* From the perspective of project cost, water filtration and replacement, equipment maintenance and safety, the fountain does not need to be deep. The disadvantage of shallow ponds is that attention should be paid to the concealment of pipeline equipment, and at the same time, attention should be paid to the absorption of a lot of heat when the water is shallow, which is easy to produce algae.

* For general sprinkler installation and underwater lighting arrangement, the water depth of 50 ~ 60 cm is enough. If imported equipment is used, it can be shallower. Less than 40 cm, underwater lights are not easy to install. Shallow water basin or pool, the shallowest depth should be ≥ 10 cm.

* When powered by vertical submersible pump, it can be deepened locally to form a pump pit. At this time, it is necessary to ensure that the upper water depth of the water inlet of the pump is ≥50 cm. So I hope to choose a small potential pump with water inlet below as far as possible.

* Because the pump pit has the lowest elevation, it often becomes a sump, and the water inlet of air traffic control is located here. This is unfavorable to the use of the pump, and it is best not to have a filter screen above the pump pit. If possible, it is best to use a horizontal potential pump, which is now sold in a joint venture factory in Jiangsu (Glenford).

* Someone proposed to stop spraying, will the water overflow? Or, conversely, will the water level drop when you start spraying water? In actual operation, it is generally not obvious. Even if the water level drops a little, it will often be ignored because of the fluctuation of the water level. However, in a multi-stage fountain, after stopping spraying, the water will still pour down to the bottom pool step by step, and the water volume is relatively large at this time. The elevation of the spillway should be raised upwards 15 ~ 30cm (preferably calculated according to the water quantity), so as to avoid wasting water every time spraying, and at the same time make people feel that the pool is deep and there is no intimacy.

Width from the spray apex to the edge of the fountain pool

Fountains are generally larger than the height of the spray, that is, 45' angle, to prevent splashing. That's it. When the wind is strong, there will still be water droplets floating away. So the ground around the pool should have slope and roughness. Especially in outdoor open places, we should pay more attention to this. If the water quality is clean, it can also be understood as a kind of fun participation.

The bottom wall of the fountain

● The color of the bottom and wall of the pond used to be light, white, light blue, etc. Show clear water. Now there are dark or even all-black designs. Choose dark color, fountain should use foam nozzle, by contrast, it is more vivid. In the same way, if you don't spray, you should also have certain contrasting colors such as sculptures and flower pots to avoid being too dull.

● Complex fountains with complicated pipelines. This situation will not be noticed when spraying, but it will be reflected when spraying stops. If the swimming pool is closed for maintenance, it will be empty in winter, which will spoil the scenery. So some fountains spread pebbles in the pool, but it's not easy to clean. If necessary, a layer of Caplong and glass plate can be laid under the water surface, leaving only the position of the lamp and nozzle, or a groove can be made at the bottom of the pool. If it can't be solved, it is a "dry fountain".

● The wall and bottom of the pool should be easy to clean. The bottom of the pool should be cleaned, and the slope should be ≥ 0.005. For the north wall, it is better to lean a little outward. It is best to have a reverse edge at the mouth of the pool. One is to prevent wind, dust, debris and rain from flowing backwards, and the other is to reduce the surge of water.

Still pool

A calm water surface will produce a reflection, just like a mirror. As the saying goes, "calm as a mirror". The water body aiming at this ornamental effect is called "mirror pool". Tang Chang's poem "Birds live with the light of the mountains here, and people's hearts touch the water." Everything is silent here, but the bell is ringing. " This kind of artistic conception is very detached and fascinating: "Autumn water shines on people's cold" (Shen Qing Fu).

Several conditions affecting water reflection

(1) According to the optical principle that the incident angle is equal to the reflection angle, the best position to watch the reflection can be found. Alternatively, the size, shape and position of the water body can be designed according to the requirements of viewing the reflection.

(2) According to this truth, in order to make the reflection effect of the water body good, the water level of the water body must be high and the edge bank low; The water area is large, bare and simple in appearance. Conversely, it can be understood that the reflected object has clear outline, low status and short sight distance.

(3) At the same time, the water body must be dark and the reflection on the water surface is obvious. There are two ways: one is to increase the water depth; The second is to deepen the color of the bottom and the bank. Of course, these two items should be decided by weighing the overall design of the water landscape, and at the same time, the side effects such as dark color and easy algae production should be considered.

