I. Land selection and preparation
The plot for planting Dioscorea zingiberensis requires humus loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage as the best, followed by sandy soil and poor clay. When the garden is opened on the flat ground, it needs deep ploughing and fine harrow when preparing the soil. After the land is leveled, it is suggested to form a ridge surface with a width of 0.66 cm, which is connected by ditches to facilitate drainage. If the garden is opened on the slope, it should be ridged according to the contour line and made into an anti-slope contour ditch. It is required that the active soil layer is greater than 0.5 m and the ridge width of planting belt is 0.66 m.
We should apply enough base fertilizer, mainly farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer. Auxiliary? Before soil preparation, it is suggested to apply 2,000 ~ 3,000 kilograms of farmyard manure and 750 kilograms of plant ash per hectare, add some quick-acting fertilizers such as urea and calcium superphosphate, and do not apply chlorine fertilizer.
Second, the method of reproduction.
There are two ways to breed turmeric, one is sexual reproduction and the other is asexual reproduction.
1, sexual reproduction
(1) seed collection
Turmeric seeds began to mature from the end of 65438+ 10 to the end of 165438+ 10. When ripe, the capsules and pods will turn blue-black or purple-black. Its surface is covered with gray powder and there are six Mitsubishi (or three-room) seeds. Mature seeds are chestnut brown, and their edges are covered with annular membrane wings. The seed pods of seeds are very easy to crack, because the wings will flutter with the wind, so the seeds should be harvested in stages and batches, and they should not be separated after harvesting. Seeds must be stored in dry and ventilated baskets.
(2) seed treatment
Before sowing, keep the seeds out of the sun, which can increase the temperature of the seeds, then soak the seeds in warm water for 24 hours at a temperature of 30℃ to make the seeds fully absorb water, and then filter out the water. Soak the seeds with 50% carbendazim 800 times solution for 20-25 minutes, and then accelerate germination. Seeds can germinate at 18 ~ 20℃ for 15 ~ 25 days, or control the temperature of turmeric seeds in plastic greenhouse to accelerate germination and seedling raising, which can shorten the germination period and improve the germination rate.
(3) sowing date
Mid-March to mid-April is the best sowing date for seed propagation. If it is protected cultivation, it should be sown as soon as possible to increase the effective growth period.
(4) Nursery and container nursery
Generally, 250g seeds are used for transplanting seedlings, and the seedbed area is 3m2. Seedlings can be planted in seed nursery, with about 600,000 plants per hectare.
Use containers to raise seedlings, put 2 ~ 3 seeds in each container, and you can choose to leave the nursery for planting at any time during the growing season. This method can improve the survival rate.
The following points should be paid attention to and mastered in the nursery and container seedling raising of Dioscorea zingiberensis: Do you need to choose fertile and loose garden soil for the nursery and container culture soil, and do not need to emphasize fertilization? After seed emergence, it is necessary to strengthen topdressing management and apply sufficient base fertilizer when transplanting? When sowing, pay attention to the shallowness and thinness of the seed cover. Basically, sowing is carried out on topsoil. Do you need to spray water to moisturize and cover it with a sunshade net after sowing? If the plants in the nursery are too big, it is suggested to use the methods of beating Toona sinensis, pulling rope and hanging vines, or to use the methods of beating Toona sinensis, erecting poles and hanging vines to solve the problem.
Seeds can grow into seedlings when sown in the same year, and the average weight of rhizomes can reach 25 grams. If harvested after two years, each nest can harvest an average of 200 grams of rhizome.
2. Asexual reproduction
There are three sources of planting ginger for asexual reproduction. One is to choose tender rhizome as seed from harvested commercial ginger. The second one was obtained from the seed nursery? The third one comes from the cultivation nursery, where the cut buds of roots are used as materials for propagating ginger.
Ginger must be fresh, tender and stout, with full bud eyes, the length of ginger should be about 6.6 cm, there should be two faucets, the bristles should absorb more roots, and there is no harm of pests and diseases. Okay, okay. Widowed? You can't sow seeds. After cutting off the seed buds, it should be dried for 1 ~ 2 hours, so that the moisture in the cut surface is completely dried and stored with wet sand. Pay attention to soak ginger with 0.02% borax solution for 2 hours before sowing, and then sow with plant ash.
Third, the sowing method
Spring sowing is from March to the first half of April, and autumn sowing is from late October to mid-October165438+/kloc-0.
