The original meaning of the word "Xuan" is a deep red color that is almost black, so Xu Shen's Shuowen is interpreted as: Xuan, you are far away. The word "Xuan" comes from Laozi's Tao Te Ching. "Xuan is both mysterious and mysterious, and it is deep and subtle. The origin of the name "Metaphysics" is precisely because the speakers in the Wei and Jin Dynasties called three books Zhouyi, Laozi and Zhuangzi, so the name "Metaphysics" came from this.
From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, it was more than 200 years of troubled times. With the disintegration of the unified dynasty in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Confucianism, which ruled the ideological circle for nearly 400 years, began to lose its charm. Scholars are generally tired of the tedious style of study of Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty, the grotesque and shallow divination, and the platitudes of the Three Cardinals and the Five Permanences, so they turn to find a new foothold and indulge in metaphysical philosophical debates. This argument is like the salon of later generations, where elegant celebrities (the famous "seven sages of bamboo forest" represented by Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are the embodiment of Wei and Jin Dynasties) get together to talk about metaphysics, which was called "talking clearly" or "talking about metaphysics" at that time.
According to the Twenty-two Histories written by Zhao Yi, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, this way of speaking began in the zhengshi period of Wang Cao Fang, and its founder was Wang Bi. They were all aristocrats and celebrities at that time, and under their influence, they became a generation of ethos. The so-called "beginning sound" in the Book of Jin also refers to the metaphysical atmosphere that runs through Wei and Jin Dynasties.
There is a fashion among talkative people, that is, waving their tails smartly while talking to Kan Kan. Generally speaking, the topics discussed are all around the three mysterious and profound books: Zhouyi, Laozi and Zhuangzi. The content of the talk mainly involves metaphysical issues such as existence and non-existence, life and death, movement and quietness, famous religion and nature, sage's affection or ruthlessness, sadness and joy in voice, and whether words can express meaning. In the view of orthodox scholars, such talk has nothing to do with the national economy and people's livelihood, so there is such a saying as "talking about the wrong country". For example, Confucian scholar Fan Ning said, "He Bi is more guilty than Jie Li and Zhou."
Yan He and Wang Bi advocated "attaching importance to whatever", saying that "everything in the world has no roots" (Biography of Wang Jinyan) and put forward the theory that "Ming Jiao" originated from "nature". Later, Ruan Ji and Ji Kang advocated that "the more famous, the more natural" ("Break up with Shan Juyuan"). Ji Kang combined "taking the Six Classics as filth and taking benevolence and righteousness as stink" (Difficult to Learn Nature) and "Not Tang Wu but Thin Kong Zhou" (this sentence is also from Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan), which can be generally regarded as Ji Kang's declaration, even the declaration of the second and third sons in Wei and Jin Dynasties at that time, but I think it is to let Sima Jia know his own ideas, but it is actually. Later, it was completed by Guo Xiang, who wrote the annotation of Zhuangzi. As soon as this book came out, metaphysics flourished. "The traces of Confucianism and Mohism are contemptible, and the words of Tao are prosperous" (The Book of Jin Guo Xiang Biography). Guo Xiang advocates that everything can't be born, saying that "the creator has no owner, and things are formed separately" (note on the Theory of Everything) and that "Ming Jiao is nature". Metaphysics does not completely exclude Confucianism, but tries to explain Confucian classics in Taoist language, that is, "introducing the old into Confucianism" and reconciling Confucianism and Taoism. Yan He wrote The Analects of Confucius, Wang Bi wrote Notes on the Book of Changes, Examples of the Book of Changes and Explanations of the Analects of Confucius, and Guo Xiang wrote The Analects of Confucius, all of which tried their best to integrate metaphysics with orthodox Confucianism. Metaphysics also respects Confucius as a saint, but metaphysics Confucius. For example, Wang Bi thinks Confucius is precious, and Ji Kang says Confucius is good at keeping in good health. In fact, even metaphysicians who attack etiquette attach importance to Confucian concepts. Ruan Ji said that "the distinction between the superior and the inferior, the difference between the superior and the inferior, is called etiquette." Ji Kang advocated Confucian morality at home, saying, "Don't be humble, but humble; There is no need to be a little ashamed, but a big concession. "
Generally speaking, metaphysics was a group of intellectual elites who jumped out of the traditional way of thinking at that time. After the serious crisis of orthodox Confucian belief, they made philosophical reflections on the universe, society and life in order to find a spiritual home for literati. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism expounded Buddhism in the language of metaphysics. Some metaphysicians were good at talking about Buddhism, and metaphysics made sense. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, metaphysics has been integrated with Buddhism, and metaphysics, as a trend of thought of the times, has gradually "laughed without saying a word".
