First, the basic knowledge
1. Yuanmou man is the earliest known human in China, about1700,000 years ago.
The fundamental difference between humans and animals lies in whether they can make tools.
3. Beijingers who lived about 700,000-200,000 years ago lived in caves in Gulong Mountain, Zhoukoudian, southwest Beijing, and lived in groups with percussion tools and natural kindling. This is the primitive society of early human beings.
China has discovered the oldest human site in the world.
Cavemen lived in the area where Beijingers lived about 30,000 years ago. They still use percussion tools, but they have mastered the technology of polishing and drilling, can create artificial fires and make a living by gathering and hunting. The collective in which they lived also entered the period of matriarchal clan commune.
6. Clan: A group united by blood ties and passed down from a common ancestor. They live together, work together, live together, and there is no distinction between rich and poor.
7. What progress has the life of cavemen made compared with that of Beijingers?
Social organization representing the concept of cultural time, material form, tool manufacturing and production activities.
Peking man kept some features of apes for about 700,000-200,000 years, defeating the primitive people who collected and hunted stone tools.
Neanderthals began to master the grinding and drilling technology of about 18000 years like modern people: collecting bone needles and hunting, and knowing how to love beauty.
8. China is the first country in the world to grow rice and millet.
9. The primitive residents who lived in Hemudu (about 7000 years ago) in the Yangtze River valley and in Banpo (about 5000 to 6000 years ago) in the Yellow River valley started their primitive farming and settlement life with grinded stone tools. Hemudu people live in a dry fence house, which is convenient for ventilation and moisture-proof; Banpo people live in a house in a semi-basement.
10. Yan Di and Huangdi are famous tribal leaders in the legendary Yellow River valley in China. In the battle of Zhuolu, the two tribes joined forces to defeat Chiyou and then formed an alliance. After long-term development, they formed the future Chinese nation.
1 1. Tribe means that in primitive society, many clans with close relatives formed tribes, and several tribes formed tribal alliances.
12. The Yellow Emperor was honored as the "ancestor of mankind" by later generations.
13. Yao Shunyu adopted the method of "abdication" to elect the leaders of tribal alliances.
14. About 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty; Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty in the history of China. Since then, the long primitive society in China has ended, the slave society has begun, the hereditary system has replaced the abdication system, and the "public world" has become a "home world".
15. About 1600 BC, Monarch Tang of Shang tribe in the lower Yellow River defeated Jie Li and established Shang Dynasty.
16. King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital to Yin, so later people called Shang Dynasty Yin Dynasty.
17. Zhou Wenwang appointed the sage Jiang Shang, attached importance to agricultural production, and gradually strengthened its national strength. BC 1046, Zhou Wenwang's son Zhou Wuwang conquered Zhou, and the battle of Makino ended. The Shang Dynasty established the Western Zhou Dynasty and made Haojing its capital.
18. In 77 BC1year, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began.
19. The largest existing bronze ware in the world is the Muswuding in Shang Dynasty.
20. The world-famous "Sanxingdui" culture is a unique bronze culture that prevailed in the Chengdu Plain of China at the same time as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. There are famous bronze masks, bronze statues and bronze sacred trees.
2 1. China is the first country to invent porcelain in the world. Primitive celadon was fired in the early Shang Dynasty.
22. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty was divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, from 770 BC to 476 BC; The warring States period was from 475 BC to 22 BC1year.
23. The five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period refer to Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, Wu and Lu Wang and Yue Wang Gou Jian.
24. In the late 7th century BC, in the battle of Chengpu in Chu Jin, the Jin army defeated the Chu army, and Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains.
25. The Seven Heroes in the Warring States refer to the coexistence of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin.
26. In 260 BC, after the battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao, the six eastern countries could no longer resist Qiang Qin's attack.
27. The appearance of iron farm tools in China and the use of Niu Geng began in the Spring and Autumn Period;
During the Warring States Period, Li Bing, the satrap of Qin and Shu, built Dujiangyan in Minjiang River, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance".
29. Oracle Bone Inscriptions refers to the characters carved on tortoise shells or animal bones by Shang people. Chinese characters in our country developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
30. The time of having written examinations in China began in the Shang Dynasty.
3 1. The first solar eclipse with an exact date in China's history occurred on September 6th, 776 BC.
