In addition to natural reproduction, artificial reproduction has also begun. Undaria pinnatifida, which grows naturally in Lushun, is called "natural spirulina" by Japan because of its superior geographical location and best quality, and its nutrition can be comparable to that of spirulina.
morphological character
Undaria is also called "sea mustard" and "nepotism". Phaeophyta, ferns. thallus
Brown-green, with a leaf height of 1-2m and a leaf width of 50- 100cm. Blades, handles and fixers. The leaves are like bananas, with obvious ribs and pinnately divided edges. The stipe is flat and cylindrical, and many mushroom-like overlapping and wrinkled spore leaves are formed at the edge of the stipe when it matures, and sporangia are born on it. There are mucus glands. Bifurcation of rhizome. There is obvious inequality between generations. Born in a warm ocean. Distributed in the northern coast of China and Shengsi, Zhejiang. Large-scale cultivation was carried out in the northern coast. As food and industrial raw materials? [ 1]? .
Undaria pinnatifida
Undaria pinnatifida sporophyte is yellowish brown and looks like a broken banana leaf fan, with a height of 1-2m and a width of 50- 100mm, which is obviously divided into three parts: fixator, stalk and leaf. The fixator consists of a bifurcated false root. The end of the artificial root is slightly thicker and can be fixed on the rock. The stem is slightly longer, oblate and slightly convex in the middle. There is a midvein extending from the petiole in the middle of the leaf, and pinnate lobes are formed on both sides. There are many small black spots on the leaves, which are the openings of mucous gland cells to the surface. ? [2]?
The internal structure is very similar to kelp. Fungal folded spore leaves are formed on both sides of the growing sporophyte stalk, and sporangium is formed on the spore leaves when mature. The life history of Undaria pinnatifida is very similar to that of kelp, and the generations alternate, but the growth time of sporophyte is shorter than that of kelp, which is close to one year (kelp has been growing for nearly two years), while the growth time of gametophyte is longer than that of kelp, which is about 1 month (kelp gametophyte usually only grows for two weeks). ? [2]?
geographical distribution
Dalian in Liaoning, Qingdao in Shandong, Yantai and Weihai are the main producing areas, and Zhoushan Islands in Zhejiang are also produced.
Growth habit
Undaria pinnatifida is often called "vegetables in the sea" in some countries in Europe and America. Indeed, seaweed drifting in the sea can really remind people of land.
Vegetables on the table. Undaria pinnatifida, like land plants, forms its own carbohydrate through photosynthesis (land plants is cellulose, Undaria pinnatifida is polysaccharide such as alginic acid and alginate), and protein is directly produced through nitrogen assimilation, just like vegetables. But if we carefully observe its life history, we will find that Undaria pinnatifida is very different from terrestrial plants. ? [2]?
The split leaf of Undaria pinnatifida and the midvein (stem) running through the center of the split leaf are two parts. Split leaves, also called leaves, are the main parts we usually eat, on both sides of the middle rib; The middle rib, also called Undaria pinnatifida stem, is located in the middle of the leaf, which plays a supporting role in the leaf and is also used for eating. Further down is the growth area where the leaf growth point of Undaria pinnatifida is located, which is located below the stem of terrestrial plants. Undaria pinnatifida will produce reproductive organs-spore leaves (commonly known as "spikes") in the breeding season, and roots (rhizomes) are located at the lowest end. ? [ 1]?
If you only look at the appearance, you may feel that there is no big difference with land plants, but in fact, the biggest difference lies in the function. The main function of terrestrial plant roots is to support and fix themselves, but also to absorb nutrients from the soil. The root of Undaria pinnatifida is mainly used to attach to rocks and other objects, only to fix algae. So where do nutrients come from? Mainly by the blade part, that is, the split blade part.