The origin of metaphysics
In the mouth of Jianghu people, there has been a mysterious story related to China traditional culture.
This story can be traced back to more than 4600 years ago.
It is said that after Pangu created the world and Nu Wa Niangniang refined five-color stones to fill the sky, our ancestor, the Yellow Emperor Gongsun Xuanyuan, was born under an incredible situation. ...
After the rebellion of Chiyou, the Yellow Emperor got the help of the gods, granted the heavenly book to break Chiyou's witchcraft, captured and killed Chiyou, and unified the world. The legendary god is Xuan Nv, the goddess of Nu Wa. After the Yellow Emperor pacified the war, he ordered Cangjie to create characters, and recorded all kinds of occult arts in the gobbledygook of Xuan Nv. This book was later regarded as a treasure by Jianghu people.
Inheritance of deception
The secret script left by the Yellow Emperor was obtained by Jiang Taigong of the Zhou Dynasty in Kunlun Mountain. He used the magic of secret books to help Zhou cut Zhou, which made the Zhou Dynasty rule for 800 years.
During the Warring States Period, it spread to Wang Chan's Guiguzi-the bodhi old zu. He taught the secrets to his disciples-Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Sun Bin and Pang Juan, making them famous generals at that time.
During the Han Dynasty, Sean got a secret book from Huang Shigong, which had been circulating for 400 years. In this way, the golden seal jade letter was handed down from generation to generation in a magical way and spread to Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms period, winning three points in the world. During the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, although some people used gold to obtain the letters of the imperial seal, most of them were incomplete. For example, Zhuge Liang got Taoism, and Guo Pu and Yang Junsong got Feng Shui (Yin and Yang Feng Shui). In the Song Dynasty, it was Zhu, a scholar with great achievements and works, who got the golden seal and imperial seal. In the Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji (word Bowen) got the imperial edict of Jin Yuxi, helped Zhu Yuanzhang to establish a famous country, and then retired. Jin Zhuan Yu Han has been circulated for 4,000 years, but its contents have been lost, added or deleted, or diverged, resulting in many schools. Roughly divided into: mountain, medicine, life, divination, phase, collectively known as the five techniques of metaphysics.
Five Techniques of Metaphysics-Mountain
Mountains contain the secrets of cultivating the mind, nourishing nature and exercising. "Mountain" is also the most profound and mysterious, and it is also the most easily misunderstood as "superstition". "Mountain" includes Xuan Dian, health preservation and Xiu Mi's practice. Xuandian-all good books that can cultivate one's self-cultivation can be used for practice, such as Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Sun Tzu, Taigong Yin Fujing, Huangdi Neijing, Daozang and even Journey to the West, all of which are used to enrich one's mind and realize the truth of the universe. Health preservation-the breathing method of pursuing health and longevity-qigong. Taoist alchemy is called Tiandan, Ren Dan and Didan. "Xiu Mi"-spelling, pressing, praying for stars, martial arts, etc. Use sports and the unity of spirit and concept to improve the physical and mental realm. There is also metaphysics that divides "mountain" into five ways: fairy, Tao, illusion, spirit and soldier. And its scope does not deviate from the above three parts.