32. In 6 13 BC, astronomer Lu left the exact date of the earliest Halley's comet in the world.
33. Since the Warring States Period, there have been 24 solar terms in a year.
34. Bian Que, a famous doctor in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, concluded that Chinese medicine has always adopted the method of looking, smelling, asking and cutting four treasures.
35. Qu Yuan, a famous patriotic poet in ancient China, whose representative lyric poem Li Sao was translated into many languages for processing; The World Peace Council designated Qu Yuan as a world cultural celebrity.
36. A set of precious bells of the Warring States Period was unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei.
37. The Analects of Confucius recorded Confucius' remarks.
38. Laozi was a famous thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of the Taoist school. His theory was recorded in the Tao Te Ching.
39. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries, established the Qin Dynasty, and made Xianyang its capital. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China.
40. Qin Changcheng in the west and Liaodong in the east are symbols of the wisdom and originality of the ancient working people in China.
4 1. The territory of the Qin Dynasty is east to the East China Sea, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea. It was a great country in the world at that time.
42. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu led an uprising in Daze Township, and a peasant uprising broke out at the end of Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising was the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China. Their revolutionary initiative inspired millions of working people to fight against the cruel rule of later generations.
43. In the Battle of Julu in 207 BC, Xiang Yu was outnumbered and defeated Qin Jun's main force, which laid the foundation for the demise of the Qin Dynasty. Subsequently, Liu Bang led his troops to advance on Xianyang, and the Qin Dynasty perished.
44. In 202 BC, after four years of Chu-Han War, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu to establish the Han Dynasty and made Chang 'an the capital of the Western Han Dynasty.
45. During the reign of Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi, the policy of reducing taxes and developing agriculture was implemented, and the scene of "the rule of culture and scenery" appeared.
46. Representatives of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, France and the military during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
The main idea of personal name appellation works in this period
Confucius was a great thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period. The Analects of Confucius, the founder of Confucian school, put forward the theory of "benevolence", advocating "ruling the country by virtue", advocating "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", being modest and eager to learn, and "learning new things by reviewing old ones"
Mencius, a thinker and representative of Confucianism in the Warring States period, put forward the "Spring and Autumn War without Justice" against all wars. Require the rulers to govern the country with "benevolent government"; Advocate keeping abreast of the season and rationally utilizing natural resources.
Mozi was a thinker and founder of Mohism in the Warring States period, and advocated "universal love" and "non-aggression"
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Tao Te Ching, a thinker of Laozi and the founder of Taoism, believed that everything has opposites, and the two sides of opposites can be transformed into each other. Advocate both rigidity and softness.
During the Warring States Period, Zhuangzi thinkers and Taoist representatives advocated "governing by doing nothing" and letting nature take its course.
Han Fei, a thinker and a representative figure of legalists in the Warring States period, advocated reform, the rule of law and the establishment of a centralized monarchy.
Sun Tzu's Art of War, the strategist of Sun Wu during the Warring States Period, was the originator of the strategist. "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle."
47. Dong Zhongshu suggested to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that "a hundred schools of thought should be deposed and Confucianism should be the only one" and Confucianism should be regarded as feudal orthodoxy.
48. Imperial College held by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in Chang 'an was the highest institution of learning in ancient China.
49. In AD 25, Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital. Liu Xiu is Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. During his reign, the society was stable and the economy improved, which was called "Guangxu Zhongxing" in history.
50. All plows in the Western Han Dynasty were equipped with plow walls, which were more than 1000 years earlier than those in Europe. Niu Geng generally uses the method of two cows to wrangle; A new sowing tool-threshing wheel appeared in the Western Han Dynasty.
5 1. Wang Jing, a water conservancy expert in the Eastern Han Dynasty, managed the Yellow River, keeping it unchanged for the next 800 years.
52. China's iron smelting technology in the Han Dynasty was among the best in the world. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Nanyang, the prefect of Du, dredged drainage and used hydraulic blast to smelt iron.
53. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Mo Duhan, the outstanding leader of Xiongnu, unified the Mongolian grassland for the first time.
54. In BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Huns and was defeated by the Battle of Mobei.
55. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhaojun left the fortress and got married in Uhaanyehe, which made the Sino-Hungarian border stable for a long time. Wang Zhaojun and Uhaanyehe have made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between China and Hungary.
