by this, the emperor's wife was called the queen, and the emperor's mother was called the empress dowager. In some ethnic minority regimes in history, the title of monarch is different, such as:

Khan (Xiongnu)

Kunmo (Wusun)

Houlou pavilion music (high car)

Khan (Xianbei, Uighur, Rouran, Turkic, Qidan, Mongolia)

Zambo (Tubo)

premier

The prime minister is the highest chief executive under the monarch, and all previous dynasties have different names, but they are just a general term. See the prime minister.

Head of central department

Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, government departments began to divide. The Western Zhou Dynasty was divided into six departments, and each department had its own chief officials: Situ, Sima, Sikong, Sikou, Daxie and Zongbo. After the reunification of the Qin dynasty, major adjustments were made, and the so-called "Nine Qing" was formed.

Jiuqing includes:

Fengchang (in charge of ancestral temple etiquette and calendar, medical treatment)

Langzhongling (court bodyguard, discussion)

Wei Wei (in charge of palace guards and tributes)

Too servant (in charge of the emperor's chariots and horses and the national horse administration)

Ding Wei (in charge of justice)

Dianke (managing ethnic minorities)

Zong Zheng (in charge of royal affairs)

Manage the internal history of Xiaomi (manage the national finance)

Shaofu (managing the emperor's finance and state affairs)

In addition, Jin Wu was in charge of the public security in Beijing, and the general was in charge of civil affairs, while Da Changqiu was in charge of the transmission of the Queen's will and the management of harem affairs. Together with Jiuqing, it is called "Twelve Qing".

After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the central institutions were greatly adjusted, and the ministerial institutions developed rapidly. The Shangshutai in the Qin Dynasty only belonged to an institution below Shaofu. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Shangshutai became independent from Shaofu, renamed Shangshu Province, and became the general agency of the central government to carry out government affairs. Shangshu province is divided into Cao Cao. The Sui and Tang Dynasties gradually evolved into six parts, which were used until the Qing Dynasty. Namely:

Examination of appointment and dismissal of ministers in the official department

The Ministry of Housing is responsible for land and finance throughout the country.

The Ministry of Rites is in charge of sacrifice, education and examination.

The Ministry of War is in charge of the military.

The Ministry of Justice is in charge of justice.

The Ministry of Industry is responsible for civil construction and transportation.

After the establishment of the six departments, Jiuqing's authority was greatly reduced.

officer

There was no military attache in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and officials were in charge of civil and military affairs. It was not until the Spring and Autumn Period that the State of Jin established the middle, upper and lower armed forces, and the national army appointed the army commander before setting up the military attache, but the generals of the three armed forces were still in charge of political affairs. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the establishment of military attache can be roughly divided into:

General guarding the palace and the capital.

Wu Zhi is in charge of military and political affairs.

A general who leads an army in battle.

In the Western Han Dynasty, Tai Wei (later renamed Fu, and later changed back in the Eastern Han Dynasty) was in charge of the national military and political affairs. The military attaché s who fight in unison include generals and generals riding chariots. , and all kinds of miscellaneous generals. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Fu, Qiu and General became empty posts and had no real power. The commander-in-chief is the supreme commander of the country.

The Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties implemented the system of government soldiers. The whole country is divided into 100 counties, and each county is led by a general. The Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty continued to implement the system of government soldiers. The Central Imperial Army has sixteen guards. The governor is in charge of military affairs in several States. After Tang Gaozong, the commander-in-chief was in charge of this festival, which was called our festival. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the imperial military system was destroyed, and the central imperial army was composed of recruits, with ten armies. Among them, the Shence Army is the strongest, with a lieutenant and a central defender as the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Army. During the Tang Dynasty, there were marshals and deputy marshals as supreme commanders. Generally, the marshal is the royal family, and the deputy marshal is the minister. After the middle Tang Dynasty, eunuchs were used to supervise the army, which was called Jingshi Prison. There were also Wu Zhi in the Tang Dynasty, such as Guan Shi, Zheng Shi, Shi Shi, Yong Lian Shi, etc. Most of them were Chinese ambassadors, observers and secretariat officials.

After the Five Dynasties, there was a department in front of the temple, and the governor was the commander-in-chief of the imperial army. In the song dynasty, the regular army was called the imperial army. They are led by the division in front of the temple, the division of guards and soldiers, and the division of guards and soldiers. An officer who teaches martial arts is called a coach. The dispatching power of the imperial army belongs to the Privy Council and is commanded by the emperor himself. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial army ceased to exist, and the troops under the general's jurisdiction were incorporated and called the imperial army. When he sent troops, his general called it "the garrison in a certain state is under control."