Mountain is the most difficult field to reach in mysterious art. Strictly speaking, it is the time for ordinary people to cultivate immortality and to pursue transcendence metaphysically. Only the circulation of "life, divination, physiognomy and medicine" can help the world.
Five Techniques of Metaphysics-Medicine
The esoteric medicine consists of three parts.
Prescription-a method of treating various diseases with drugs according to exterior, deficiency, cold and heat, and then applying the eight diagrams of ancient Zhouyi.
Acupuncture —— Distinguishing eight meridians and eight points with Huangdi Neijing and Difficult Classic, and treating diseases with copper needles.
Psychotherapy-a method of treating diseases by hypnosis, suggestion and concentration of mental thoughts, taking thirteen subjects of wishing as medicine.
Five Techniques of Metaphysics-Fate
"Destiny" in occult science is a way to judge people's destiny through the space-time magnetic field. Its important methods are:
Astrology-Astrology includes seven policies, four surpluses, Wei Zi's bucket number and five stars.
Branches and Branches-According to the birth time of people and the fate order of heavenly stems and earthly branches, some ancient books with four pillars of fate are the most. Important ancient books include: Lao Guo Hangzong, Xing Ping Hui Hai, Yuan Hai Zi Ping, Guigu's suicide note, Sun Bin's suicide note, Three Meetings, Poor Bamboo Slips (also known as Lan Jianggang), etc., and there are countless works of modern life science. Since the reform and opening-up, Shao Weihua, the first master of Qin Yi, has played a great role in promoting the development of Yi-ology and numerology.
Shao Weizhong's theory of balance, especially the relationship between cadres and party branches, makes up for the theoretical deficiency of his brother Shao Weihua's four-pillar foresight. However, his theory and concrete image are obviously vague, and he is often summarized by his political, commercial and literary fame, which is his deficiency.
After Li Hongcheng and Hongkong registered Hainan to set up a forecasting company, his four-column book followed Bernard Shaw's theory, with no outstanding innovation, but its influence was even greater than that of Bernard Shaw, with more than 10,000 disciples.
Wang Qing's four pillars theory has made a great breakthrough in numerology, and the author has no chance to read his masterpiece. It is said that there is great innovation on the basis of following the traditional theory.
The publication of Li Hanchen's "The Original Eight-character Prediction" has once again set off a numerology craze. Its brand-new prediction theory is controversial in numerology, and different people have different opinions. But its spirit of being the first in the world and its brand-new theoretical thinking framework are recognized by everyone.
Five Techniques of Metaphysics-Divination
All numerology metaphysics is based on divination, and most military strategists in historical dynasties are proficient. Zhuge Liang in the Han Dynasty, Li in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Bowen in the Ming Dynasty, Zeng Guofan in the Qing Dynasty ... All kinds of divination are based on divination and evolved from the ancient Zhouyi, such as the number of plum blossoms, the number of families, the number of gods in Liu Ren, the number of gods in Taiyi and so on. In this part of divination, some sects also include divination, coping with dreams, interpreting characters, signing and pasting, scientific names and so on.
Five skills of metaphysics-stage
There are two phase parts;
People's physiognomy-palm reading, physiognomy, touching bones and moles are equivalent, and the representative works include Microscopic Observer, Balancing the Truth, Knife for Gods, Mirror for Gods, Hemp Clothes for Gods, and Golden Hinge Scissors.
Geomorphology-Geomorphology is an ancient geomantic theory, which is divided into two methods, namely, the method of guarding wells and the method of observing sand and water in dragon holes, which is generally called geomantic omen. Its main schools are ternary law, three laws and nine planetary laws.
The above is the basic composition of metaphysics, which is said to come from a heavenly book. The author thinks that all the above methods are derived from Zhouyi, which covers everything in time and space and the universe, and is a classic work to explain the universe. The Book of Changes is called "the return of all laws to the Sect".