The recommended planting density and row spacing are: 0.26 m? 0.33 meters. When sowing, the hole depth is 8.25 ~ 9.9 cm. Note that the deep hole is shallow, the bud head is up, and the root hair should be elongated. First cover the seed fertilizer (which must be fully decomposed organic fertilizer), then cover it with a thin layer of soil and compact it slightly. The dosage of ginger per hectare is 250 ~ 350 kg, which can ensure 9000 ~ 12000 plants per hectare. The individual requirement of each kind of ginger is more than 25 grams (the expansion and proliferation coefficient through cultivation is more than 10). )。 1 hectare = 15 mu, which should be converted.
Fourth, the framework culture method
After sowing and seedling emergence, Dioscorea zingiberensis should be put on shelves in time, which can improve the photosynthesis of leaves. It is suggested that the best material for fighting is bamboo miscellaneous tree strips, the length of which is 1.5 meters. Poles must be firmly inserted, and cross bars should be in the shape of an adult. The yield per plant can be increased by 1.5 ~ 3 times.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Tian Tuan management
1, weeding
Weeding is an important content of Dioscorea zingiberensis after sowing, and it is also a key measure for the success or failure of field management.
First of all, before the appearance of turmeric, it is suggested to use 10% glyphosate 1.5 kg +50% butachlor 200ml per hectare and add 750 kg of water before spraying. After the emergence of Dioscorea zingiberensis Turcz., when the weeds have two leaves and one mind, 600 ml of 10.8% high-efficiency gaicaoneng+3000ml of 50% butachlor were selected and sprayed with 750 kg of water. Then about 20 days later, the remaining small amount of weeds that did not die were manually pulled out. In the future, we should observe the growth of weeds in combination with intertillage and use this formula to control them. You can stop after September. 2. News reports
Pay attention to immediate coverage after choosing glyphosate control, and the coverage can be thatch, manure, straw, firewood, etc. General 1000 ~ 2000 kg of manure is used for fences, and 750 kg is used for thatch and straw. Mulching can reduce the harm of weeds, loosen soil and provide nutrients. The experiment shows that the application of 1500 kg organic fertilizer can increase the yield by 32.9%.
3. Scaffolding
When the seedling height is about 20 cm, you can choose small bamboo poles or sticks for cutting and scaffolding. It is suggested that the string length should be 150 ~ 180 cm, and every 3 ~ 4 plants should be inserted 1, and then tied into a bundle 30 cm below the top to prevent lodging. After the erection is completed, the vines must be put on the shelves to prevent the vines from running around and avoid affecting the collection of wind, lighting and field work.
Step 4 apply fertilizer
Fertilization should be carried out in four times. In early May, the dosage of urea was 65,438+050 kg per hectare, and it was applied after rain. In mid-June, 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, 300 kg per hectare, and in late July, 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, 300 kg per hectare. This can prevent premature aging and promote the formation of the second peak of tuber expansion in June 5438+ 10.
5. Clean ditches and cultivate soil
Note that after the first fertilization in early May, it is necessary to carry out the first ditch cleaning and soil cultivation, and then do a good job of ditch cleaning and drainage in time.
Six, pest control
Turmeric mainly has two evils and one disease.
Generally speaking, black cutworms are harmful from April to May. It bites off the base of ginger, which will form a large number of dead vines in severe cases. So pay close attention in early April. When the harm is found, it is suggested to sprinkle 30 kilograms of Chaidan on the roots of plants per hectare, which can effectively control the ground tiger.
During August and September, Spodoptera litura mainly feeds on rattan leaves, which generally does not affect the yield. In severe cases, drugs need to be used for prevention and control at a young age.
Stem rot is the main disease of turmeric, and its occurrence degree is closely related to soil moisture. Therefore, the key to control this disease must start with land selection and drainage. At the beginning of the disease, 50% carbendazim was used to irrigate the roots, and then it was used once every 7 days for 3 consecutive times. Brown spot disease mainly occurs in July and can be controlled by spraying 800 times of 50% thiophanate methyl continuously for 3-4 times? It is suggested that grubs should be watered with 50% phoxim EC 1500 times solution, or killed with bean cake mixture, or trapped and killed by using the phototaxis of adults.
Seven, timely harvesting
In general, it can be harvested after two years of planting, but the average annual output is the highest after three years of planting. Ginger is usually harvested in late autumn and early winter, but the content of effective components in turmeric is the highest in full bloom. If you dig too early, it will not only limit the yield, but also reduce the reproduction of ginger. After harvesting, the sediment and root hair of the rhizome must be removed, sliced or dried in the sun, and the rhizome must not be washed with water to avoid reducing the quality.