Characteristics of Taiwan Province Dialect and Its Differences from Mainland China
The study of language differences between Chinese mainland and Taiwan Province is a hot topic, and many achievements have been made, which makes people have a certain understanding of this issue. However, there is an obvious and common deficiency in this study, that is, it is mainly limited to vocabulary, and other aspects are not involved much, and of course there are few achievements that can be seen. In view of this, this paper intends to make a comprehensive investigation on the language of Taiwan Province Province in a wider scope, and on this basis, summarizes several obvious characteristics, and then compares its similarities and differences with mainland Chinese (Mandarin).
The obvious features of the language in Taiwan Province Province today are as follows:
1. The old color is very strong.
The society of Taiwan Province Province still follows the social system before 1949, and it is also in the same strain with the past in culture and other aspects. All these have had a huge and multifaceted impact on the language of Taiwan Province Province, and it is obvious in many aspects.
The archaic color of the language in Taiwan Province Province is generally manifested in the inheritance and use of the previous language forms, which generally includes two levels: one is the form followed in ancient Chinese (including modern Chinese), and the other is the use of some forms in the early modern Chinese (around the May 4th Movement to the forties). Let's give a few examples.
1) inherits ancient usage.
This is the most prominent in vocabulary. If you look through newspapers and magazines in Taiwan Province Province, you will find that many ancient characters are still in use, and these words are almost extinct in the real language of the mainland, such as:
(1) (Xu Tsai) was sentenced to three months as a "ball supervisor" and just released. (Central Daily 1996.438+0 1.26)
(2) Among them, there are both positive and negative rates, ... and the accusation of public opinion, the officers and men of the national army are wary of fear, and some are corrected, and others are severe. (Youth Daily 1996 438+02.2)
There are only a handful of newly edited China opera books, not to mention other operas. (China Times 1996.438+0 1.28)
(4) there are cases where people are forced to mortgage the property of the public sale bureau to meet the urgent need of paying the state treasury. (Guanghua 1996.438+05438+0)
For example, (1) the meaning of "fu" is the same as that of "gang", and the idiom means "it's flat after a shock"; In Example (2), shuài is synonymous with all, and "remonstrance" means "vigilance against fear"; In Example (3), "public opinion" means "no (no) speaking", while "long" originally means "leisure, leisure"; The meaning of "hole" in Example (4) is the same as "very, very".
The old sayings quoted above abound, and there are quite a few old sayings below:
(5) In view of the excellent performance of the school in recent years, including all aspects of continuing education, and the chaos in Machamp such as Song Qili, he thinks it is necessary to invest more energy in education. (China Times 1996.438+0 1.28)
(6) The wanted man jumped off the culvert and robbed another locomotive to escape, and the police were heartbroken. (same as above)
In The Analects of Confucius, there is a saying that "the son does not speak Machamp's heart", and "regret" means "regret", which is also from ancient times to the present.
In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words were the main words, many of which later became disyllabic words, but in Taiwan Province Province, they still often took their monosyllabic forms, which also reflected the characteristics of archaism, such as:
Teacher Lin had to compromise to help him. (Central Daily 1996.438+0 1.26)
(8) Building a sightseeing hot spring club with international standards. (same as above)
In the same sentence, you can only use "take" and "have" in Chinese mainland.
That's the vocabulary. Let's look at the sentence form.
Causative usage is a very common form of flexible words in ancient Chinese, and it is also common in today's Taiwan Province language, such as:
(9) However, if you eat Artemisia ordosica regularly, you will definitely purify the air, shake your mind, invigorate your spirit and lighten your body ... Women who eat Artemisia ordosica regularly will definitely exhale, lose weight and become attractive. (Central Daily 1996.438+0 1.26)
(10) Moreover, if the existence of thatched cottages only satisfies a few people who can pay high prices, it will narrow the scope of use of thatched cottages and shallow the spiritual connotation of thatched cottages. (Guanghua 1996.438+05438+0)
In modern Chinese, some complements are often placed behind the object, and similar use cases can also be seen in Taiwan Province language, such as:
(1 1) ...... Decided to increase the reward for solving crimes to NT$ 20 million. (Central Daily 1996.438+0 1.26)
(12) Chang Gung Memorial Hospital ... First, retrograde cerebral perfusion was used in aortic dissection surgery. (Youth Daily 1996 438+02.2)
2) Follow the early usage of modern Chinese.