The army guarding the capital in Liao Dynasty was called "Royal Account Pro-Army", which was led by the Imperial Guards. The troops guarding the emperor are called "Palace Guards" and are under the command of Su Wei Division. The Privy Council in the north is in charge of the Qidan military forces, while the Privy Council in the south is in charge of the Han military forces. When fighting, there will be bailiffs from all over the world. The Jin emperor's army was led by the inspection department in front of the temple. In wartime, a marshal's office was set up under the command of Marshal Du. The guard of Genghis Khan in the Yuan Dynasty was called "fear of learning". The Privy Council is the highest military organ.

The Ming army practiced the guard-guarding system. The emperor's army was originally twelve guards, and later it was increased to twenty-six guards, and the Royal Guards was one of them.

The Qing army was divided into two systems: the Eight Banners and the green camp. Temporary conscripts are called Yong Army, such as Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army.

Supervisors and lecturers

One of the characteristics of ancient officials in China was the development of supervisors. Supervisors supervise officials at all levels. An admonition officer is to persuade the monarch to correct his fault. With the strengthening of the autocratic system, in the Qing Dynasty, supervisors and admonishers merged, collectively known as speaking officials.

The establishment of the state supervision began in the Warring States period, and was initially held by the imperial history. It was not until the end of the Western Han Dynasty that Shi Yu became the proper name of the prison state. And it was used until the Qing dynasty.

Although there was no full-time remonstrator in the Western Zhou Dynasty, officials or doctors all had the duty of remonstrator. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, a great remonstrance was launched in Qi Huangong, which was the beginning of remonstrance officer. There were remonstrators in Qin and Han dynasties, but there were no specialized institutions. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Menxia Province gradually became the main institution of remonstrating officials. After the Liao Dynasty, the remonstrating officials existed in name only, or even ceased to exist. In Ming and Qing dynasties, the nature of remonstrating officials was similar to that of supervising officials.

The monarch's secretary and literary attendant

The monarch's secretary is separate from the historian. Mainly responsible for drafting the imperial edict, recording the words and deeds of the monarch, and compiling official books. The Shang Dynasty had many secretarial posts, such as Taishi and Neishi.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Imperial Scholar was the first minister. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Zhongshu Province was in charge of secretarial work. Imperial academy was established in the Tang Dynasty, responsible for drafting imperial edicts and serving as a literary attendant. There is also a bachelor's college, which is the greatest courtesy of the monarch to the literati. The position of bachelor is often higher than that of prime minister.

Guan Xue

Academic officials, also known as instructors, refer to government-appointed officials and teachers in charge of education. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was a teacher who taught martial arts and was happy to teach poetry, books, rituals and music. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were doctors who taught Confucian classics. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there was imperial academy as an official school, with duties such as wine supply.

Court affairs officer

A court official refers to an official who serves the monarch and his family. It originated from the monarch's retainer. During the Warring States period, there was a Shaofu, which became one of the nine ministers in Qin and Han Dynasties. Among them, there are many official positions, all of which serve the monarch. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the palace affairs were changed to the province under the door. The Sui Dynasty changed its name to Temple Introspection, and the Tang Dynasty changed it to Temple Province. In the Ming dynasty, there was no institution to manage the state affairs, and the duties were shared by eunuchs and female officials. In the Qing Dynasty, the Ministry of Interior was in charge of court affairs.

Local governor

See chinese administrative division.

The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, and local governors were divided into governors and doctors. After the reunification of Qin, counties with more than 10,000 households were called orders, and counties with less than 10,000 households were called chiefs. In the Han Dynasty, the county where the capital was located was divided into Jing Zhaoyin, Zuo Fengyi and You Fufeng, which were equivalent to the county satrap. In addition, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established 13 state, the governor was a secretariat. The governor of the state where the capital is located is called Captain Li Si.

In the Tang Dynasty, there were observers from all walks of life, and our envoys were all local military and political officials. In Song Dynasty, county officials were called magistrate of a county, and prefecture-level officials were called magistrate.

The provincial officials in the Ming Dynasty were called the Political Affairs Department, and they all commanded the Military Affairs Department, and sentenced the provincial judges to be responsible for supervision. After the middle period, there was a governor who looked at the military and political affairs of a province. The Qing dynasty and the Ming dynasty are roughly the same.

Assistant officials, subordinate officials and small officials

Under the chief, there are a large number of assistant officials, subordinate officials and small officials, some of whom are similar to modern civil servants. Its setting is also very complicated, and different dynasties have different names. For example, the masters of the Qing dynasty were of this nature.