Undaria pinnatifida mainly relies on leaves to absorb nutrients necessary for growth such as nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus from seawater, and then it is synthesized, utilized and transformed in the body. In addition, the types of cellulose synthesized by photosynthesis are also different from terrestrial plants, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and so on. The main products of photosynthetic synthesis of Undaria pinnatifida are alginic acid, alginate and other polysaccharides, which have a good effect on lowering cholesterol and blood pressure and preventing adult diseases. Another main feature of nepotism is that its breeding mode is completely different from that of land plants. For example, higher plants on land produce offspring through cross pollination of male and female stamens after flowering. But Undaria pinnatifida can't bloom, and it depends on swimming spores to reproduce. ? [ 1]?
cultivation techniques
Seedling raising method
There are two ways to cultivate artificial seeds of Undaria pinnatifida, one is to raise seedlings at low temperature, and the other is to raise seedlings at normal temperature. Low temperature seedling raising is a method of cultivating kelp seedlings at low temperature and cultivating Undaria pinnatifida seedlings, and sporophyte hybridization is carried out. This method is generally not used because of its high equipment investment, high cost and complicated operation. But raising seedlings at room temperature is simple and easy. Only the incubator, seawater sedimentation tank, filtration tank and accessories can be carried out at room temperature.
Seedling curtain is a kind of seedling equipment, which is generally woven with reddish-brown rope or vinylon rope. The specifications, quality requirements, treatment methods and weaving methods of reddish-brown rope are basically the same as those of kelp summer seedling curtain. Vinylon seedling curtain can be divided into hard curtain coated with epoxy resin and soft curtain without epoxy resin, and the hard curtain has good seedling effect. The soft curtain and the hard curtain are woven with white vinylon ropes with a diameter of 3 ~ 5 mm, with 50 ropes for each curtain and a clear length of 62m (here is the specification of the seedling curtain, actually depending on the length and width of the seedling pond). After the seedling curtain is woven, it should be temporarily stretched on the wooden frame and evenly coated with 1 layer epoxy resin (nontoxic "19 1" is better). After it is completely dried and becomes a hard board, it should be removed from the wooden frame to prevent the hard curtain from being deformed. Soak in filtered seawater 1 day before use.
Cement ponds are more suitable for nursery ponds and sedimentation tanks. The water capacity of each pool should not be less than 20 cubic meters, and the water depth is 1.3 ~ 2 meters. The sedimentation tank should be able to carry out dark sedimentation, and its capacity should be at least equal to the total water volume of the seedling pond.
The breeding period of Undaria pinnatifida cultured on the floating raft by selecting vegetables and collecting spores can last until mid-July, and Undaria pinnatifida grown on the seabed can last until early August. It is best to collect spores in the middle and late July for artificial seedling raising. Before sporulation, fertilize the spore leaves according to the dosage of 1 spore leaves prepared by seedling curtain.
Undaria pinnatifida, which is big and dark brown in color and does not have a lot of spores, is selected as a vegetable, and then the roots and leaves are removed, leaving only spore leaves. Rinse it with natural seawater for 2-3 times to wash off silt and attached organisms. After washing with filtered seawater 1 time, spore collection can be stimulated by drying in the shade. When the number of zoospores in each low magnification (100 times) reaches about 20, the stimulation can be stopped, and spores can be released and attached. Spore leaves stimulated by drying in the shade should be placed in seawater with water temperature lower than 23℃ to promote spore diffusion. If it exceeds 23℃, add frozen seawater or ice packs to cool down. Generally, after diffusion of 0.5 ~ 1 hour, each low-power field of vision can reach about 50 zoospores. At this time, the spore water can be filtered by gauze into the pool where the seedling curtain has been laid for spores to attach. Attachment: each pool is paved with 6-8 layers of reddish-brown rope-like seedling curtains and 8- 10 layers of vinylon seedling curtains. In seawater below 23℃, the swimming time of zoospores is generally less than 65438 0 hours, and the spore attachment can be checked after 2 hours. When the attachment amount in each low-power field of vision reaches more than 100, spore water can be released, fresh seawater can be injected, and spore collection can be finished. In order to resist the harm of algae attachment, the number of spores attached to each low-power field can also reach about 200.
After spore collection, seedlings were raised 10 ~ 15 days. The condition is that the light intensity is 1500 ~ 2000 lux, fertilization starts on the third day after attachment, the dosage of nitrogen fertilizer is 2ppm, and the dosage of phosphorus fertilizer is 0.2ppm. The seedling water should be filtered seawater that has been deposited in the dark for more than 7 days. At room temperature, change the water every 3 days 1 time, and change the water every time 1/3.