1945 After Taiwan's recovery, it began to vigorously promote "Mandarin" in the whole society. The so-called "national language" was the national lingua franca at that time, which we called early modern Chinese. The success of the "Mandarin" movement has enabled many forms and usages in early modern Chinese to be preserved and used, which has become a common form in Taiwan Province Province today. For example, in early usage, a structural auxiliary word "de" was often added between the quantitative attribute and the head language. This form is still very common in Taiwanese today, but it is limited to some idioms in Chinese mainland, such as:
(13) Japan also purchased 22 sets of Patriot air defense missiles from the United States. (Youth Daily 1996 438+02.2)
(14) After I returned to Taiwan Province Province, my first job was ... making money to pay off my debts. (China Times 1996.438+0 1.28)
After the May 4th Movement, the use of modifiers before personal pronouns became more and more common. Today, this form is also very common in Taiwan Province Province, but it is rare in Chinese mainland in the first few years, and it has only increased in recent years, for example:
(15) (Collection of Orsay Art Museum) If you like art appreciation, you can't miss it. (Central Daily 1996.438+0 1.26)
(16) My heart is full of loneliness and joy, and I am often deeply moved to my heart. (United Daily News 1996.438+05438+0.28)
2. Lack of unity in language form
This problem is very prominent in today's Taiwan Province language. To sum up, it mainly includes the following points:
1) inconsistent words.
There are both complexity and simplicity, such as "Taiwan Province" in "Taiwan Province Province", which are different in various books and newspapers; There are also homophonic substitutes, such as "Li" and "Li"; What is more common is the mixture of some commonly used function words. For example, the usage of the structural auxiliary word "de, de, de" in Taiwan Province Province is basically different, which is basically the same as that in Chinese mainland, but it is quite confusing in use, such as;
(17) Come on, enjoy yourself. (Bao Li 1996 438+02.2)
(18) Since the twenty-four years of the Republic of China, Zhongshan Hall has been simple and elegant, simple and smooth, with feminine features, and it is a vivid textbook without words. (China Times 1996.438+0 1.28)
(19) Joe said mysteriously that the task force has mastered important clues and believes that it is not far from solving the case. (Central Daily 1996.438+0 1.26)
2) The number of tables is not uniform.
The way of expressing numbers in Taiwan Province Province is much more complicated than that in Chinese mainland. The main reason is that different forms of Chinese numerals and Arabic numerals are mixed and used in different ways.
The expression of scores is the most confusing. For example, taking 22% as an example, we can see the following eight ways of writing (typesetting): a) 22%; b)22%； c)22%； Twenty-two percent; e)22%； f)22%； g)； H). Where f)~h) is used for vertical writing (lines).
The inconsistency of cardinality expressions is mainly due to the frequent occurrence of different expressions in the same article. For example, there was an article in1China Times199618 on October 28th, which was preceded by "75 million" and followed by "1056 China people"; There is an article in the 26th edition of People's Daily (199665438+February 2nd), which is vertical, with the words "1 14 (mg)" in front of it and "140 mg" every few lines. Similar examples abound.
3) The translated names are not uniform.
The transliteration of loanwords before 1949 is commonly used on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, such as Rousseau and Sharon, while those after 1949 are different on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, such as Mercedes-Benz and Sony. Chinese mainland's transliteration usually refers to the translation method of Xinhua News Agency, and everyone has his own reasons, so it is unified, while the situation in Taiwan Province Province is more complicated, so the translation of names is not unified from time to time. For example, in the June 1996+0 1 edition of the Central Daily, there was "Thai Prime Minister Ban Han", but in the second edition, it was far from "Thai Prime Minister". As for "Jordan" (American basketball star), some people are called "Jordan" and so on.
4) punctuation is not uniform
In this respect, there are mainly the mixing of quotation marks and book titles, the mixing of periods and commas, and the randomness of the use and non-use of some punctuation marks. Here are two examples of commas:
(20) In order to facilitate the investigation, the ad hoc group will meet at any time as needed. (Youth Daily 1996 438+02.2)
(2 1) The security team of the county police station seized a 32-year-old Indonesian woman named Huang in Chiayi County the day before yesterday. (China Times 1996.438+0 1.28)
According to general usage, a comma should be added after the word "convenient" in the former case, and the two commas in the latter case are not needed.