Honorary office

In the official system of ancient China, there were many complicated situations, such as adding officials, trying officials, conferring officials, adding posts, adding titles, and concurrently holding officials.

The rank of an official

In ancient China, there was a very strict hierarchy of official positions, which showed the following points:

Title: It depends on blood relationship and contribution, which can be passed down for a long time.

Hero: the title mainly used to reward meritorious personnel.

Product: it is a symbol to distinguish the rank of officials.

Official title: a title indicating the actual rank of an official.

Rites and music culture (or civilization) originated from the clan era of Chinese civilization. She is a cultural activity of the clan. The whole clan gathered together because of ceremonies, music and sacrifices. Everyone has a job, a position, an order and a division of labor, and no one is abandoned. This is called "ceremony". There are differences in etiquette, but they are not antagonistic. There is no "life and death" rule for clan members. The rules of exhibition ceremonies and music activities are correspondence, mutual reporting, interaction, balance and appropriateness. In the physical activities of "Li" and the songs and dances of "Le", everyone has a name. Names must be corresponding, balanced and appropriate: monarch and minister, father and son, husband and wife, men and women, old and young. People from other clans are "friends" when they come. So I followed the name and the ceremony. Simple and clear. Go back and forth and answer each other's questions. In the process of reciprocity, rules, axioms and values came into being.

Also known as Zoroastrianism and Ethics.

This is also teaching without words, not holding meetings, not criticizing, not reading newspapers, and not organizing learning. Instead, it is Shinto, which organizes large-scale ritual and music activities of the whole clan with sacrifices and small-scale ritual and music activities (Quli) with ceremonies. People are moving, dancing, singing and dancing, listening and watching, happy, happy, solemn and sacred. In the joy of Zhuang Sheng, he repeated the rules, recognized the axioms and accepted the enlightenment. And put the rules into practice outside the ceremonial activities, turn them into behaviors, and implement them in all aspects of life and labor. Rites and music allow everyone in the whole group to have their own position, their own responsibilities, their own suitability and harmony. And extended to other clans, other tribes, countries and the whole world, all acting in accordance with this rule. The so-called "self-cultivation, governing the country, and leveling the world" is also true.

Ceremony is everyone's name, position, position and position. Keep it if you have it. Have rights and obligations. Rites are returns, reports, responses, answers and reasons to heaven, earth, ancestors, people, things and things. If you come, you will respond to it.

Happiness means being happy in manners.

The rules of the ceremony are not to choose between two, win and lose, go and stay (just like the competition). But by heaven and man, by me and him, one by one, one by one, one by one. For the group, for the world, for everything. Rites should be matched, equal, appropriate, balanced, answered, repaid and repaid in order to be fair and just. People who are educated by etiquette culture have this kind of values. Such as filial piety, loyalty and respect. This is rude and impolite. "It is indecent to come and not go." Imbalance is impolite, pay more attention. It is ok to "throw me a peach and give me a jade back", but it is impolite to return stone for stone. Because courtesy emphasizes "concession" and "reward", it is beautiful. The principle of courtesy and gratitude is deeply rooted in people's hearts and has become a basic quality of people. In the past, it was a common folk custom to "bear hardships first and enjoy later" and "carry heavy burdens" and work hard as coolies. Because it is an axiom, a rule that everyone can understand and do. It is impolite to report again, it is impolite to report lightly, and it is even more impolite to report again. In the long history of ritual culture, the monarch is the first to be rude, and it is balanced to destroy the ritual. I voted "Mu Tao" and he responded with "Stone". "You are loyal to me" has become "I have to die if you ask me to die". Officials study hard and become "people's parents" and "masters". My father is also rushing to learn, and my husband is also rushing to learn. After a long time, China's ritual civilization began to decline.

4 Nanyue State

Nanyue State was a separatist regime in Han Dynasty that existed in Lingnan area 203-1/years ago. Its capital is located in Panyu (now Guangzhou, China), and its territory includes most of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces in China today, a small part of Fujian, Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan, and northern Vietnam. Nanyue State was founded after the demise of the Qin Dynasty. Zhao Tuo, the prefect of Nanhai County, led troops and annexed Guilin County and Xiang County in the first 203 years. 196 years ago and 179 years ago, Nanyue belonged to the western Han dynasty twice and became the "foreign minister" of the western Han dynasty. 1 12 years ago, Zhao Jiande, the last monarch of South Vietnam, had a war with the Western Han Dynasty, and was destroyed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in11year. The state of Nanyue has existed for 93 years and experienced five generations of monarchs.