The culture conditions of gametophyte in high temperature summer are: light intensity is about 500 lux. The water temperature should not exceed 29℃, otherwise cooling measures should be taken. The daily temperature difference should not exceed 65438 0℃. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer is the same as that in the previous stage. 10 ~ 15 change water every day 1 time, and change it every time 1/3 ~ 1/2. The temperature difference before and after water change shall not exceed 0.5℃. The pH value should be kept at 8.0 ~ 8.3. The stage of gametophyte sexual maturity and juvenile sporophyte culture, that is, from the natural water temperature to 23℃ and then no longer rising, to the stage before going to sea.
salinization
The processing method of Undaria pinnatifida has changed greatly. 1965 the development of salted Undaria pinnatifida makes it possible to preserve Undaria pinnatifida in fresh conditions, which is of great significance in the history of Undaria pinnatifida processing. Salted Undaria pinnatifida has a large amount of salt, which greatly improves its fresh-keeping value while removing water. Five years later, the method of boiling and pickling Undaria pinnatifida was invented, which not only improved the preservation value, but also made the color of Undaria pinnatifida more vivid.
However, with the development of society, the trend of life in today's world tends to be simple and fast. There are still many inconveniences in boiling salted Undaria pinnatifida, such as washing and chopping it before eating, which wastes time. In this case, the dried Undaria pinnatifida developed by 1975 is very convenient. The processing method is to cook the fresh Undaria pinnatifida, remove the pedicle and tendon, clean it after cold storage, cut it into small pieces with a side length of 5-6 cm, and then dry it with hot air to get the finished product. When cooking soup and miso soup, the Undaria pinnatifida is boiled and put into the soup, and small pieces of Undaria pinnatifida will recover immediately, which saves the time of soaking salt and is very convenient to eat Undaria pinnatifida. Because the dried Undaria pinnatifida is cut into small pieces suitable for eating, it also adapts to the concept that modern people are too lazy to use a knife. With the continuous improvement of the quality and management level of dried Undaria pinnatifida, its consumption will increase greatly. Because boiled dried Undaria pinnatifida is widely used in fast food, some people worry whether it will be different from fresh Undaria pinnatifida in taste and nutrition. Experiments show that cooked and dried Undaria pinnatifida will immediately absorb water and swell back to its original shape, which is almost the same as fresh Undaria pinnatifida in nutrition and taste, so people who eat fast food need not worry.
The previously pickled Undaria pinnatifida is not easy to preserve for a long time, and the boiled Undaria pinnatifida has another advantage, that is, the water content of the boiled Undaria pinnatifida is very low, so it can be preserved for a long time. The boiled Undaria pinnatifida has a wrinkled black surface, which may not leave a deep impression on you, but its composition is almost the same as that of fresh Undaria pinnatifida. If you are tired of eating Undaria pinnatifida, please eat boiled dried Undaria pinnatifida, and you will find it very simple and convenient.
However, in order to provide enough Undaria pinnatifida for human beings, it is necessary to develop the breeding industry of Undaria pinnatifida. We know that there are many Undaria pinnatifida naturally growing along the coast of China, and harvesting these wild Undaria pinnatifida is far from meeting the market demand. 1954, Mr. Daijiro Otsuka developed the cultivation technology of Undaria pinnatifida and carried out large-scale cultivation production, which laid a solid foundation for providing enough Undaria pinnatifida products in the market. About 90% of Undaria pinnatifida consumed in the market comes from cultivation and production. The cultivation of Undaria pinnatifida needs a large number of seedlings, and the seedling cultivation has reached industrialization. The method is to attach Undaria pinnatifida spores to seedling ropes and cultivate them in the sea. After the seedlings appear, the seedling rope is wound on a big raft set in the sea for cultivation. When it comes to farming or breeding, people will think that farming management such as feeding is the farming of silver salmon, carp and fragrant fish. The cultivation of Undaria pinnatifida only needs to collect spores and seedlings manually. Like naturally grown Undaria pinnatifida, artificially cultured Undaria pinnatifida mainly grows by absorbing nutrients from seawater and grows into an adult under natural conditions. So its composition is exactly the same as that of naturally grown Undaria pinnatifida. With the improvement of breeding technology and processing technology, the relationship between Undaria pinnatifida and our daily life will become closer and closer.