56. In BC 138 and BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice and opened the Silk Road.
57. In 60 BC, the Western Han government set up the Western Regions Metropolitan Government to take charge of the affairs of the Western Regions, which marked that Xinjiang began to be under the jurisdiction of the central government and became an inalienable part of China.
58. The Silk Road refers to China's silk and silk products, which started from Chang 'an, passed through the Hexi Corridor and now Xinjiang, transported to West Asia, and then transported to Europe. This land artery connecting Chinese and western traffic is the famous Silk Road.
59. In 73 AD, the Eastern Han government sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions, and Ban Chao administered the Western Regions for 30 years, which further strengthened the ties between the Western Regions and the Mainland.
60. In166, Andun, the envoy of Daqin, went to the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was the first direct contact between European countries and China.
6 1. At present, the earliest known paper in the world is hemp paper unearthed in Tianshui, Gansu, China, which is earlier than Europe 1200 years.
62. Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The invention of papermaking is a great contribution of our people to world culture.
63. Nine Chapters Arithmetic, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the earliest existing ancient mathematics monograph in China, which systematically summarizes the mathematical achievements from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Some contents in the book were advanced in the world at that time. ]
64. Zhang Heng invented and manufactured the first scientific instrument for observing earthquakes in history-the seismograph, which is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world.
65. Hua Tuo, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was good at surgery, and his systemic anesthetic "Ma Fei San" was the first work in the history of world medicine.
66. Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases comprehensively expounded the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine. He has a brilliant medical skill and noble medical ethics, and is called "medical sage" by later generations.
67. The three major religions in the world today are Christianity, Buddhism and Islam.
68. Buddhism was introduced into the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism rose among the people in China.
69. Wang Chong was an outstanding materialist thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty. On the whole, he wrote, there are no ghosts and gods in the world.
70. Sima Qian was a great historian in ancient China. His Historical Records recorded the historical events from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and it was the first biography of China.
7 1. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are outstanding representatives of sculpture art in Qin and Han Dynasties and a bright pearl in the world art treasure house.
In the battle of Guandu in 72.200, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao with less, which laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.
73. In Battle of Red Cliffs in 2008, Sun Liulian defeated Cao Cao by means of arms attack. Subsequently, the situation of the three countries was formed.
74. The three countries stand out from each other
As soon as the country name came out, the economic characteristics of the capital perished.
Wei Caopi built water conservancy in Luoyang in 220 and developed agricultural production for 266 years, which was later replaced by the Western Jin Dynasty.
In 22 1 year, the silk industry was developed in Chengdu in the north. In 263, Shu brocade was sold to the Three Kingdoms, which was destroyed by Wei.
In 222, Wu developed Jianye shipbuilding industry; Zeng Weiwen went to Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province) for 280 years, and wiped out Wu in the west, ending the Three Kingdoms period.
In 75.266, Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital. In 3 16, the Xiongnu who moved inward perished for 50 years.
76. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the northern minorities who moved in mainly included Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di and Qiang, who lived together with the Han nationality for a long time, which promoted the national integration of China.
In 77.3 17, Si Marui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and its capital is under construction. In 420, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty established himself as emperor. The Eastern Jin Dynasty ended and the Southern Dynasties began.
In the late 78.4th century, the Miao people established the pre-Qin regime, which unified the Yellow River basin.
In 79.383, the troops of the Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty, and won the battle of Feishui.
80. The Northern Wei regime was established by Xian, and in 439, the Northern Wei unified the Yellow River Basin.
8 1. The Southern Dynasties included Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties. The Northern Dynasties included Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Friday.
82. Wang Xizhi's calligraphy collection sublimated China's calligraphy into an advanced art form. His masterpiece "Preface to Lanting" has the reputation of "the best running script in the world"; Wang Xizhi was called "the sage of books" by later generations.
83. Gu Kaizhi was a famous painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Representative works include A History of Women, A Picture of Luoshen, etc.
84. Fan Zhen, a thinker in the Southern Dynasties, systematically expounded atheism and exposed the fact that the ruling class used Buddhism to deceive the people.
85. Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province are the two most famous grottoes excavated in the Northern Dynasties.
86. Table of Scientific Achievements in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The main works and scientific and technological achievements of people's dynasty appellation
Famous mathematicians and astronomers in the Southern Dynasties in Zu Chongzhi have made great achievements in mathematics, astronomy and mechanical manufacturing, among which the most prominent one is the precision of pi to seven digits after the decimal point, which is nearly a thousand years earlier than that of foreign countries.