South Vietnam was the first feudal country in Lingnan area, and its establishment ensured the stability of social order in Lingnan area in troubled times at the end of Qin Dynasty. The rulers from the Central Plains in the Qin Dynasty brought advanced political system and production technology to the Central Plains, which effectively improved the political and economic situation in Lingnan area. The policy of "Harmony and Hundred Yues" promoted the integration of Han nationality and all ethnic groups in South Vietnam, introduced Chinese culture and Chinese characters into Lingnan area, and changed the backward cultural situation in Lingnan.

Guo Rui is a small country, which has a historical record from the late Shang Dynasty and experienced the Western Zhou Dynasty and the early Spring and Autumn Period. Zuo Zhuan recorded Guo Rui's eight-year political turmoil in the early Spring and Autumn Period. "Three Years of Huan Gong": "Rui Jiang, the mother of Rui, hates many people, so she chased it out and lived in Wei." "Biography" quoted a historical book: "Rui and Wei are both surnamed Ji." After Rebekah's mother drove him away, she ran to find Wei with the same surname. "Four Years of Huan": "In autumn, Qin invaded Switzerland, lost, and was small." Du note, "in three years, Ruibo lived in Wei, and Ruiwei was the monarch. Qin was defeated by Rui, so he returned with Rui Bo and will take it back. " In the same year, "Julian Waghann and Qin Shihuang surrounded Wei and took Rabe back." "Notes on Water Classics and Rivers" quotes a chronicle: "In the eighth year of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty (that is, in the fourth year of 708 BC), Zhou Shi and Wei Wei took the east of Ruibo Bay." "History of Road Country Names": "In the winter of the twelfth year of Huan (that is, four years of Huan), I surrounded Wei with Qin and took Ruibo Bay to the east." Obviously, the "chasing the monarch" that happened in Huan for three years was a vicious political event. After Wan Ji was expelled, "Rui Li Gengjun". The behind-the-scenes manipulator is obviously Empress Ruijiang. The story seems to be exactly the same as the background of Zheng Boke in Yan. The difference is that the official monarch of Rui is different from Zheng, and he failed. The turmoil in Guo Rui has attracted the attention of international political forces. The following year, Qin went to war with the new regime after the coup in Guo Rui, but it was defeated because it despised this small country. In the winter of the same year, under the auspices of the Zhou royal family, the three forces of Zhou Dynasty, Qin State and Guo State surrounded the fleeing Wei State (now Ruicheng, Shanxi Province). Obviously, this is to help and destroy Rui's rebel forces. The reason why the Zhou royal family was keen to preside over this political negotiation was probably because the royal family lost its dignity after being shot by the army, and wanted to consolidate the majesty of the dynasty and maintain the order of etiquette and law through the righting of "conquering rites and music".

This edition of Bamboo Chronicle: "Thirteen Years" (Huan Wang) ... Rong people fought against Rui in the suburbs. "This shows that Rebecca Wanji has also been supported by the glorious people. From the fourth year of Huan to the eighth year of Huan, the biography no longer explains this matter. In Nine Years of Huan Gong, there are records of Qiu, Rui Bo, Liang Bo, Jia Bo attacking Quwo. However, "Ten Years of Huan Gong" only explains "Autumn, Qin people are in Switzerland." So, is Ruibo, who has been chopping Quwo for nine years, the "King of Righteousness" or Wanji? Historical Records of the Jin Dynasty: "In the fourth year of Jin Xiaozi, Duke Qu Wogong lured Jin Xiaozi to kill him, and King Huan of Zhou ordered him to be beheaded." It can be seen that these political forces of Valquwo were ordered and supported by King Huan of Zhou. It is impossible for the monarch conquered by Huan Wang to take part in this military action. So "Rabe" is Wanji. The reason why there is no record from four years to eight years in Huan is probably because Zhou, Qin, Guo and Rong were all rehabilitated at that time, but they didn't return to China and didn't carry out the ceremony of righting.

In this political event, Qin was the first to intervene and has been involved in the movement. Finally, it was Qin who was "willing to accept Rui". Obviously, through this incident, the influence of Qin dynasty has been deeply and attached to it. Therefore, Historical Records of Qin Benji: "In A.D. ... Liang Bo and Rab came to Korea." In A.D., Liang Bo and Rui Bo came to Korea. Finally, the fate of Guo Rui, like many other dependent countries, was wiped out by its dependent countries: "(Mu Gong) twenty years, Qin was wiped out." It was one year BC [filter word], nineteen years in Lu Xigong.