Main value
Undaria pinnatifida has high economic and medicinal value. It not only contains rich protein, vitamins and minerals, but also contains alginic acid, mannitol, fucoidan, highly unsaturated fatty acids, fucoxanthin, organic iodine, sterols, dietary fiber and other active components with unique physiological functions? [2]? . It has many physiological activities, such as reducing blood fat, lowering blood pressure, regulating immunity, resisting mutation, resisting tumor and so on. [2]? . It has a variety of pharmacological effects, and has good effects in antivirus, anti-tumor, lowering blood pressure, reducing weight and treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases? [2]? .
nutritional ingredient
Undaria pinnatifida contains many nutrients. According to preliminary analysis, every100g of dried product contains crude protein 1 1.6g, refined fat 0.32g, sugar 37.8 1g, ash 18.93g, and various vitamins. The crude protein content is higher than that of kelp, and the taste is better than that of kelp. Undaria pinnatifida is an edible economic brown algae, and it is also a raw material for comprehensive utilization and extraction of alginic acid.
Undaria pinnatifida, also known as smart dish, beauty dish, healthy dish and green sea cucumber, is a natural treasure house of trace elements and minerals, containing more than a dozen essential amino acids, calcium, iodine, zinc, selenium, folic acid and vitamins A, B and C. The calcium content of Undaria pinnatifida is 10 times that of "king of calcium supplementation" milk and zinc content is 3 times that of "expert of zinc supplementation" beef. 500g of Undaria pinnatifida contains spinach 2 1 kg, carrot 0 1.5 kg and protein 0/.5 kg. It also contains more iodine than kelp, and is rich in amino acids, crude fiber and other trace elements, which is extremely beneficial to children's bone and intellectual development. Undaria pinnatifida also has the characteristics of high nutrition and low calorie, which can easily achieve the effects of losing weight, clearing intestines, caring skin and delaying aging. This is a favorite dish of many women. Japan is recognized as a long-lived country in the world, and one of the main reasons is that Undaria must be served on the table every day. Undaria pinnatifida has become a necessary food for children and students in Japan and South Korea.
Japan has a long history of Undaria pinnatifida cultivation, and it is also a big consumer country, and it is at the world leading level in the research of Undaria pinnatifida nutrition and its relationship with human health. Kazuo Nishizawa is a famous expert in algae biochemistry in Japan. For many years, he has been engaged in the research on the nutrition and pharmacology of algae and its relationship with human health. His book "The King of Algae-Undaria pinnatifida" is based on a large number of survey results and
Undaria pinnatifida (six sheets)
Based on the experimental data, this paper expounds the nutritional value and medicinal value of Undaria pinnatifida, especially its special efficacy in preventing and treating hypertension and adult diseases, and lists the scientific eating methods of Undaria pinnatifida, which is a good book integrating the basic knowledge, nutritional value, efficacy and mechanism of Undaria pinnatifida.
The Japanese have been eating seaweed since BC, and the excavation of the unearthed site in Beizhong fully confirmed this point. In addition, the shrine of Undaria pinnatifida in Kitakyushu, Japan, and the shrine of Sumitomo in Shimonoseki, the other side of Kitakyushu, still retain this tradition, that is, the owner of the shrine holds a harvest ceremony of Undaria pinnatifida in the early morning of the Spring Festival every year, and announces the beginning of the harvest season of Undaria pinnatifida after presenting the harvested Undaria pinnatifida in front of the gods.
mineralize
Undaria pinnatifida is rich in minerals indispensable to human health.
Although there are some differences between humans and animals, the energy they can survive depends on the three nutrients they consume from food, namely sugar, fat and protein. But are these three nutrients enough for human survival? In fact, if we rely solely on these three nutrients, animals can't survive. The reason is that various chemical reactions are needed to utilize nutrients in the body in the process of maintaining life activities. In order to make this chemical reaction effective, a very small amount of special substances, namely trace elements, are needed, and these trace elements mainly include vitamins and minerals.
As for vitamins, since 19 12 was discovered, its research and utilization made rapid progress in the first half of the 20th century. The symptoms of vitamin deficiency and its mechanism of action in the body have been understood. In the study of minerals, although it was discovered earlier than vitamins, it has not been paid attention to for a long time, and the research has not made any great progress. What we know in our daily life is nothing more than the knowledge about the relationship between iron and greed for blood, iodine and thyroid dysfunction, and calcium and bones and teeth. As for the functions of various minerals, we don't know what minerals the human body needs and how much it needs in a day. Through research, it is found that there is a great difference in mineral content between normal children and children with congenital anomalies. It is also found that some minerals can prevent arteriosclerosis, and when lacking, it will lead to an increase in the incidence of breast cancer, which makes people pay attention to the importance of minerals. In other words, minerals are the skeleton of human life, and mineral deficiency is an important cause of human abnormalities and diseases. In this case, the United States, which is far ahead of Japan in the study of mineral nutrients, took the lead in proposing the concept of mineral daily encouraged intake (RDA). Americans are very advanced in the awareness that the occurrence of diseases is closely related to their daily diet, and they also have a high level in the research of anti-cancer foods and vitamins. Therefore, as one of the important links in the above research, just like studying how many vitamins you need to take in a day, a specific figure is put forward for minerals, that is, encouraged intake (RDA).