(4) Finally, keep the water calm and intact. Wind, fallen leaves and diving will destroy the water mirror picture in an instant. It makes people suddenly wake up from the reflection: the water in the pool is clear, the water is shallow, and the lotus moves and the fish are scattered. Dead leaves, seaweed and even floating objects are taboos and failures of reflection.

The mirror pool also has the effect of "reflecting light". This will have a very touching fluctuation on buildings, sculptures and even indoor environment and lighting effects near the water body. Shiquan in Qingjiang wrote a poem describing the reflection of moonlight on the water. "Running water pours into thousands of feet, and the waves are thrown into scales." Moonlight reflecting thousands of feet is a poet's adjective, but this moment is full of poetry and painting.

Another decorative effect of still water surface is underwater modeling. Such as underwater relief mermaid, underwater fairy, underwater painted pattern, etc. There is a passage in The Story that describes that "there is Jiao Ren in the South China Sea, and the water is as alive as a fish, and the weaving is not wasted, and tears turn into pearls", which is well known to all.

Guangzhou and Panyu Baomo Garden have such successful examples. This design requires:

(1) The water quality should be clear and transparent, and there should be no impurities left at the bottom of the pool;

(2) The water depth should be well controlled; if it is too deep, it will not be obvious or refracted;

(3) The colors of the pattern painting should be bright and eye-catching, with clear boundaries;

(4) It can be combined with other water features, such as ornamental fish, aquatic plants and fountains.

Underwater modeling can also be applied to fountains, because most fountains in cities are still pools when they stop spraying. At this time, the nozzle of the fountain can be designed in the shape of a flower or a fish, and the bottom of the fountain can be decorated with paintings, even not flat, but designed as a folding surface or a curved surface according to the requirements of three-dimensional modeling. But there are not many such examples at present. At present, when I come into contact with the fountain on the roof of a university, I have the idea that the slate above my head is like a mountain in the water, which not only lightens the burden but also hides the pipes and pumps.

waterfall

Notes on Yuanye describes the waterfall: "The water pours down from a cliff or a height, with fierce momentum and splashing water, which looks like a horse from a distance." China wrote many poems about waterfalls, the most famous of which is Li Bai: "The incense burner in Rizhao gives birth to purple smoke, and the waterfalls hang far away. Flying three thousand miles, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days. "

There are two main forms of waterfalls. One is that the water body falls freely, and the other is that the water body slides quickly along the inclined plane. Because of the height difference of waterfall spillway, the difference of water quantity and water flow gradient, the water attitude of these two forms is also different.

volume of water

Artificial waterfalls have a large amount of water and generally use circulating water. The greater the amount of water in the waterfall, the closer it is to nature, the more magnificent it is, and the more energy it consumes. Therefore, it is necessary to study the problem of water quantity.

During the falling of the waterfall, water collided with air and gradually dispersed into water droplets, and the waterfall burst and disappeared. Therefore, a certain thickness is needed to maintain the water type, reaching Li Bai's poem "Hanging 300 feet, spraying dozens of miles." The artistic conception of "flying like lightning, looming like Bai Hong". With the increase of the falling height of the waterfall, the thickness and flow rate of the water flow also increase accordingly.

Waterfalls can be very big sometimes. Osaka Flower Expo in Japan once designed an underwater passage in the central lake, that is, the water between two underwater walls in the lake was evacuated instantly, showing a passage. The lake immediately climbed over the wall, and the momentum was like a horde. These waterfalls were immediately taken away and repeated. In order to increase the amount of water, the water inlet of the fountain is often located in the lower pool of the fountain, and the sprayed water flows into the upper pool, forming a waterfall between the two pools.

spillway

If the waterfall is required to be as smooth and bright as satin, the spillway must be absolutely horizontal and smooth. Here, every concave-convex gap will form a wrinkled water seam, which will turn the transparent water cloth into white spray.

■ Chinese-style Shanshi Waterfall, with a waterfall mouth 1~3 meters wide, can use carefully polished stone slabs and concrete slabs as spillway. Be sure to let the spillway melt into a part of the rock. It looks good when it flows over the waterfall, and it is natural when it doesn't. In the cold winter in Shanghai, if there is a small amount of dripping water here, it will drip into ice over time and icicles will become longer and longer. This is also a "winter state" of garden landscape.