Qi Yaomin, a famous agronomist in the Northern Dynasties (Northern Wei and Eastern Wei) in Jia Sixie, summarized the production experience of working people in northern China, advocated the reform of production technology and tools, and compiled China's first complete agricultural science book, which has an important position in the world agricultural history.
Li Daoyuan, an outstanding geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty, wrote a comprehensive geographical monograph Zhu. Taking the waterway system as the key link, this paper introduces in detail the mountains and rivers, rivers and towns, topography, customs and historical sites in the areas where rivers flow.
87. An Overview of the Feudal Dynasty Unit 3 Establishment of a Unified State
The name of the capital of the founding emperor when the dynasty was established.
In 22 1 year BC, the king of Qin seized power-Qin Shihuang Xianyang.
In the Western Han Dynasty in 202 BC, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang was a native of Chang 'an.
Twenty-five years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu-Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty.
Cao Pi Luoyang in 220 years of the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty
Liu Bei Chengdu in Shu 22 1
In 222, Sun Quan Jianye
Luoyang, Sima Yan in the Western Jin Dynasty in 266.
Jin Dong 3 17 Si Marui Health
Second, questions and answers
88. What are the worldwide contributions of China's primitive farming era?
① China is the first country to grow rice in the world;
(2) China is the first country to grow millet in the world;
China is an early vegetable growing country in the world.
89. What progress have the indigenous people of Hemudu made in production and life compared with Beijingers and cavemen?
A: The original inhabitants of Hemudu have used grinding stone tools, cultivated land and planted rice. They live in a fenced house and live a stable life. Wells have been dug to make drinking water more convenient. He also raises livestock, can make pottery, and can make simple jade and primitive musical instruments.
90. What was the division of labor among the inhabitants of primitive farming in China?
A: Women are mainly engaged in farming and textile, while men are mainly engaged in fishing and hunting, as well as heavy handicraft production such as making tools and ceramics. Old people do housework, take care of and educate children.
9 1. Why is the Yellow Emperor honored as the "ancestor of humanity" of the Chinese nation?
Answer: It's because (1) he built palaces, made clothes, taught people to dig wells, and invented boats and cars, which laid the foundation for future generations. (2) His wife Lei Zu invented sericulture and silk reeling, his subordinate Cang Xie invented writing, and Ling Lun compiled music scores.
92. Why did the Western Zhou Dynasty implement the enfeoffment system? How to seal it? What's the role?
A: The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system to consolidate its rule.
Main contents: The enfeoffment system means that the Zhou Emperor distributed the land and people to relatives and heroes and made them princes. Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou Emperor, pay tribute to the emperor at ordinary times, defend the territory, and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime.
Function: Through the enfeoffment system, the Western Zhou Dynasty developed remote areas, strengthened its rule and became a powerful country.
93. Why did Qi Huangong become the first master?
A: ① Qi is a big country in the East with a good geographical position and rich fish and salt. (2) Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister, actively reformed internal affairs and developed production; (3) Reform the military system, form a powerful army and expand the border; Politically, the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries" was played.
94. What are the main contents and functions of Shang Yang's political reform?
In 356 BC, with the support of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Yang began to reform.
The main contents of the reform are: (1) The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free sale; (2) Reward ploughing and produce more grain and cloth, and I can avoid corvee; According to the size of military service, the title of Tian Zhai was granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished. (3) establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.
The main function of the political reform was to make Qin's economy develop, and the army's combat effectiveness was constantly enhanced, and it became the most powerful country at the end of the Warring States period, laying the foundation for Qin's unification of the six countries.
95. List the ideological content of Confucius.
A: Confucius was a famous great thinker and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of Confucianism.
Confucius' thoughts mainly include: putting forward the theory of "benevolence", advocating "love", requiring rulers to observe the people's feelings and cherish the people's strength; Oppose tyranny and arbitrary punishment and killing.
96. Confucius' educational achievements mainly include: ① setting up private schools, recruiting disciples and expanding educational targets; He pays attention to "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and is good at inspiring students to think; (3) He educates students to have an honest learning attitude and be open-minded and eager to learn; He asked students to review from time to time, so as to "review the old and learn the new".