But in real life, the intake of trace elements still tends to decrease, and anemia is a good example. The survey results show that 1 person in every three women shows anemia tendency, most of which are iron deficiency anemia, and insufficient iron intake is the main cause of the disease. The partial eclipse caused by the improvement of living standards, the change of chemical composition of food itself caused by greenhouse cultivation, and a large number of processed products such as convenience foods are the important reasons for the lack of mineral intake of modern people.
What kind of food should we eat in our daily life in order to ensure adequate intake of minerals? The first recommendation should be seaweed such as Undaria pinnatifida. Seaweed is often compared to "vegetables in the sea". The biggest difference between seaweed and plants on land is that it absorbs a lot of nutrients in seawater, and the ocean is the richest mineral treasure house. Therefore, Undaria pinnatifida, which is rich in mineral nutrition, is the most ideal mineral supplement source for modern people.
Anticancer effect
Speaking of the anti-cancer effect of Undaria pinnatifida, what I want to emphasize here is the anti-cancer effect of vitamin A. We have long known that if we lack vitamin A, we are prone to night blindness. For example, when we first entered the cinema, we couldn't see anything clearly at first because of the darkness, but after a while, our eyes will gradually adapt to finding seats, which is called light and shade adaptation in physiology. And vitamin A is an indispensable substance for us to have this light and shade adaptation function. As a kind of vitamin with anticancer effect, vitamin A has attracted people's attention. Before that, we only knew that vitamin A was an indispensable substance to promote the normal division and maturation of skin and mucosal cells. Without vitamin A, the skin will become as rough and ugly as shark skin. This is due to the abnormal phenomenon (also called skin keratinization) in the process that the divided cells in the skin matrix layer gradually mature and age and evolve into the stratum corneum covering the skin surface. Experiments show that vitamin A not only has the function of maintaining normal cell division, but also has the function of transforming the precancerous state of cells into normal state, which has aroused great concern. But it is a pity that the human body can't use vitamin A in large quantities, because vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, which is only soluble in oil and insoluble in water, so it can't be excreted with urine like other water-soluble vitamins, but accumulates in the human body. If you take it in large quantities every day, you are prone to brain hypertension, headache, nausea and vomiting. In order to make effective use of the advantages of vitamin A and reduce its side effects, people are taking various methods to study and improve vitamin A, but it has not been successful. Therefore, in order to make effective use of the anti-cancer effect of vitamin A, the best way at present is to make up for its deficiency by using food, such as eating more foods rich in vitamin A, such as animal liver and eel. However, such animal food is unpalatable, and the possibility of suffering from vitamin A sequelae cannot be completely ruled out by eating it in large quantities every day. One of the best ways at present is to get a lot of carotene from vegetables every day. Carotene, also known as the factory that produces vitamin A, decomposes immediately after it enters the human body, and 1/3 of it is converted into vitamin A. Although the conversion rate of vitamin A may be slightly lower, there is no need to worry about the sequelae caused by excessive intake of vitamin A. In addition, some experts have reported that vitamin A decomposed by carotene not only has the effect of preventing cancer, but also has a good effect on cancer itself. As we all know, carotene usually exists in a large number of green and yellow vegetables such as spinach, but the content of carotene in Undaria pinnatifida is also quite high. According to the determination, the content of carotene in raw spinach is 3 100 mg per100 g, while that in raw Undaria pinnatifida is 1400 mg, and that in dried Undaria pinnatifida is as high as 3300 mg, which is by no means inferior to spinach. Therefore, Undaria pinnatifida can get enough carotene when eaten with yellow-green vegetables. In addition, carotene and vitamin A belong to the same category, and both of them are soluble in oil. Therefore, if Undaria pinnatifida is eaten with oil, the absorption rate can be increased by nearly 3 times. The utilization rate of carotene will be greatly improved by pouring salad oil and sauce on Undaria pinnatifida salad or frying it.