■ No matter how long the overflow port is, the joint problem between prefabricated panels cannot be solved. It is necessary to apply high-grade cement on site and polish it carefully (that is, high-grade colored terrazzo). This method seems primitive, but it is very suitable for the design of spillway with plane twists and turns. It is suggested to use new materials for plastering surface, such as stainless steel plate, Dupont plate, aluminum alloy plate and composite steel plate, if it is an overflow with regular plane shape and long length. Then carefully flatten and bond the seams of the board until smooth and grain-free. In this way, the spillway will have an industrialized, straight and novel sense of modeling.

■ If the spillway twists and turns, there is insufficient water in the area that spreads outward; In the concave area, the amount of water will increase, which will make the water thickness of the waterfall uneven and even cut off water in some places. Now the fountain on Nanjing Road on the Bund in Shanghai is like this. The solution is to adjust the position of water supply and gradually adjust the elevation of the top of spillway. At this time, the leveling effect of the waterfall will not be affected. Therefore, holes are often punched in the outlet pipe to disperse the pressure, or baffles are added at the outlet to change the direction of water flow. As a fountain nozzle for water supply, there should also be a distance. The water flow speed is generally controlled at 0.9 ~ 1.2m/s ... so that the spillway will have a considerable depth and area, forming a high pool, commonly known as "Tianchi" or "Upper Pool". Tianchi can also be combined with the above scenic spots for people to watch, but attention should be paid to safety protection, because some waterfalls are quite high.

■ Spillways are shaped like curves, zigzags, round holes and overflow pools with multiple cross drops, which makes the water flow fall in different shapes, which is another kind of interest. This part can refer to China's landscape painting techniques and other books, as far as possible twists and turns.

(c) lowering the height of the pool.

When the waterfall falls to the lower water surface, it will produce underwater sound and spray. If used consciously, it can produce better results. If you put a "water-catching" stone in the falling water, it will increase the splash; Put a waterwheel, there will be movement. The wall of the waterfall is concave, and the dark surface can set off the water color and gather sound reflection, which also reduces the negative pressure between the waterfall water flow and the wall.

Taking water curtain cave and Taohua Cave in China's classical novels and poems as examples, the close relationship between man and waterfalls and mountains and rivers is created, which makes people think that "Peach blossoms follow the water all day, where is a hole in Qingxi?" problem It attracts people to explore and hints.

In order to prevent water splashing, the general experience is that the width of the lower pool is more than 2/3 of the height of the waterfall.

For the water cycle, the entrance of the waterfall should be chosen at the far end of the lowest pool. From the planning point of view, it is necessary to create conditions for the circulation of the water system and achieve the requirement of "flowing water does not rot".

(d) astringent water

If water slides along the wall, it is another water feature with the same principle as waterfall, which is called "astringent water" here.

The unsmooth wall surface, from smooth and rough to stepped, and the inclination angle is also from big to small, showing various landscape interests. There are several points for reference.

▲ Outdoor design, it is best to sit on the muddy water and face south. Under the sunshine, the calm, rolling and jumping water will show all kinds of life. If the light is weak, indoors, artificial lighting should be considered from the lower pool and side wall to the astringent direction, or transparent wall materials should be used to illuminate from the indoor surface. Otherwise, it is easy to be ignored, especially the smooth wall is not dynamic enough.

▲ If the muddy water surface is stepped and falls down step by step, the length and width of the steps should match the water quantity. Through the test, you can get all kinds of best effects, such as jumping or sticking to the wall, such as the water stone steps of the population of Shanghai Grand Theatre. Between the upper and lower steps, it can also be different, and the stacked steps are spiral and radial. The collocation of different height difference steps makes the water posture gather and disperse, which is urgent and slow.

▲ If the water surface is flat, it is best to make an inclination of 5 ~10 with the ground. The roughness of the running water surface is different, and the amount of water is large or small. From initial wetting to flowing waterfall, it depends on the overall design requirements. Shanghai already has an example of designing a water curtain outside a glass wall. Quiet running water makes people who drink tea and coffee feel like mirrors. If you want to deepen the effect, the turbulent water film seems to be more dynamic. Changshu has a design that adds color to the flowing surface to set off the smooth flowing surface. The flowing water wall of Portman Hotel is not easy to be noticed because of its dark color and light. It can also be between free fall and falling, such as Shanghai Advantage Club.

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