1 Westernization Movement is a reform movement carried out by the ruling class of Qing Dynasty in order to seek the "prosperity" of feudal countries, which objectively has a certain degree of capitalist tendency. Westernization school is the initiator and organizer of this movement, and its guiding ideology is "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the use". The purpose of Westernization Movement is to cope with "unprecedented changes in China for thousands of years" and eliminate the serious crisis of "internal troubles and foreign invasion". Although its content is very extensive, its core is always the establishment of military industry and the compilation and training of new Lu Haijun's military activities. Compared with the old-fashioned attitude of the die-hards, the Westernization School's innovation in weapons and training of the Qing army is a great progress, which is also of epoch-making significance in China's military history. From 1865 to 1895, the Westernization Group established more than 20 factories to manufacture guns, ammunition and ships in various places. On the basis of self-made and outsourcing, in the 1970s of 19, the Huai army "abandoned the shotguns used in China and became a foreign gun team". The improvement of China's military weapons and equipment has enhanced its combat effectiveness. The naval construction of the Westernization School has achieved remarkable results. After painstaking efforts, the Westernization School established Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian Navy. In particular, Beiyang Navy has the strongest strength and ranks fourth in the world. The purchase of Dingyuan and Zhenyuan ships greatly deterred Japan from launching the war of aggression against China. After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Beiyang Navy dealt a heavy blow to the Japanese navy in the Yellow Sea naval battle and stopped the Japanese invaders from advancing. Therefore, the modern military industry in the Westernization Movement, to a certain extent, strengthened the national defense force and played the role of "defense against aggression".

Although the purpose of Westernization Movement was not to lead China to capitalism, it introduced the productive forces of western capitalism, established military and civilian industries, objectively broke through the shackles of feudalism in China, and promoted the development of capitalist modernization in China. The Westernization Movement not only led to the production of capitalist productive forces in China, but also indirectly led to the production relations of capitalism. Westernization enterprises have accumulated production experience for China capitalism, cultivated technical strength, bred new class strength, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, and opened up the road of capitalist modernization in China.

The spread of western learning to the east and the establishment of new schools not only made the first batch of scientific and technological professionals appear in China, but also broadened the horizons of Chinese people, and the traditional concepts were changed to some extent. The Westernization Movement presented the achievements of modern western civilization to the ignorant people in China, which made people begin to hear, see and experience the advantages of these achievements, thus gradually clarifying all kinds of misunderstandings about "Western learning", from blind rejection to critical absorption. The blind and arrogant mentality is changing day by day. More and more China people are beginning to face the reality objectively, acknowledge the scientific and technological progress of both sides, and no longer oppose the introduction of "Western learning" into China.

However, the feudal nature of the Westernization Movement determined its insurmountable fatal weakness. First of all, because the Westernization Movement was presided over by the Westernization School in the ruling group of the Qing Dynasty, its fundamental purpose was to maintain feudal autocratic rule. They only introduced western material civilization and science and technology on a large scale, kept their mouths shut about the western social and economic system, and resolutely resisted and opposed the western capitalist political system. It is impossible to fundamentally change the development direction of China's modern social history. Secondly, the enterprises set up by the Westernization School are all manipulated by the Westernization bureaucrats, and the management right is controlled by the general office, conference office, deputy office or transshipment office appointed by them. Their poor management and corrupt management inevitably make enterprises full of contradictions between feudalism and capitalism. Under the strict restraint of feudalism, these enterprises were paralyzed or closed down, or were embezzled by imperialism, or turned into private operations, which hindered the development of national capitalism to some extent. Thirdly, the reform measures of Westernization Movement conflict with China's traditional view of justice and benefit, and are bound by traditional psychology. China is a big agricultural country. Attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce is the basic national policy followed by rulers of past dynasties. The principle of self-cultivation advocated by rulers of past dynasties is deeply rooted in traditional culture. The rigid lifestyle makes people accustomed to a stable and peaceful life and has a strong psychological inertia. In the face of social changes, they seek stability, fear chaos and resist obstacles. Although the spread of Western learning to the East has disrupted the independent development of the Chinese nation, the inertia of national development for a long time has made many China people still view the world and society according to their own unique concepts, which has hindered them from accepting new things and at the same time hindered the development of national capitalism in China. It is one-sided to say that a powerful country.

Big landlords and bureaucrats pocketed most of the money they earned from starting businesses, and the people's lives did not improve significantly, so enriching the people was one-sided.