Edible
Dried Undaria pinnatifida
Dietary fiber has the special function of adsorbing cholesterol and expelling it from the body. If beans, vegetables and mushrooms rich in plant fiber are mixed and eaten together, the role of dietary fiber will be further strengthened. Soybean contains a lot of protein which can strengthen blood vessels, but these protein will hinder the effective absorption of iodine, which is a necessary raw material for thyroid hormone synthesis. Therefore, if you eat Undaria pinnatifida with rich iodine content, you will get good iodine supplement effect.
In addition, some blue-green fish contain unsaturated fatty acids to prevent thrombosis, and fish and shellfish in seawater contain a lot of minerals and effective substances to lower blood pressure. If these fish and shellfish are eaten together with Undaria pinnatifida, the efficacy of Undaria pinnatifida can be greatly improved.
Edible method
It should be said that Japan is a country with more seaweed dishes in the world. Besides Japan, there are some countries or regions in the world that eat seaweed. Let's see how they eat.
taboo
Undaria is good, but some people don't like it very much. Because of its high iodine content, patients with iodine excess diseases should eat less Undaria pinnatifida, and coastal areas with high iodine content in China should eat less Undaria pinnatifida, which can effectively prevent iodine excess diseases.
Main categories
The harvest period of Undaria pinnatifida has a great relationship with the sea water temperature of that year, generally speaking, it is mainly concentrated between February and May. Fresh Undaria pinnatifida harvested from the sea will be digested by the "enzyme" of Undaria pinnatifida itself if it is not treated immediately, and the unique taste and luster of seaweed will be lost in a short time, and the seaweed will lose its elasticity. So in order to eat Undaria pinnatifida all year round, people have created various processing methods from a long time ago, and the Undaria pinnatifida we bought in the market is basically processed products. Undaria pinnatifida products sold in the market are basically divided into two categories: salted products and dried products, and each category contains many small categories.
Dried Undaria pinnatifida
This is the oldest processing and preservation method handed down from ancient coastal areas in China. The fresh Undaria pinnatifida harvested from the sea is directly dried in the sun, or the fresh Undaria pinnatifida is washed with fresh water and dried in the sun.
Dried Undaria pinnatifida
This is a typical processing method of dried Undaria pinnatifida invented in Shikoku Mingmen area at the end of Edo about 150 years ago. The harvested fresh Undaria pinnatifida was coated with plant ash on both sides and spread on the beach to dry for about two days. The alkaline effect contained in plant ash can keep the unique dark green of Undaria pinnatifida algae unchanged for many years. When selling in the market, wash plant ash with fresh water, and then hang it on a rope to dry it into thin strips, which is also called "singing the door to make wakame". In the Meiji era, dried Undaria pinnatifida was the best aquatic product and was regarded as a valuable commodity until the war. After washing plant ash with water, soak dried Undaria pinnatifida in clear water for 5 minutes-10 minutes to spread out. It is a representative famous product in the four countries, with bright color, elastic leaves, good taste and unique flavor, which is deeply loved by consumers.
wakame
This is a processing method for producing dried Undaria pinnatifida in the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan from Shimane Prefecture to Niigata Prefecture. The harvest period of Undaria pinnatifida is from late March to mid-May. The processing method is to wash the picked fresh Undaria pinnatifida with fresh water, then control the moisture, and then spread the leaves tightly on a wooden curtain to dry, thus forming a thin Undaria pinnatifida board. When sold, Undaria pinnatifida is generally cut to 40 cm to 50 cm in length and 20 cm to 30 cm in width. Undaria pinnatifida is different from ordinary dried Undaria pinnatifida. You can put it on the fire and put it in your mouth to taste crisp, or you can crush it and eat it on rice.
Salted Undaria pinnatifida
This is a processing method of Undaria pinnatifida developed around 1965. Peel off the stems and spore leaves of the harvested fresh Undaria pinnatifida, mix in enough salt, put them in woven bags, dehydrate at low temperature overnight, put a little weight on them, then remove the middle ribs and dead leaves at the tip, and add salt to stir and store.