97. What measures did Qin Shihuang take to consolidate reunification?
A: ① A set of feudal autocratic centralization was established. (the supreme ruler is called the emperor, who commands all military and political power in the country; The central government has A Qiu, the Prime Minister, and Gu Consultant, who are in charge of administration, military affairs and supervision. The county system is implemented at the local level. )
② Unified writing, currency and weights and measures. (Biography is the national standard text; Take copper coins with square holes as the national unified currency; And make unified regulations on size, number of barrels and weight. )
(3) "Burning books to bury Confucianism" and strengthening ideological control.
(4) General Meng Tian was sent to fight back against the Huns and build the Great Wall to resist.
⑤ Qin Shihuang also sent troops to unify the ministries of South Vietnam, build Lingqu and develop southern Xinjiang.
98. What important role did the Qin Dynasty play in the history of China?
(1) ended the warlord regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and created a new unified situation. Since the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the feudal society in China for more than 2,000 years has been in a state of separatism in some periods, but unification has always been the mainstream of history.
(2) The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of our country, and its autocratic centralized rule system has been followed in our country for more than 2,000 years, with far-reaching influence.
(3) Unifying writing, currency and weights and measures will have an extremely important impact on China's future economic and cultural development and safeguarding national unity.
(4) Built the famous Wan Li Great Wall and Lingqu and other ancient projects.
99. Tell me about the historical role of Qin Shihuang? What kind of person was Qin Shihuang in your initial impression? Is there any difference between the Qin Shihuang you know in film and television dramas and the Qin Shihuang in history?
Qin Shihuang followed the historical trend, destroyed six countries, unified China, and ended the long feudal scuffle, which was in line with the wishes of the broad masses of people. He established a centralized monarchy and unified writing, currency, weights and measures, etc. , consolidated the unity, promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups in various regions, and had a far-reaching impact on future generations; He expanded his territory through the unified war, making the Qin Dynasty the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China. The above shows that Qin Shihuang was an emperor who made great contributions to the history of our country and had great influence. But he was also a cruel feudal emperor. He built a large number of palaces and tombs, which wasted a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources and affected people's normal production and life. He also enacted a cruel criminal law, which made people live in dire straits; He burned books to bury Confucianism, stifled ideas and destroyed culture.
Qin Shihuang in TV series is an artistic image with "banter" and even fictional elements. Qin Shihuang in history is the truth of history, and there is a great difference between them.
100. What was the reason for the outbreak of the peasant war in the late Qin Dynasty?
A: The reasons for the outbreak of the peasant war in the late Qin Dynasty are as follows:
The root cause is Qin's tyranny. ② The corvee is heavy; (3) heavy taxes; (4) The cruelty of criminal law and the cruelty of Qin Ershi's rule.
10 1. What is the unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty?
A: The unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is manifested in the following aspects: politically reducing the number of governors and strengthening centralization; (2) Economically, the local coinage right and the management right of salt and iron were brought back to the central government, and the policy of restraining business was implemented; (3) Fight back against Xiongnu militarily to further develop and consolidate national unity; Fourth, ideologically, we should "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" and regard Confucianism as feudal orthodoxy. ⑤ Diplomatically, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions to open up the Silk Road.
102. Why did Jiangnan develop during Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties? What's the impact?
A: First, the natural conditions for economic development in Jiangnan are superior; Second, a large number of northerners moved to Jiangnan, providing labor and technology for the development of Jiangnan; Third, there are few wars in the south of the Yangtze River and the social order is relatively stable. Fourth, the hard work of the working people in the North and South.
Impact: The economic development in the south of the Yangtze River laid the foundation for the gradual shift of China's economic center of gravity to the south.
103. What were the contents of Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty? What's the role?
A: After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved his capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang, he carried out political and economic reforms.
The main contents of emperor xiaowen's reform are: ① speaking Chinese: the court must use Chinese and Xianbei language is forbidden; 2 wear Hanfu: officials and their families must wear Hanfu; (3) Changing the surname of Han: Xianbei changed its surname to Han, and the royal family changed its surname to Tuoba; ④ Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; ⑤ Adopt the official system and laws of Han nationality; ⑥ Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly.
The function of Emperor Xiaowen's reform: promoting national integration, accelerating the feudalization process of northern minorities, and objectively adapting to the historical development trend.