5) Writing (typesetting) is not uniform
This aspect is also quite confusing, such as horizontal rows, some from right to left, and some from left to right; Vertical rows, although mostly from right to left, also from left to right. In addition, in the vertical arrangement, Arabic numerals, foreign language tables, etc. Sometimes it is arranged vertically, sometimes horizontally, and even in the same article, it will be inconsistent, which is very random.
3. Persistence of Japanese form
1945 Before the recovery of Taiwan Province Province, Japanese rule lasted for 50 years. During the Japanese occupation period, Japanese was enforced in Taiwan Province Province, which had a great influence. Up to now, there are still a large number of Japanese words and structural forms in Taiwan dialect, which are not available in Chinese mainland. In terms of vocabulary, it is mainly the use of words directly taken from Japanese or translated from Japanese, from the TV program The Story of the Stars (stories and legends) to the short story Ukiyo-e in the newspaper (describing secular customs), from the "lunch box" in hand to the "Obasan" (aunt) in the neighbor's house. Although similar words are not obvious, they are indeed many.
The following is the sentence of "daily chemical":
The police attached great importance to Zhang's words and asked him to help the police testify against the gangster. (Central Daily 1996.438+0 1.26)
(23) All kinds of cases are sorted out. Welcome to inquire. (same as above)
(24) Bell Tower symbolizing "Beijing Normal University loves teaching" (Youth Daily 1996.438+02.2)
According to example (22), "in the latter two cases, the order of predicate and object is opposite, and the former is the general word order of Japanese.
4. The absorption of dialect elements
Taiwan Province Province mainly belongs to Minnan language area, so the language of Taiwan Province Province is greatly influenced by Minnan language, and it absorbs many elements of Minnan language in vocabulary and grammar. Examples of vocabulary are: holding hands (spouse), leading the way (occupation), March 8 (women are crazy and abnormal), pretending to be cool (jealous) and so on.
Grammatically, the most typical is the use of "you" In Minnan language, affirmative verbs are often preceded by the word "you", which is very common in Taiwan Province province's spoken language, such as "these three courses have established a community" (the language of a university professor), but in written language, there are many examples of this form:
(25) The police suspected that the other party had a bloody case in the official residence of Liu Bangyou, the county magistrate of Taoyuan. (Central Daily 1996.438+0 1.26)
(26) A program tape that did not capture the home address of a star. (China Times 1996.438+0 1.28)
The "Wu" in Minnan dialect can be used as a negative adverb, which has the same meaning as the "Wu" in Putonghua. We also see such a use case in Taiwan Province Provincial Newspaper:
(27) Only the scope of foreign exchange certificates is relatively wide, and no one is locked. (Youth Daily 1996 438+02.2)
Influenced by Minnan dialect, the structural auxiliary word "de" in Taiwan Province language can be omitted, for example:
(28) Shao Zi, who stands for justice on behalf of the people, and the daughter of the magistrate of Taiwan Province Province () run away. (United Daily News 1996.438+05438+0.28)
In addition, in the spoken language of Taiwan Province people, there is often a "JIU" at the end of a sentence, such as "Just visit their office" (in the words of a publishing house). Often saying "like" and "like this", such as "although I am a little interested in this issue" (said by a middle school teacher), are all products of the influence of Minnan dialect.
5. Other differences
In addition to the above aspects, there are many differences between Taiwan Province and mainland languages, but most of them belong to some specific forms, expressions and habits, which also results in a large number of unfamiliar sentences. Here are a few examples:
(29) Li Qifang, who belongs to Scorpio, doesn't conform to Scorpio's appearance at all, but looks like a Virgo beauty. (Youth Daily 1996 438+02.2)
(30) Use various tricks such as "association method" or "number compilation" to force the key points of the exam into the students' heads. (Guanghua 1996.438+05438+0)
(3 1) It is not environmentally friendly to destroy nature for your own sake. (same as above)
(32) Equal heat consumption is 6- 10 km. (China Times 1996.438+0 1.28)
(33) The whole sealing ceremony of "Time Ball" was held at 10 a.m., which was carried out in a very retro way. (Central Daily 1996.438+0 1.26)
(34) Some people criticize the autumn fights in recent years and present them in the carnival atmosphere. It seems that it may be because ... ("Li Bao" 1996+02.2).
He used to be a journalist, so reading, listening and watching are the favorites in life. (Youth Daily 1996 438+02.2)
As soon as the American box office opened last weekend, it immediately fell below many people's glasses. (China Times 1996.438+0 1.28)