Boiled Undaria pinnatifida
It is also pickled Undaria pinnatifida, but this product is fresh Undaria pinnatifida cooked first and then pickled, and the processed Undaria pinnatifida is very bright in color. This processing method has been widely used since the birth of 1970, but its preservation time is not as long as that of dried Undaria pinnatifida. The processing method of salted Undaria pinnatifida includes removing spore leaves of fresh Undaria pinnatifida, boiling in seawater or salt water at 85- 100℃ for 30-50 seconds, cooling, dewatering, adding 20-24% salt, stirring, salting 15 hours, removing stems, and adding salt.
sporophyl
The so-called Undaria pinnatifida is incomplete in a sense. In general, we only eat the leaves of Undaria pinnatifida, and the cotyledons are the reproductive organs of Undaria pinnatifida, which are located at the base of Undaria pinnatifida stem near the roots. In the past, probably because of the hard texture, not many people ate it. Because it is found that the spore leaves of Undaria pinnatifida have the health care function of alginic acid and alginate, the number of people eating it increases rapidly. Cotyledons sold in the market are all dried products with a lot of mucus. After soaking in clear water, cut it into filaments with a knife or clean it with a chopping board, and add seasonings such as vinegar and soy sauce to make cold cotyledons, which are very delicious. There are also cool products with leaves on the market.
Undaria pinnatifida stem
It is a kind of Undaria pinnatifida product produced by using the torn ribs and stems during the processing of Undaria pinnatifida leaves. Pork ribs are generally salted products cut into long strips and sold in the market, which are very popular with ordinary families. In addition, ribs and stems are cut into small pieces and made into various side dishes for sale in the market.
These are Undaria pinnatifida products sold in the Japanese market. Since 20 10, Japan has consumed about 240,000 tons of fresh Undaria pinnatifida every year, of which the largest consumption is boiled and salted Undaria pinnatifida. However, boiled Undaria pinnatifida is welcomed by consumers because of its advantages of convenient eating and easy storage, and its consumption is increasing year by year.
Edible area
American continent
There is basically no habit of eating seaweed. In some places on the east coast, people grind red algae such as carrageenan into powder, mix it with peptone and jam, and give it to patients. In Canada, people grind red algae into powder, make capsules and sell them as nutrients in the market to supplement the deficiency of vitamins and minerals. In South America, in addition to vitamin supplementation, seaweed is regarded as an important source of protein. For example, the content of protein in dried red algae is as high as 42%, and the contents of vitamin C, vitamin A and vitamin B are also very rich.
Northern Europe
Porphyra and red algae are eaten in some areas of Iceland and other countries. In some places, laver is mixed with flour to make bread, and in some areas, laver is mixed with flue-cured tobacco and chewing gum to chew in the mouth. Usually cooked with fish, milk, wheat, etc. In other places, seaweed juice and cream are cooked together to make seaweed paste and sold in the market. In some parts of the Mediterranean, seaweed is used as the spice of soup, which is equivalent to Japanese bean jelly.
Southeast Asia
People in India and other countries like to eat red algae such as agar, and Indonesians also like to eat some red algae as a side dish. Vietnamese people like to cook some red algae with high gum content and add sugar to taste. It is said that the colloids of these algae were exported to France in colonial times.
China
A long time ago, in the inland area of China with Sichuan as the center, kelp was used as a medicine to treat big neck disease and began to be transported inland from the coast of the South China Sea. Sargassum, as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has expectorant effect in tea. Undaria pinnatifida and kelp are representative seaweeds in many dishes, and seaweeds are also widely used in famous bird's nest and shark's fin soup. Haiyan looked for seaweed from the sea, ate it in her stomach and spit it out. Due to the chemical action of gastric juice, seaweed becomes translucent colloid, and Haiyan sticks the colloid to feathers to form bird's nest, so the bird's nest soup we are talking about is actually Haiyan's soup.
South Korea
About 40 kinds of edible seaweed, such as Undaria pinnatifida, are naturally distributed on the Korean peninsula. It seems that it should be like this: in Korea, some seaweed that Japanese people don't like to eat, such as pine algae, waste cloth, centipede algae and so on. But local people like to eat them; However, Japanese people like to eat seaweed, such as antlers and reeds. But Koreans don't eat much. South Korea's laver breeding industry has also gradually developed, and the output of laver has almost reached half of Japan's total output. In addition, the market consumption of Undaria pinnatifida is very large, and the per capita annual consumption is about twice that of Japan. Koreans also like to eat laver, but they don't pay attention to the fragrance of laver like the Japanese. They like to mix pepper, garlic and sesame oil to eat.